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BASICS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE

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 SIA OmniScriptum Publishing
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Latvia, European Union

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www.omniscriptum.com

03.09.2018

To Whom It May Concern:

We are pleased to announce the publication of the book entitled „Basics of Electrical
Engineering Science“, authored by Idongesit Sampson. The book was released by LAP LAMBERT
Academic Publishing in 2018 and bears ISBN 978-613-9-89736-0.

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 ABSTRACT
The book “Basics of Electrical Engineering Science” elaborates in
Nineteen chapters (460 pages)the Scientific principles and Applications
of Basic Electricity. Basics of Electrical Engineering Science is the
professional pre-requisite required before applying Laplace
transformation, differential equations, matrices, complex numbers, etc.
to design, model, simulate and analyse electrical process systems. Being
a foundation course for Engineers, Technologists and Technicians in
fields other than Electrical Engineering, the book could be useful to all
Engineers, Technologists and Technicians working with electrically
operated systems, equipment and components. Basic Electricity
knowledge is necessary for troubleshooting of process and equipment,
writing work requests and work permits for electrical maintenance of
process and equipment. The book could be useful to all Engineering
students and lecturers in Technical Colleges. Polytechnics and
Universities. The test questions and answers embodied in Appendix 1
could aid quick revision of the Basics of Electrical Engineering Science.

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content Page
Title Page i
Abstract ii
Table of Content iii
List of Tables xii
List of Figures xiii
Nomenclatures xix
Abbreviations xx

CHAPTER 1: THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER 1

1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Models of the Atom 2
1.3. Molecules, Electrons and Atom 4

CHAPTER 2: ELECTRICITY AND

ELECTRIC CURRENT 7

2.1. Introduction 7
2.2. Electrical Currents 7
2.2.1. Types of Electricity 8
2.2.2. Effects of Electrical Currents 8
2.2.3. The Flow of Electricity 9
2.2.4. Classifications of Electrical Materials into
Insulators, Conductors & Semi-Conductor 10

2.3. Potential Difference 17

2.3. Resistance 17

iii
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL SOURCE OF
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE 19

3.1. Introduction 19
3.2. Electromotive Force 20
3.2.1. Source of Electromotive Force 20
3.2.1.1. Batteries 21
3.3. The Hydrometer 23

CHAPTER 4: ELECTRICAL WORK,

ENERGY AND POWER 24

4.1. Introduction 24
4.2. Relationship between Electrical
Power & Electrical Current 26

CHAPTER 5: ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE AND POTENTIAL

DIFFERENCE 29

5.1. Introduction 29
5.2. Electromotive Force (E.M.F) 29
5.3. Potential Difference (PD) 30
5.4. Electrical current (I) 31
5.5. Resistance 34

CHAPTER 6: PRIMARY CELLS AND SECONDARY CELLS

BATTERIES: SERIES, PARALLEL AND SERIES-PARALLEL
CONNECTION 36

6.1. Introduction 36
6.2. Primary Cells 36
6.3. Secondary Cells 43
iv
6.3.1. Charging an Accumulator 46
6.3.2. Methods of Charging Battery 47
6.3.3. Battery Capacity 48
6.3.4. Maintenance of Lead Acid Battery 48
6.3.5. Applications of Lead Acid Cell 48
6.3.6. Testing Battery Condition 49
6.3.7. I. E. E. Regulations 49
6.3.8. External Resistance 50
6.4. Internal Resistance and Battery Voltage 50

CHAPTER 7: RESISTORS, INDUCTORS

ANDCAPACITORS 52

7.1. Introduction 52
7.2. Resistors: Series, Parallel and Series
Parallel Connections 52
7.2.1. Types of Resistors 53
7.3. Inductors 55
7.3.1. Inductors in Series 57
7.3.2. Inductors in Parallel 57
7.3.3. Inductors in Series-Parallel 58
7.4. Capacitors: Series, Parallel and Series- Parallel
Connections 58
7.4.1. Types of Capacitors 61
7.4.2. Capacitors in Series 64
7.4.3. Capacitors in Parallel 64

v
CHAPTER 8: COLOUR CODING OF RESISTORS AND
CAPACITORS 66
8.1. Resistors Colour Codes 66
8.2. Capacitors Colour Codes 67
8.2.1. Capacitors Voltage Reference 68

