LECTURE NOTES (1)

IN SURVEYING (3) - CIV 221

Higher Technological Institute

Presented by
Dr. Abdelwahab Amer
NRC - Civil Engineering Dept.
 CHAPTER (1)

INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING AND MAPPING

1-1- Definition Of Surveying

Surveying is defined as the art of measuring slope, horizontal and

vertical distances between objects; of measuring angles between lines;
of determining the directions of lines and establishing point locations
by predetermined angular and linear measurements. Also, it is the
science of setting-out projects. In other words, it is the art of making
measurements of the relative positions of natural and man-made
features on the earth's surface and the presentation of this information
either graphically by Maps or numerically by computer.
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1-2- Classification Of Surveying
The surveying can be classified according to different points of view,
like: the earth's shape; the used instruments; and the usage.
1- 2-1 According To Earth's Shape

1- PLANE SURVEYING:
That type of surveying in which
the mean surface of the earth is
considered a plane up to length
of 10 km or area of 50 km2.

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1- 2-1 According To Earth's Shape (Cont.)

2- GEODETIC SURVEYING
That type of surveying in
which the mean surface of the
earth is considered a sphere up
to length between 10 - 20 km
area between 50 -300 km2.

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1- 2-1 According To Earth's Shape (Cont.)

3- High GEODETIC SURVEYING

That type of surveying in which the
mean surface of the earth is
considered a sphere up to length
more than 20 km or up to area more
than 300 km2. That type of
surveying in which the mean
surface of the earth is considered an
ellipsoid.

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1- 2-2 According To The Used Instruments
1- Land Surveying:
That type of surveying, the observations captured from the earth's
surface.

Level
Tape

Theodlite

Total Station
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1- 2-2 According To The Used Instruments (Cont.)
2-Photogrammetric Surveying:
That type of surveying, the observations captured by photographs. It
divided to two main categories: terrestrial Photogrammetry and aerial
Photogrammetry.

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2/8/2020
1- 2-2 According To The Used Instruments (Cont.)
3-Satellite Surveying:
That type of surveying, the observations captured from the satellite

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1- 2-3 According To The Usage

1- ENGINEERING SURVEYING

2- GEOLOGICAL SURVEYING

3- NAVIGATIONAL SURVEYING

4- ASTRONOMICAL SURVEYING

5- ETC.

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2/8/2020
1-3- The Role of Surveying In Any Engineering Project

The Surveying is very important science, especially in any engineering

projects. The surveying serves the project, as follow:

1- Before construction stage

 Cadastral survey of all features and details (roads, buildings, sewage
man holes, electric posts, ….etc.).
 Topographic surveying of the land.
 Producing the required map for design.

2- During construction stage

 Setting out points required for execution from design.
 Monitoring and controlling the position and levels of each executed
item with the design.
 Making the quantity surveying during execution stage.
 Monitoring structural deformation, if its required.

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1-3- The Role of Surveying In Any Engineering Project (Cont.)
3- After construction stage
 Making the as built survey for the whole project.
 Making the final quantity surveying after construction.
 Monitoring structural deformation, if it is required.

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1-4- Maps
1- 4-1 Map Contents:
1- Main data:
 Map name.
 Area for drawing.
 Data table contains: project name – project place – surveyor name – date –
map number or code – etc.
 North direction or direction of Y axis.
 Scale.
 Datum in geodetic surveying.
2- Secondary data:
 Legend.
 Key Map.
 Drawing grids over the drawing area.

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1- 4-2Types of Maps:

The maps can be classified according to different points of view, like:

the scale; the production; and the use.

1- 4-2-1Types of Maps According To Scale:

1- Small Scale Map:
From 1:50000 or smaller
2- Medium Scale Map:
From 1:5000 to 1:25000
3- Large Scale Map:
From 1:500 to 1:2500

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 1- 4-2-2Types of Maps According To Production:

1- Line map (hard copy map).

2- Digital map (soft copy map).

1- 4-2-3Types of Maps According To use:

1- Cadastral map.
2- Topographic map.
3- Geological map.
4- Astronomic map.
5- Hydrographical map.
6- Navigational map.
7- Tourism map.
8- Etc.

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 1-5 Definition of Angles:

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2/8/2020
 1-6 Types of North:
1-6-1 Magnetic North:
The magnetic north is the direction of a magnetic needle when
suspended freely.

Prismatic compass Prismatic compass

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 1-6-2 True North:
The true north is the direction of the tangent to the meridian at the
point toward the North Pole.
1- In Egypt, It is the direction of the shadow at noon
2- Field procedure of determining the north direction using linear
measurement.

Assistant Prof. Dr. Abdelwahab Aamer

2/8/2020
 1-6-2 True North (cont.):
1- Held a rod vertically before noon.
2- Draw at land a circle, its radius is the rod shadow.
3- Draw the shadow direction at land.
4- Wait till the shadow touch the circle after noon.
5- Draw the shadow direction at land.
6- Draw a line between the two shadows lines that divide the shadow
angle to two equals' angles.
7- The north direction will be the divide line.
1-6-3 Local (assumed) North:
The local (assumed) north is the direction of Y axis.

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2/8/2020
1-7 Magnetic declination:
The magnetic declination is the angle between the magnetic north
and the true north.

magnetic declination

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 1-8 Bearings:
The direction of any line with respect to a given north direction may
be defined by the bearing. Bearing are called true (astronomic)
bearings (azimuth), magnetic bearings, or assumed bearings,
depending on whether the north direction is true, magnetic, or
assumed.
1-9 Forward and back bearings:

 AB
  BA
 180
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2/8/2020
 1-10 Horizontal Angle Measurements:

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2/8/2020
 1-10 Horizontal Angle Measurements (cont.):
Procedure of Horizontal angle measurements:

1. Centering, leveling
2. Sighting left side Reading R1 (FL)
3. Sighting right side Reading R2 (FL)
4. Sighting right side Reading R2 (FR)
5. Sighting left side Reading R1 (FR)
6. get mean of left side R1m
7. get mean of right side R1m
8. angle = R2m - R1m

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2/8/2020
 Example of Horizontal angle measurements:

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2/8/2020
 1-11 Vertical Angle Measurements:

Example of Vertical angle measurements:

Occupied Target Face Left Face Right 90-FL FR-270 V
Station Point (FL) (FR)
A B 89o 20' 15" 270o 39' 55" 00o 39' 45" 00o 39' 55" 00o 39' 50"

Index error = (360-(FL+FR))/ 2

Assistant Prof. Dr. Abdelwahab Aamer

2/8/2020