ISSN: 2278 – 909X

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE)

Volume 3 Issue 8 August-2014

Darshan1 , Ravi Antil2

Design High Directive Rectangular Microstrip
Patch Antenna With Superstrate

design microstrip patch antenna. The radiating patch and
Abstract— the feed lines are usually photo etched on the dielectric
This paper presents the effects of superstrate & designed to substrate. The conducting patch, theoretically, can be
enhance the performance parameters of rectangular microstrip designed of any shape like square, triangular, circular,
patch antennas. The modified split ring resonator (MSRR) is rectangular, however rectangular and circular configurations
used in design. At frequency 2.2 GHz, the microstrip patch are the most commonly used. In this paper, Rectangular
antenna is designed with the help of superstrate. Metamaterial
Micro strip Patch antenna is used. Usage of some of the
superstrate is a significant method to obtain high directivity of
one or a few antennas. In this paper, the characteristics of other configurations are very complex to analyze and
directivity enhancement using metamaterial structures as require large numerical computations. However Microstrip
antenna superstrates that is artificial magnetic superstrate. antenna has a drawback of low bandwidth and low gain. We
This design helps to enhance gain and efficiency of microstrip are using artificial magnetic substrate to improve antenna
patch antenna at resonance frequency. The simulated and parameters. The bandwidth can be increased by cutting slots
observative results through HFSS, 10 db impedance bandwidth and stacking configuration and Gain can be increased by
of rectangular microstrip patch antenna is at 2.2 GHz, The using different patch elements in an array to achieve
radiation efficiency, gain and directivity of proposed antenna maximum radiation characteristics. In its most fundamental
are presented at 2.2 GHz. The coding has been done by
MATLAB and simulation results has been done by HFSS.
form, a Micro strip patch antennae consist of a radiating
patch on one side of a dielectric substrate which has a
Index Terms— Artificial Magnetic Superstrate, HFSS, ground plane on the other side. It is illustrated in figure1(A).
MATLAB, Parabolic.

I. INTRODUCTION
In Modern wireless communication world, A new designed
Microstrip antennas have recently received much attention
due to the increasing demand of small antennas for personal
communication equipment. Deschamps is firstly proposed
the concept of the Microstrip Patch antenna in 1953.
Microstrip antennas are also known as microstrip patch
antennas, or simply patch antennas. The approaching
maturity of microstrip antenna technology, coupled with Figure 1 (A) Structure of Microstrip Patch Antenna
increasing demand and this has many advantage in
frequency range of 1 to 6 GHz, applications for such
antennas, has led us to design a new modified observative b) Merits And De-Merits Of The Microstrip Antenna
microstrip patch antenna. Microstrip patch antennas are  Low bandwidth.
widely used in wireless communication applications because  Lower gain
of their low profile, mechanically rugged, light weight, low  Low fabrication cost
cost, narrowband, wide-beam antenna, conformability, low
 Low weight, low volume and thin profile
cost fabrication and ease of integration with feed networks.
configurations .
a) Microstrip Patch Antenna
 Large ohmic loss in the feed structure of
arrays.
Microstrip antenna consists of very small conducting patch  Poor end fire radiator except tapered slot
built on a ground plane separated by dielectric substrate. antennas.
This patch is generally made of conducting material such as
 Extra radiations from feeds and junctions.
copper or other materials, it can take any of possible shapes
 Low power handling capacity
like rectangle. We are taking artificial magnetic substrate to
 Can be easily integrated with microwave integrated
 circuits (MICs).
Manuscript received August, 2014  Capable of dual and triple frequency operations.
1)Darshan, Department Name- Electronics and Communication  Mechanically robust when mounted on rigid
Engineering, College Name- Mahaveer Swami Institute of Technology surfaces
affiliated by Deenbandhu chotu Ram University of Science and
Technology, Murthal Haryana City Name sonepat (Delhi ncr)i, Country
 Linear and circular polarizations.
Name-India, Mobile No-+91-9034613452
2) Ravi Antil, Department Name- Electronics and Communication II. METAMATERIALS
Engineering, College Name- Mahaveer Swami Institute of Technology
affiliated by Deenbandhu chotu Ram University of Science and
Technology, Murthal Haryana City Name-sonipat (Delh ncr)i, Country
In modern communication world, a observative research has
Name-India, Mobile No-+91-8950102089 the use of metamaterials as superstrates for antennas to
achieve gain enhancement. Microstrip patch antenna has

1
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 ISSN: 2278 – 909X
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE)
Volume 3 Issue 8 August-2014
improved and enhanced directivity by use of metamaterials 1 2
as Artificial Magnetic superstrate.