CHAPTER 9: ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT 71

9.1. Introduction 71
9.2. Parallel Circuits 73
9.3. Series – Parallel Connection 75
9.4. Voltage Divider Circuit 76
9.5. Current Divider Circuit 76

CHAPTER 10: ELECTRICAL LAWS 77

10.1. Ohms Law 77
10.2. Kirchhoff’s Law 78
10.2.1. Kirchhoff’s Current Law 78
10.2.2. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 78
10.3. Superposition Theorem 78

CHAPTER 11: ELECTRICAL SIGNS AND SYMBOLS 80

11.1. Introduction 80
11.2. Lighting Installation 80
11.3. Power Installation 82
11.4. Electrical Abbreviation 90

vi
CHAPTER 12: ALTERNATING CURRENTS AND SIMPLE
ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS (A.C) 94

12.1. Alternating Currents 94

12.2. A Circuit Containing Resistor 96
12.3. Circuit Containing a Capacitor 97
12.4. Circuit Containing an Inductor 98
12.5. Impedance 99
12.5.1. Impedance for all the three Components
(RLC) Circuit 99

12.5.2. Impedance of a circuit containing a resistor

and inductor (RL) circuit 100

12.5.3. Impedance of a circuit containing a

resistor and a capacitor (RC) circuit 100

12.6. Phasor and Vector Diagrams 100

12.7. Power and Power Factor 101
12.7.1. Power Triangle 101
12.7.2. Power Factor Correction 102

CHAPTER 13: CONDUCTORS AND CABLES 104

13.1. Conductors 104
13.2. Formation of Conductors 104
13.3. Insulators 106
13.4. Cables 107
13.4.1. Construction of Cables 107
13.4.2. Flexible Cables and Flexible Cords 109
13.4.3. Outdoor Cables 111
13.4.4. Cable Sizes: Use of I.E.E. Tables 112
vii
 13.4.5. Permissible Voltage Drop in Cable 113
13.4.5.1. Voltage Drop and the I.E.E. Tables 114
13.5. Current Density and Cable Size 114
13.6. Resistance of a Conductor 114
13.6.1. Effect of Heat on a Conductor 116
13.6.2. Outline of Regulations Relating to
Conductors and Cables 118

13.7. Cable Termination Techniques 119

13.7.1. Cable Preparation 120
13.8. Electrical Cables Termination and
Jointing Procedure 124

13.8.1. Vulcanised Rubber Insulated (V.R.I) and

PolyVinyl Chloride (P.V.C) Cables 124

13.8.2. Armoured Cable 131

13.8.3. Mineral-insulated Metal-sheathed (M.I.M.S.)
Cable Copper Conductors 134

13.8.4. Copper Insulated Displacement Connection

(IDC) and Coaxial Cable Termination 136

13.9. Preparing Cable Ends For Jointing

and Termination 140

13.10. Tools and Equipment used for Glanding

and Termination 141

13.11. Tools used for with Twisted-Pair Cables 142

13.12. Cable Jointing Tools and Materials 143
13.13. Soldering 146
13.14. Desoldering 155

viii
CHAPTER 14: SERIES RESONANT CIRCUITS 157
14.1. Series Resonance 157
14.2. Series RLC Circuit 158
14.3. Inductive Reactance against Frequency 159
14.4. Capacitance Reactance against Frequency 160
14.5. Series Resonance Frequency 161
14.5.1. Impedance in a Series Resonance Circuit 162
14.5.2. Series RCL Circuits at Resonance 163
14.5.3. Series Circuit Current at Resonance 164
14.5.4. Phase Angles of a Series Resonance Circuit 165
14.6. Bandwidth (BW) and Quality Factor (Q) 166
14.7. Series Resonance Summary 170

CHAPTER 15: ELECTRICAL POWER PLANT 173

15.1. The Engine 173
15.1.1. Internal Combustion Engine 173
15.1.1.1. Classification of Internal Combustion Engine 176
15.1.1.2. Types of Internal Combustion Engine 177
15.1.2. External Combustion Engine 180
15.1.2.1. Gas Turbine Power Plant 181
15.3. Electromagnetic Induction 182
15.4. The DC Generator 184
15.4.1. Parts of a D.C Generator 185
15.4.2. Types of D.C Generator 186
15.4.3. Generators Classified Based on Type of Fuel 189
15.5. The Gas Turbine 189
15.5.1. Levels of Voltage at 50HƵ Frequency 191
ix
15.6. The Steam Turbine 192
15.7. Types of Electric Motors 194

