BASIC CONSERVATION LAWS

Two basic ways to derive the basic conservation laws

1. Statistical method
2. Continuum method

Choice of reference frame to be employed

1. Eulerian
2. Lagrangian

Basic laws

1. Conservation of mass => continuity equation

Statistical method
Molecular point of view: This method treats the fluid as consisting of molecules whose motion is governed
by the laws of dynamics. The microscopic phenomena are assumed to arise from the molecular motion of
the molecules, and the theory attempts to predict the microscopic behavior of the fluid from the laws of
mechanics and the probability theory. The theory is developed for light gases, but it is incomplete for
polyatomic gas molecules and for liquids.

Continuum method
In continuum approach, individual molecules are ignored and it is assumed that the fluid consists of
continuous matter.at each point of this continuous fluid there is supposed to be a unique value of the
velocity, pressure, and density (field variables).

The continuous matter is then required to obey the conservation laws of

 Mass
 Momentum
 Energy

Which gives rise to a set of differential equation governing the fluid variables.

An individual molecule in a small volume having a mass and velocity

Specific gravity:
Specific weight:

Fluid velocity:

The fluid velocity V (X, y, Z, t) at point P (X, Y, Z) is defined as the instantaneous velocity of the center of
gravity of the volume E.

N: Number of molecules inside volume E.

Eulesian description

lgrangian description

The subject called kinematics concerns the study of motion in fluid dynamics fluid kinematics is the
study of how fluids. Flows and how to describe fluid motion.

From a fundamental point of view. There are two distinct ways to describe the motion the first And
most familiar method is the one To flow the path of individual objects Newton's laws are used to
describe the motion of such objects and we can accurately predict where they go and how momentum
and kinetic energy are exchanged from one object to another.

The kinematics of such experiments involves keeping track of the position Vector of each subject.

When this method is applied to a flowing fluid, we call it the lagrangian description of fluid motion as you
imagine this method of describing the motion. Is much more difficult for fluids. First, we cannot easily
Define and identify particles of fluids as they move around. Secondly, a fluid is a continued form of
(microscopic point of view).

Therefore, interactions between Parcels of fluid are not as easy. To describe as our interactions between
distinct objects. Like billiard balls or air hockey pucks.

Furthermore, the fluid parcels continually deform as they move in the flows.

Eulerian Description

A more common method of describing fluid flow is Eulerian description of fluid motion. In the Eulerian
description of fluid flow.

A finite volume called a flow domain or control volume is defined through which fluid flows in and out.
We do not need to keep track of the position and velocity of a mass of fluid. Parcels or fixed identity
Instead we Define field variables functions of space and time within the control volume for example the
pressure field. Is a scholar field variable For General unsteady 3D fluid flow in Cartesian coordinates
Pressure field: P = P(X, Y, Z, t)
Velocity field: V= V (X, Y, Z, t)
Acceleration field a= a (X, Y, Z, t)

Collectively these and other field variables Define the flow field. The velocity field can be expanded in
Cartesian coordinates (X, Y, Z), (i, j, k)

As

V= (u, v, w) = u (X, Y, Z, t) I + V (X, Y, Z, t) j + w (X, Y, Z, t) k

A similar expansion can be performed for the acceleration.

In the Elerian description, All such field variables are defined at any location.(x,y,z) In the control volume
and at any instant in the time t, (fig.).

Figure 2 In the Eularian description One defines the field variables such as the pressure field and the
velocity field at any location and instant in time.

In the description, we do not really care what happens to individual fluid particles rather. We are
concerned with the pressure, velocity, acceleration Etc. Of whichever fluid Particle happens to be at the
location of interest at the time Of Interest.
The difference between these two descriptions is made. Clearer by imagining a person standing beside a
river measuring its properties. In the lagrangian approach, he throws in a probe that moves Downstream
with the water in the Eularian approach. He anchors the probe at a fixed location in the water.

There are many occasions in which the lagrangian description is useful. The eularian description is often
more convenient. For fluid mechanics applications.
Furthermore, experimental measurements are generally more suited to the Eulerian description for
example in a wind tunnel. Velocity or pressure probes are usually placed at a fixed location in the flow.
Measuring
V (X, Y, Z, t) or P (X, Y, Z, t)

However, whereas the epns of motion in the lagrangian description following individual fluid particles
are well known (e.g Newton's second law).
The epns of motion of fluid flow or not, so steadily apparent in the is Eulerian description and must be
carefully derived.

Lagraugian description

Attention is focused on a particular mass of fluid as it flows.

Velocity of The fluid particle may be obtained by different show. Differentiating the position vector

To describe the entire flow field all fluid particles must be considered simultaneously. The collection of
identified fluid particles is known as the system.
Eulerian description Special description

Attention is focused on a fixed point in space and the variations of properties is considered as the fluid
particles pass through this point.

As one moves in a flow field the properties change from point to point and from time to time.

Relation between LD and Ed

At time T = 0 The fluid particle p is located at Point a of the fluid flow field the properties at a are
equivalent to the properties of particle p

Acceleration Field

The equations of motion for fluid flow (such as Newton's Second Law) are written for an object of fixed
identity. Taken here has a small fluid parcel, which we call a fluid particle or material particle. If we were
to follow a particular field particle as it moves around the flow, we would be employing the lagrangian
description and the equations of motion would be directly applicable.
For example, we would define the particles location in space in terms of a material Position vector.
Consider Newton's Second Law applied to the fluid particle

At any instant in time T. The velocity of the particle is the same as the local value of the Velocity field at
location. Of the particle since the fluid particle moves with the fluid by definition.

To take the time derivative in Eqn(1) we must therefore use the chain rule since the dependent variable
V is a function of four independent variables.
Furthermore at any instant in time the material position Vector xp yp zp of the fluid particle in the
lagrangian frame is equal to the position Vector x y z in the Eukerian frame Eqn(2) becomes

Finally at any instant in the time T the acceleration field a=a Must equal the acceleration of the fluid
particle that happens to occupy the location x y z at that time T since the fluid particle is by definition
accelerating with the fluid flow.
The advective (Convective) acceleration term accounts for the effect of the fluid particle moving At
vectoring or convecting to a new location in the flow where the velocity is different. For example,
consider steady flow of water through a garden hose nozzle. (fig 3)

We Define steady in you Eulerian frame of reference to be when properties. At any point in the flow
field do not change with respect to time since the velocity at the exit of the nozzle is larger. Then the
nozzle entrance fluid particles clearly accelerate even through Even though the flow is steady. The
acceleration is Nonzero because all the advective acceleration terms.
Note that while the flow is steady from the point of view of a fixed observer in the Eulerian frame. It is
not steady from the lagrangian reference frame moving with a fluid particle that enters the nozzle and
accelerates as it passes through the nozzle.

Material derivative

The total derivative operator d/dt in (eqn 4) is given a special name the material derivative some
authors also assign to it a special notation D/DT in order to emphasize that it is formed by following a
fluid particle as it moves through the flow field. other names of the material derivative include total,
particle, Lagrangian, Eulerian and substantial derivative.
Material derivative:

We apply the material derivative of (eqn 5) to the velocity field. The result is the acceleration field as
expressed by (eqn 4) for which is sometimes called the material acceleration.

(Eqn 5) can also be applied to the other fluid properties besides velocity both scalar and vector.
For pressure material derivative of pressure

this (eqn 6) represents the time rate of change of pressure following a fluid particle as it moves through
the flow and contains both local unsteady and Advective compound