2.1 Artificial Magnetic Superstrate (3.1)

W=
√
2 f r √ ε 0 μ 0 ε r +1

 Length of the patch :

Artificial magnetic materials are a branch of metamaterials 1
which are designed to provide desirable magnetic properties L −2 ∆ L
which do not exist in natural materials. These artificial 2 f r √ ε 0 μ0 √ ε r eff
structures are designed to provide either negative or (3.2)
enhanced positive relative permeability. Dielectric material  Effective dielectric constant :
used as an artificial magnetic superstrate layer above a ε r+1 ε r −1 −1
12h 2
microstrip patch antenna has remarkable effects on its gain ε reff = + [1+ ]
and resonant characteristics. We measured the gain of 2 2 w
antennas with and without a superstrate and found that the (3.3)
gain of a patch antenna with a superstrate was enhanced.  Normalized extension of length ΔL :
The magnetic metamaterials demonstrate larger than unity w
permeability (µ) values due to the fact that they are (ε reff +0.3)( + 0.264)
∆L h
magnetically polarized under the influence of EM field. =0.412
Another related metamaterial is the magneto-dielectric h w
(ε reff −0.258)( +0.8)
which can be polarized both electrically and magnetically h
when exposed to an applied EM field so that it has both (3.4)
relative permeability (µ) and permittivity (ε) greater than  Effective length of the patch :
unity. Magneto-dielectric materials have been utilized Leff =L+ 2 ∆ L (3.5)
recently as substrates for miniaturization of microstrip  Resonant frequency of the patch:
antenna and as superstrate for gain enhancement of planar
antenna [5].
1
( f r ) 010 =
2 L √ ε reff √ μ ˳ε ˳
2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Superstrate (3.6)
 Edge impedance of patch antenna:
The potential application of magneto dielectric materials as 1
a superstrate is to improve the gain of microstrip antennas. R¿ = (3.7)
Magneto-dielectrics are materials that can be polarized both 2(G 1 ± G 12)
electrically and magnetically when exposed to an applied  Conductance of the single slot:
electromagnetic field, so they have both relative 1 W 2
permeability and permittivity higher than one. To enhance
the gain of planar antennas include the use of nonmagnetic
G 1=
90 λ ˳ ( )
where W ≪ λ

dielectric or electromagnetic band gap structure all these 1 W

trends require fairly thick layers, leading to a significant
increase of antenna profile [22].
G 2=˳
120 λ ˳
where W ≫ λ ˳( )
(3.8)
 Mutual conductance of patch antenna
I. DESIGN CONSIDERATION
k ˳ W cos θ 2
π sin( )
Microstrip patch antenna consists of very thin metallic strip 1 2 (3.9)
(i.e. patch) placed on ground plane where the thickness of G 12= ∫[ ] J ˳¿¿
120 π 2 0 cos θ
the metallic strip is restricted by t<< λ0 and the height is
restricted by 0.0003λ0 ≤ h ≤ .05λ0. The Microstrip patch is
4 DESIGN AND SIMULATION RESULTS
designed so that its radiation pattern maximum is normal to
the patch. 4.1 Design Specification
The three essential parameters for the design of a
3.1 Design Procedure for Patch Antenna
rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna are as:
The Performance of the Micro strip patch antenna depends • Frequency of operation ( f 0) The resonant frequency of
on its resonant frequency, dimension. Depending on the
dimension, the operating frequency, radiation efficiency, the antenna must be selected appropriately. The design
directivity, return loss are influenced. For an efficient resonant frequency selected for UMTS band applications is
radiation, the practical width of the patch can be calculated
by using the following. 2.2 GHz.
• Dielectric constant of the substrate (εr)
3.2 Design Equations
The dielectric material selected for design is FR4_EPOXY
Equations for dimension of rectangular patch antenna: which has a dielectric constant of 4.4.
• Height of dielectric substrate (h)
 Width of the patch :

2
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 ISSN: 2278 – 909X
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE)
Volume 3 Issue 8 August-2014
Because of using FR4_EPOXY, so height of dielectric Height of Substrate 1.6 mm
substrate is 1.6 mm. So, the essential parameters for the Width of feed line 2.92 mm
design are given in table 4.1.
Table 4.1 Design specification of Patch Antenna 4.3 Simple Patch Antenna and Simulation Results
Substrate material used FR4_EPOXY
Operating frequency (f0) 2.2 GHz
Relative permittivity of substrate (
4.4
εr ¿