CHAPTER 16: INDICATING INSTRUMENTS 195

16.1. Introduction 195

16.2. Classification of Instruments According

to their Functions 196

16.3. The Moving Coil Measuring Instrument 197

16.4. The Moving Iron Instrument 197
16.5. The Moving Coil Ammeter 200
16.6. Moving Coil Voltmeter 201
16.7. Moving Coil Galvanometer 201
16.8. The Ohmmeter 203
16.9. The Multimeter 203
16.10. The Wattmeter 204

CHAPTER 17: TRANSFORMERS 205

17.1. Introduction 205
17.2. Construction of Transformers 206
17.3. The Step-Down Transformer 206
17.4. Step- Up Transformer 207
17.5. Turns Ratio 207
17.6. Types of Transformer 208
17.7. Efficiency of a Transformer (E) 208
17.8. Transformer Losses 209
17.9. Fire Prevention 209

x
17.10. Functions of Transformer 209
17.11. Levels of Voltages at 50 Hertz Frequency 210

CHAPTER 18: ELECTRICAL WIRING 212

18.1. Wires 212

18.2. Connection of One Point of Light

Controlled by One Switch 212

18.3. Connection of Two Point of Light in Parallel

Controlled by One Switch 213

18.4. Connection of Two Point of Lamps in Series

Controlled by One Switch 213

18.5. Connection of Two Point of Lamps through One

Joint Box Controlled by Two Separate Switches 214

18.6. Two Lamps Connected through Two Joint Boxes

Controlled by their Individual Switch 214

18.7. Wiring Three Point of Light Controlled

by Two 2-Way Switches 216

18.8. Wiring Three Point of Light Controlled

by Two 2-Way Switches 216

18.9. A Fluorescent Light Circuit Controlled

by one Switch 217

18.10. Installation of a Fan 217

18.11. Wiring a circuit Breaker to the Distribution Fuse
Board and then to the Appliance 218

18.12. Stages in Electrical Wiring 219

xi
18.13. Some Common Terms 221

CHAPTER 19: LOGIC CIRCUITS AND INTEGRATED

CIRCUITS
19.1. Logic System 222
19.1.1. Logic Function 222
19.1.2. Logic Diagram 222
19.1.3. Logic Symbol 222
19.1.4. Flip Flop 223
19.1.5. Logic Gates 224
19.1.6. Truth Table 224
19.2. AND Gate 224
19.3. OR Gate 225
19.4. NAND Gate (Inverts and Gates) 226
19.5. NOR Gate (Inverts OR Gate) 227
19.6. Inverter 227
19.7. Buffer 228
19.8. Integrated Circuits 228
REFERENCES 230
APPENDIX 1 Test Questions and Answers 232
APPENDIX 11 Capacitor Letter Code Table 460

xii
 LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
2.1 Standard Prefixes, Multiplying
Factors & Symbols 8

8.1 The Fourth Band 66

8.2 The Capacitor Colour Code Table 68
8.3 Capacitor Voltage Letter Code Table 69
8.4 CapacitorTolerance Letter Code Table 70
13.1 Comparison of Aluminum and
Copper as Conductors 105

13.2 Comparison of T.R.S. and P.V.C. Cable 109

13.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of M.I.M.S
Cables 135

13.5 Soldering Guide 150

15.1 Difference between Internal Combustion
Engines and External Combustion Engine 174

19.1 Truth Table 225

19.2 Truth Table 226
19.3 Truth Table 227
19.4 Truth Table 227
A2.1 Capacitor Letter Code Table 460

xiii
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page
1.1 Sir J.J. Thompson Model of the Atom 2
1.2 Alpha Scattering Experiment 2
1.3 Ernest Rutherford Model of the Atom 3
1.4 Bohr Model of the Atom 4
1.5 The Atom 4
2.1 Movement of Holes and Electrons 10
2.2 Energy Band Structure for Conductors 11
2.3 Energy Band Structures for Insulators 11
2.4 Energy Band Structures for Semi-Conductors 12
2.5 Energy Bands for P-type Extrinsic
Semi-Conductor 14

