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Foaming Capacity of Soap

This document summarizes an experiment to study the effect of adding sodium carbonate on the foaming capacity of soap solutions. It contains sections on the introduction, theory, procedure, observations, calculations, and conclusions of the experiment. The introduction provides background on soap molecules and how they help emulsify dirt particles. The theory section explains how hard water decreases foaming capacity by forming insoluble salts with soap. The procedure details the steps of the experiment, which involves preparing soap solutions in distilled water, tap water, and tap water with added sodium carbonate and measuring their foaming capacities. The conclusions determined that foaming capacity was highest in distilled water and increased with the addition of sodium carbonate.

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abhishek singh
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995 views

Foaming Capacity of Soap

This document summarizes an experiment to study the effect of adding sodium carbonate on the foaming capacity of soap solutions. It contains sections on the introduction, theory, procedure, observations, calculations, and conclusions of the experiment. The introduction provides background on soap molecules and how they help emulsify dirt particles. The theory section explains how hard water decreases foaming capacity by forming insoluble salts with soap. The procedure details the steps of the experiment, which involves preparing soap solutions in distilled water, tap water, and tap water with added sodium carbonate and measuring their foaming capacities. The conclusions determined that foaming capacity was highest in distilled water and increased with the addition of sodium carbonate.

Uploaded by

abhishek singh
Copyright
© Public Domain
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FOAMING CAPACITY OF SOAP

CONTENTS

Acknowledgement............................... i
Certificate.............................................ii
Aim of the project................................iii
Introduction.........................................iv
Theory...................................................v
Procedure.............................................vi
Observations.......................................vii
Calculations........................................viii
Conclusions..........................................ix
Bibliography........................................x

Introduction
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids like stearic, palmitic
and oleic acids can be either saturated or unsaturated. They contain a long
hydrocarbon chain of about 10-20 carbon with one carboxylic acid group as the
functional group. A soap molecule a tadpole shaped structure, whose ends have
different polarities. At one end is the long hydrocarbon Chain that is non-polar
and hydrophobic, i.e., insoluble in water but oil soluble. At the other end is the
short polar carboxylate ion which is hydrophilic i.e., water soluble but insoluble in
oil and grease. When soap is shaken with water it becomes a soap
solution that is colloidal in nature. Agitating it tends to concentrate the solution
on the surface and causes foaming. This helps the soap molecules make a
unimolecular film on the surface of water and to penetrate the fabric. The long
non-polar end of a soap molecule that are hydrophobic, gravitate towards and
surround the dirt (fat or oil with dust absorbed in it). The short polar end
containing the carboxylate ion, face the water away from the dirt. A number of
soap molecules surround or encircle dirt and grease in a clustered structure
called 'micelles', which encircles such particles and emulsify them. Cleansing
action of soaps decreases in hard water. Hard water contains Calcium and
magnesium ions which react with sodium carbonate to produce insoluble
carbonates of higher fatty acids.

2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ → (C17H35COO) 2 Ca↓ + 2Na+


(Water soluble) (ppt.)
2C17H35COONa + Mg2+ → (C17H35COO)2 Mg ↓ + 2Na+

This hardness can be removed by addition of


Sodium Carbonate.

Ca2+ + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 ↓ + 2Na+


Mg2+ + Na2CO3 → MgCO3 ↓ + 2Na+

Aim

Study the effect of the addition of


Sodium Carbonate (Washing Soda)
on the foaming capacity of
different soap solutions.

Apparatus:
3 test tubes, test tube stand, Bunsen burner and stop
watch.

Materials Required:
0.5 g sample of soap, water (distilled & tap both) and M/10
Na2CO3 solution.

Theory:
When sodium or potassium soaps are put into water
containing calcium and magnesium ions (Hard water),
results in formation of scum which applies grey
appearance on the cloth. To achieve the same washing or
cleaning action, more soap must be added.
2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ → (C17H35COO) 2 Ca↓ + 2Na+
(Water soluble) (ppt.)
Hard water is water that has high mineral content (mainly
calcium and magnesium ions) (in contrast with soft water).
Hard water minerals primarily consist of calcium (Ca2+),
and magnesium (Mg2+) metal cations, and sometimes
other dissolved compounds such as bicarbonates and
sulphates. Calcium usually enters the water as either
calcium carbonate (CaCO3), in the form of limestone and
chalk, or calcium sulphate (CaSO4), in the form of other
mineral deposits. When Na2CO3 is added to tap water the
calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) ions precipitate as
their carbonates .i.e. foaming capacity of soap increases.
Ca2+ + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 ↓ + 2Na+
Mg2+ + Na2CO3 → MgCO3 ↓ + 2Na+

Procedure:
I. Dissolve 0.5g of soap and dissolve it in 50 ml of
distilled water.
II. Take three test tubes and add distilled water in
first, tap water in second and third test tube.
III. Add 5 ml of M/10 sodium carbonate to third test
tube.
IV. To above test tubes add soap solutions separately.
V. Now shake first test tubes for formation of foam.
VI. Now start the stop watch to calculate time taken
for disappearance of foam.
VII. Similarly, perform the experiment with other soap
solutions.
VIII. Record the observations in a tabular form.

Observations:
Amount of each soap sample taken = 0. 5 gm.
Amount of distilled water taken = 50 ml.
Volume of each soap solution take = 1 ml.
Volume of distilled water added = 10 ml.
Conclusions:
Foaming capacity of soap is maximum in distilled
water.
The foaming capacity of soap increases on the
addition of Sodium Carbonate.

Bibliography
Chemistry (Part-1)— class 12th NCERT Book
Website- WWW.SlideShare.Net
WWW.Meritnation.Com

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