Height of substrate (h) 1.6 mm

The transmission line model is applicable to infinite ground

planes only. However, for practical considerations, it is Figure 4.3(a): Simple patch antenna
essential to have a finite ground plane. Finite and infinite Figure 4.3(a) shows the HFSS design of simple patch
ground plane can be obtained if the size of the ground plane antenna with microstrip feeding as per dimension given in
is greater than the patch dimensions by approximately six table 4.2. Operating frequency of Simple patch antenna is
times the substrate thickness all around the periphery. 2.2GHz.
Dimensions of substrate are given in table 4.2. 4.3.1 Returns Loss of Simple Patch Antenna
4.2 Design of Simple Microstrip Patch Antenna 0.00
XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1
Curve Info
ANSOFT

dB(S(1,1))
Setup1 : Sw eep

The analysis of the simple patch antenna has -2.50

been designed with the following -5.00

specification: Name X Y
dB(S(1,1))

m3 2.2047 -11.0028
-7.50

 Input Impedance
-10.00 -10.1421
m3
-10.6552

The typical impedance at the edge of a -12.50

rectangular patch can be approximated as by -15.00

equation (3.7) and this equation solved using

1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
Freq [GHz]
MX1: 2.1973 0.0268
MX2: 2.2240

MATLAB software, we get = 310 Ω which

Figure 4.3(b): Returns loss of
does not match well with a 50 Ω standard
microstrip. The characteristic impedance of simple patch antenna
the transition section should be 124 Ω. Figure 4.3(b) shows the return loss at resonating frequency
 Simulation Setup
2.2 GHz is -11 dB and impedance band width is 1.22%.
The software used to design and simulate the Microstrip
4.3.2 Gain Pattern of Simple Patch Antenna
Patch Antenna is HFSS 13.0. Radiation Pattern 1 HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT

Curve Info

With the help of MATLAB program, we obtained the

dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : Sw eep
0 Freq='2.204697987GHz' Phi='0deg'
m1
-30 30

dimensions as shown in table 4.2. Here, MATLAB program

-1.00

-7.00
-60 60

is based upon equations discussed above and [22-23]. -13.00

-19.00

Table 4.2 Dimensions of Microstrip patch Antenna Name Theta Ang Mag -90 90
m1 0.0000 0.0000 2.3598

Substrate material used FR_4 EPOXY

Dielectric constant of substrate 4.4
-120 120

Resonating Frequency 2.2 GHz -150

-180
150

Length of patch antenna 32.2 mm

Width of patch antenna 41.5 mm Figure 4.3(c): Gain Pattern of Simple Patch Antenna

Length of Substrate 125 mm Figure 4.3(c) shows the gain of simple patch antenna at

Width of substrate 125 mm resonating frequency 2.2 GHz is 2.36 dB.

3
All Rights Reserved © 2014 IJARECE
 ISSN: 2278 – 909X
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE)
Volume 3 Issue 8 August-2014
4.3.3 Directivity of Simple Patch Antenna shown and equation are discussed in chapter 2. First
parabolic tapered patch antenna is designed as per table 4.4.
Superstrate has been designed with the help of modified
split ring resonator (MSRR). Unit cell dimensions of MSRR

10.00
XY Plot 3 HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT are given in table 4.5. On the basis of data given in table 4.5
Curve Info
dB(DirTheta)

we have designed planar 10×10 array of MSRRs printed on

m2 Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='2.2GHz' Phi='0deg'

5.00

the host dielectric layer to provide the engineered magnetic

Name X Y
m2 0.0000 6.3159
0.00

material whose effective relative permeability and

dB(DirTheta)

-5.00

permittivity is shown in table 4.5.