2.6 Addition of Boron to a Trivalent Atom 15

2.7 Energy Bands for N-type Extrinsic
Semi-Conductors 16

2.8 Adding a Pentravalent Atom to a Semi-Conductor

e.g. Germanium 16

3.1 Lamps Connected in Series 19

3.2 Lamps Connected in Parallel 20
3.3 The Hydrometer 23
5.1a Ammeters connected in series 32
5.1b Ammeters connected in parallel 32
5.2 The Rheostat 33
5.3 External Resistance Connected to a Cell 35
6.1 Wet - Type Leclanche Cell 37
6.2 Dry Type Leclanche Cell 39
xiv
6.3 Cells Connected in Series 40
6.4 Cells Connected in Parallel 41
6.5 Series Parallel Connection 42
6.6 Cut-away of a standard lead acid battery cell 44
6.7 Lead acid cell on discharge 45
6.8 Lead Acid Cell on Charge 46
6.9 Internal Resistance of a circuit 51
7.1 Wire Wound Resistor 53
7.2 Rheostat 53
7.3 Transverse view of Rheostat 54
7.4 Carbon composition resistor 54
7.5 Resistance wire of known resistance 55
7.6 Resistance Bobbing 55
7.7 An Inductor 56
7.8 Inductors in Series 57
7.9 Inductors in Parallel 57
7.10 Inductors in Series-Parallel 58
7.11 A Charged Capacitor 58
7.12 Parallel plate capacitor with di-electric
in between the plates 61
7.13 Rolled Foiled Paper Capacitor 61
7.14 Variable capacitor 63
7.15 Capacitors Connected in Series 64
7.16 Capacitors Connected in Parallel 69
8.1 Bands on a Resistor 69
8.2 Metalised & Polyester Capacitors 69
8.3 Disc & Ceramic Capacitors 69
xv
9.1 Resistors Connected in Series 71
9.2 Voltmeter Connected to Resistors
Connected in Series 72
9.3 Resistors Connected in Parallel 73
9.4 Current Flow in Resistors Connected in Parallel 74
9.5 Series – Parallel Connection 75
12.1 Waveform of Current against Time 94
12.1 Waveform of Voltage against Time 94
12.3 Waveform Indicating Alternating
Current Values 94

12.4a Waveform for a circuit containing a Resistor 97

12.4b Phasor Diagram for a Circuit
Containing a Resistor 97

12.5a Waveform for a circuit containing a Capacitor 97

12.5b Phasor Diagram for a Circuit
Containing a Capacitor 98

12.6a Waveform for a circuit containing a Inductor 98

12.6b Phasor Diagram for a Circuit

Containing an Inductor 99

12.7 Vector Diagrams 100

13.1 Twisted Twin Flex Cable 109
13.2 Asbestos-covered Cable 110
13.3 Circular Flex, Rubber Sheathed 110
13.4 Workshop (or Industrial) Flex 111
13.5 P.B.J. (Paper Bituminized Jute) Cable 111
13.6 H.S.O.S, (House Service Overhead System)
Cable 112
xvi
13.7 Stripping Cable 124
13.8 Section through Soldered Socket 128
13.9 Marred Joint Preparation and Jointing 129
13.10 Weak-backed Ferrule 130
13.11 Straight-through Joint using Weak-backed Ferrule 130
13.12 Tee Joint 131
13.13 Construction of P.I.L.C.S.W.A Cable 132
13.14 Typical Cross-section of P.V.C Armoured Cable 133
13.15 Mineral-insulated Metal Sheathed (M.I.M.S)
Cable 135

13.16 Best Method for Removing Insulation 140

13.17 Using a Desoldering Pump (Solder Sucker) 156
14.1 Series RLC Circuit 158
14.2 A Graph illustration of Inductive
Reactance against Frequency 159

14.3 A Graph illustration of Capacitance

Reactance against Frequency 160

14.4 A Graph illustration of Series Resonance

Frequency 161

14.5 A Graph illustration of Impedance in a

Series Resonance Circuit 162

14.6 A Graph illustration of Series RCL

Circuits at Resonance 163

14.7 A Graph illustration of Series Circuit

Current at Resonance 164

14.8 An illustration of Phase Angles of a

Series Resonance Circuit 165

xvii
14.9 An illustration of Bandwidth of a
Series Resonance Circuit 168

14.10 An illustration of Bandwidth of a

RLC Series Resonance Circuit 169
15.1 Flowchart of Engine 173
15.2 Gas Turbine Power Plant 181
15.3 Flemings Right Hand Rule 182
15.4 Flemings Left Hand Rule 183
15.5 The DC Generator 184
15.5 Amateur Reaction Field 186
15.6 Separately Exited Generator 187
15.7 Series Wound Generator 187
15.8 Shunt Wound Generator 187
15.9 A.C Generator uses Slip-ring 188
15.10a D.C Generator uses Split-ring 188
15.11b Power Generation and Distribution 190
15.12 Process Flow Line Diagram for Gas Turbine 191
15.13 The Steam Turbine 192
16.1 Diagram of Attraction Type; Moving
Iron Instrument 198
16.2 The Repulsion Type Moving Iron Instrument 199
16.3 The Moving Coil Ammeter 200
16.4 Moving Coil Voltmeter 201
16.5 Moving Coil Galvanometer 202
16.6 Ohmmeter Scale 203
17.1 Step – Down Transformer 206

xviii
17.2 Step-Up transformer 207
17.3 Transmission Network 211
18.1 Connection of One Point of Light
Controlled by One Switch 212

18.2 Connection of Two Point of Lamps in

Parallel Controlled by one Switch 213

18.3 Connection of Two Point of

Lamps in Series Controlled by one Switch 213

18.4 Connection of Two Point of Lamps through one Joint

Box Controlled by Two Separate Switches 214

18.5 Two Lamps Connected through Two Joint

Boxes Controlled by their Individual Switches 215

18.6 Wiring Three Point of Light Controlled by

two 2-Way Switches 216

18.7 Wiring Three Point of Light Controlled by

two 2-Way Switches 216

18.8 A Fluorescent Light Circuit Controlled

by one Switch 217

18.9 Connection from the main distribution line of one Switch

Controlling one Fan and Two Bulbs 218

18.10 Wiring a circuit Breaker to the Distribution Fuse

Board and Then to the Appliances 218
18.11 Tapping from an Electric Pole to a Building 219
18.1 Installation of a Large Engineering Shop 220
18.13 Wiring between Two Poles 221

xix
 NOMENCLATURE

Symbol Definition Unit

ᶯ1 Intrinsic Carrier Concentration m−3
ω Omega (Circular frequency) rad/s
L Inductance (H) Henrys
I Electrical Current (A)Ampere
ev Energy of a Photon J
C Velocity of Light ms −1
r Internal Resistance (Ω) Ohms
A ε0 Permitivity of Free Space C 2 N−1 m−2
B K Dielectric Constant
B σ Electric Field cm−2
R ρ Resistivity Ωm
E Ƶ Impedance Ω
V XL Inductive Reactance Ω
I XC Capacitive Reactance Ω
A Q Quantity of Electricity C
T Ef Fermi-Energy Level
I Ec Conduction Band
O Ev Valence Band
N I0 Peak Current Ampere
S V0 Peak Voltage Volt
U Internal Energy J/m3
BS British Standard
EMF Electromotive Force

xx
DC Direct Current
AC Alternating Current
rms Root Mean Square
PD Potential Difference
RLC Resistor, Inductor and Capacitor
PF Power Factor
IEE Institution of Electrical Engineers
kwh Kilowatt hour
hp Horse Power
FSD Full Scale Deflection
IDC Insulation Displacement Connection
STA Steel Taped Armoured Cable
PILCSWA Lead-Covered Paper Insulated Steel Wire
MICC Mineral Insulated Copper Wire
PVC PolyVinyl Chloride
MIMS Mineral Insulated Metal Sheathed
VRI Vulcanised Rubber Insulated Cable
IEE Institute of Electrical Engineering
DC Direct Current
AC Alternating Current
TRS Tough Rubber Sheathed
PBJ Paper Butumized Jute

xxi
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