-10.00

Table 4.3: Dimensions of unit cell MSRR

-15.00

Substrate material used FR_4 EPOXY

-20.00
-200.00 -150.00 -100.00 -50.00 0.00
Theta [deg]
50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 Dielectric constant ( εr ) 4.4
Thickness of substrate ( h ) 1.6 mm
Figure 4.3(d): Directivity of Simple Patch Antenna Length of unit cell substrate
Figure 4.3(d) shows the directivity of simple patch antenna 8.5 mm
( ∆x )
at resonating frequency Width of unit cell substrate ( ∆y ) 8.5 mm
Height of unit cell substrate
2.2 GHz is 6.31dB. 1.6 mm
( ∆z )
Length of MSRR ( lx ) 6.5 mm
4.3.4 Efficiency of Simple Patch Antenna Width of MSRR ( ly ) 6.5 mm
0.45
XY Plot 4 HFSSDesign1
Curve Info
ANSOFT Width of metallic strip ( s ) 0.5 mm
m1
RadiationEfficiency
Setup1 : Sw eep
Phi='0deg' Theta='0deg'
Space between metallic strip 0.5 mm
0.40

Name X Y
loss tangent ( tan δ) 0.02
0.35
m1 2.2047 0.3998
Effective relative Permeability 7.8774
Effective relative Permittivity 6.8795.
RadiationEfficiency

0.30

Height of Superstrate from patch 20 mm

0.25

0.20

4.8.1 Return Loss of Microstrip Patch Antenna with

0.15

Parabolic Taper Feed Line Loaded with Superstrate

1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
Freq [GHz]

Figure 4.3(e): Efficiency of simple patch antenna 0.00

XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1
Curve Inf o
ANSOFT

dB(S(1,1))

Figure 4.3(e) shows the efficiency of simple patch antenna

Setup1 : Sw eep

-2.00

at resonating frequency 2.2 GHz is 40 %. -4.00

Name X Y

4.8 Microstrip Patch Antenna with Parabolic Taper

m1 2.2148 -11.5809
dB(S(1,1))

-6.00

Feed Line Loaded with Artificial Magnetic Superstrate. -8.00

-9.8477
-10.00 -10.0026

m1

-12.00
1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
Freq [GHz]
0.0477 MX1: 2.2408
MX2: 2.1930

Figure 4.8(b): Return loss of Parabolic tapered patch

antenna with superstrate
Figure 4.8(b) shows the return loss -11.58 dB at resonating
frequency 2.2 GHz and impedance band width is 2.168%.
4.8.2 Gain Pattern of parabolic Taper Patch Antenna

Figure 4.8(a): Parabolic tapered patch antenna with with Superstrate

superstrate
Figure 4.8(a) shows the parabolic tapered patch antenna
with superstrate layer. Width profile for parabolic taper is

4
All Rights Reserved © 2014 IJARECE
 ISSN: 2278 – 909X
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE)
Volume 3 Issue 8 August-2014
Radiation Pattern 10 HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT

Types of Return Impedan Gain Direc Effici

0 Curve Info
m1 dB(GainTotal)
-30 30 Setup1 : Sw eep
Freq='2.204697987GHz' Phi='0deg'
4.00

Name Theta Ang Mag -60

-2.00
60
Taper loss(dB) ce B.W. (dB) tivity ency
m1 0.0000 0.0000 7.3685 -8.00

-14.00 (%) (dB) (%)

-90 90

No Taper -11 1.22 2.36 6.3 40

Parabolic
-120 120

- 49.12 2.61 3.02 6.91 40.2

taper
-150 150

-180

Parabolic
Figure 4.8(c): Gain pattern of parabolic Taper
taper
patch antenna with superstrate
using - 11.58 2.17 7.37 9.45 61.5
Figure 4.8(c) shows the gain is 7.3685 dB at resonant Superstra
frequency 2.2 GHz. te
4.8.3 Directivity of Microstrip Patch Antenna with Table 4.6 shows the comparison of simulation results
parabolic Taper Feed Line with superstrate observed that:
XY Plotm14 HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT

 Return loss of parabolic taper is improved

10.00
Curve Info
dB(DirTheta)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='2.2GHz' Phi='0deg'

5.00
comparatively rather than all others.
Name X Y

0.00
m1 0.0000 9.4508
 Gain, directivity and efficiency of parabolic taper are
dB(DirTheta)

better with superstrate.

-5.00

4.10 Return loss Comparison of different patch antenna

-10.00

with different profiles.

-15.00
-200.00 -150.00 -100.00 -50.00 0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00
Theta [deg]

Figure 4.8(d) Directivity of parabolic taper patch

antenna with superstrate
Figure 4.8(d) shows the directivity of parabolic tapered feed
line at operating frequency 2.2 GHz is 9.45 dB.
4.8.4 Radiation Efficiency of Microstrip Patch Antenna
with Parabolic Taper Feed line
XY Plot 5 HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT
0.70 Curve Info
RadiationEfficiency
m1 Setup1 : Sw eep

0.60
Phi='0deg' Theta='0deg'
Figure 4.10: Return loss of patch antenna with different
0.50
Name
m1
X Y
2.2000 0.6151
profile
Figure 4.10 shows the comparison of the return loss of
0.40
RadiationEfficiency

0.30

patch antenna with different profile and all the return loss
0.20

values are taken from table 4.6.Different colours are used to

0.10

0.00
define the position of return loss of different profile.
1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
Freq [GHz]

5EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Loaded with superstrate
5.1 Prototype of Proposed Parabolic Tapered Patch
Figure 4.8(e) Efficiency of parabolic taper patch antenna
Antenna
with superstrate
A prototype is an early sample, model of a product fabricate
Figure 4.8(e) shows the radiation efficiency of parabolic
to test a concept or procedure as a thing to be replicated or
tapered feed line with superstrate at resonating frequency
learned from. A prototype is designed to test and trial a new
2.2 GHz is 61.51 %.
design to enhance accuracy by system analysts and users.
4.9 Comparison of Simulation Results
Prototyping serves to provide specifications for a real,
Table 4.4: Comparison table of Patch Antenna with
working system rather than a theoretical one.
different tapering

5
All Rights Reserved © 2014 IJARECE
 ISSN: 2278 – 909X
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE)
Volume 3 Issue 8 August-2014

Figure 5.4: Comparison results of parabolic tapered patch

Figure 5.1: Real time picture of fabricated parabolic tapered antenna with and without superstrate in return loss form.

microstrip patch antenna Table 5.1: Experimental Result

Figure 5.1 shows the fabricated parabolic tapered patch Parabolic Tapered Return Resonating
antenna. Design specification of this structure is given in the Patch Antenna loss frequency
-29
table 4.4 & Experimental result for return loss is verified Without superstrate 2.3 GHz
dB
through VNA
-25
With superstrate 2 GHz
dB

Table 5.1 shows the return loss of parabolic tapered patch

antenna before and after using artificial magnetic
superstrate. This experimental result is verified through
VNA. The return loss without superstrate is -29 dB at 2.3
GHz and with superstrate is -25 dB at 2 GHz as given in
table 5.1.
Figure 5.2: Experimental feedback of fabricated parabolic
6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
tapered microstrip patch antenna with superstrate
6.1 Conclusion
Figure 5.2 shows the experimental feedback of fabricated
Various structures of rectangular microstrip patch antenna
parabolic patch antenna with superstrate through VNA. The
have been designed and simulated on Ansoft’s HFSS. First
parameter of this figure is discussed in table 4.1, table 4.2
the simple patch antenna has been designed, and then QWT
patch antenna has been designed. After these analyses,
simple patch antenna with taper techniques like exponential,
cosine and parabolic has been designed. Parameters such as
return loss, gain pattern, directivity and radiation efficiency
of all these structure have been compared. The return loss of
parabolic tapered shows better results as compare to other

Figure 5.3: Top view of fabricated parabolic tapered tapering techniques. Further, to improve the performance of

microstrip patch antenna with superstrate patch antenna, artificial magnetic superstrate structure is

Figure 5.3 shows the top view of superstrate designed by used. After superstrate gain is improved by 4.35 dB,

modified split ring resonator. Design specification of MSRR directivity is improved by 2.55 dB, and efficiency is

is discussed in table 4.1. improved by 21.3%. The total height of the proposed

5.2 Comparison of Parabolic tapered Patch Antenna structure antenna with superstrate is λ0/7 mm.

with and without Superstrate. 6.2 Future Prospects

6
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 ISSN: 2278 – 909X
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE)
Volume 3 Issue 8 August-2014
Several areas of future work can be expanded to improve [10] S. Haider, “Microstrip Patch Antennas for Broadband
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1) Darshan, Department Name- Electronics and
High-Gain Microstrip Patch Array Antenna Using a Communication Engineering, College Name- Mahaveer
Superstrate Layer,” ETRI Journal, Volume 25, Swami Institute of Technology affiliated by Deenbandhu
Number 5, October 2003. chotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal
Haryana City Name-Delhi, Country Name-India, Mobile
No-+91-9034613452

7
All Rights Reserved © 2014 IJARECE
 ISSN: 2278 – 909X
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE)
Volume 3 Issue 8 August-2014
2) Ravi Antil, Department Name- Electronics and
Communication Engineering, College Name- Mahaveer
Swami Institute of Technology affiliated by Deenbandhu
chotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal
Haryana City Name-Delhi, Country Name-India, Mobile
No-+91-8950102089

8
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