Jigjiga University

A Sinior eassay Proposal on

Guma customary conflict resolution prospects and challenges: In the case of Babile worede

By Radia Sultan

ID No 1232/04

Advisor

Keder Ahmed (mpp)

Table of contents

1. Chapter One

1. 1 Back ground of the study ___________________________________________________1

1. 2 Statement of the problem ____________________________________________________4

1. 3 hypothesis ________________________________________________________________5

1. 4 Research Questions _________________________________________________________5

1. 5 Objective of the study _______________________________________________________5

1, 5, 1 general objective _____________________________________________5

1, 5, 2 specific objective ____________________________________________5

1. 6 significance of the study_____________________________________________________6

1.7 delimination of the study (scope)_______________________________________________6

2. Chapter Two

Revtro Related To Literature

2.1 conflict a conceptual overview ________________________________________________7

2.2 customary conflict resolution mechanisms in Ethiopia Historical view _________________7

2.3 Theoretical frame work ______________________________________________________8

2.4 Detination of key words ______________________________________________________8

 2.4.1 Conflict ____________________________________________________8

2.4.2 Perspective _________________________________________________9

2.4.3 Challenges _________________________________________________9

3. Chapter Three

3.1 Research design and methodology _____________________________________________10

3.2 sampling techniques ________________________________________________________10

3.3 sampling size _____________________________________________________________10

3.4 methods of data collection ___________________________________________________11

3.5 methods of data Analysis ____________________________________________________11

3.6 methods data presentation ___________________________________________________11

3.7 Time and budget schedules __________________________________________________12

 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Back ground of the study

Social control refers to social mechanisms that regulate individual and group behavior terms of
great sections and rewards, social control is present in all societies if only in the control
mechanism used. To prevent its establishment in aggressive situation. Social control may also
designate the process of informal social control such as customer and formal social control such
as how to deviant behavior which few beyond the bound sets by social norms. Forms social
control institution has been practicing in most modern world societies.

Social soldiering is essential for existence of society.it eary individuals is allowed unrestricted
freedom to act and behaves it may creat social disorder. Social control is necessary for
maintaining order in society. it is necessary for every society or group to maintain its social order
and regulate behavior in accordance with establishment norms which brings uniformily of
behavior which do have its own great role in political perspective of society in general and
political ack nowlodgment and politicipation of individuals in particular and leods to unity
among individuals.

In acommunity where control is common end violence is endemic, traditional conflict resolution
has played role in attempting to control or manage violence.resolving the social economic and
political problems among oromo society. In the socio- political life of the oromo aswell as in the
interactions of the oromo with the neighboring people Guma was very significant. According to
the principles of Gada system there was acopensation for the damaged of human life and besides
that recociliations for damaged animals life (horso,categeetc,). The compensation could be in
kind or in cash to be given to one who has suffered a loss, injury or invasion of alegal right.

Accourding to the norms of the societ, before peace making process storted a killer had to leave
the region for evil eye of his relation.According the morder had to cross mine rivers and pass
nics mountains away from the regions. The act was known as “sigigoo” meaning drive out or
isolate, which show that fact damage was highly considered.

As the news of bad event was hard the order the relatives started accelerate the process of peace
making by sending olders followed by lame persons, oblind, stood beyond ariver infornt of the
house of the victimized group and request for peace making continuality for five or nine days.
The victims group were not expected to give response on the ninth day the representatives of the
victions group give response to the olders request. On this day the time and the peace where
peace should be made were decided on the appointed day. The immediate fsmillies of both
parties had to participate on the peace making process. The peace making and vitual way
conducted by the olders. The kivers was not expected to give response on the ninth day the
representations of the victims group give response to the older’s request. On this day the time
and the plate where peace should be made were decided on the appointed day. The immediate
families of both parties had to participate on the peace making process. The peace making and
vitual way conducted by the olders. The killers was not expected to participate on the prayer but
he appeary after it ends, he had to appears wearing the cloth that he had put on when he killed.
Besides, he had to deliberately
appear to a peace making place wi th tied hands. On the other hands, the two parties were
expected to come to the peace making area bare hand. This was armed at avoiding apossible
conflict and revenge of the be ready party.

Different writters have tried to explain Guma institution. Forexample, the studies as “The
customer law strictly forbids killing in any conflict. However it is happened, conflict had been
fowed through Guma.

In addition explains that according to the customary law, members of society were prevent from
arranging marriage and other societal relationships until the case would be settled. Therefore,
aperson that either deliberately or unknowingly or killed people had to under Guma rituals and
pay blood price other wise, the criminal was not allowed to live among the tulama oromo.

Acconding to indigenous mechanism for the preventions and resolutions of conflict also tried to
investigate oromo people have developed different mechanisms widely used and effective
indigenous mechanisms for the prevention and resolitions of conflicts. These are,

- Negotiation or compromising mechanism

- Reconciliations and administered by the community elders.
- Gada system mechanism (judicial administrative and political mechanisms)
- Religious adjudications ( waqefa system mechanisms)

But, according to indigenous mechanisms of conflict resolution study.the notcategoriyed Guma

institutions independently under those institutions that oromo people have developed for conflict
resolutions. Ever if the Guma institutions apply based on gada system, it has been working
independently for controlling social disorder. This is one of issues that I will attempt the role of
Guma ritual in peace making and procedural argeets of Guma institutions in controlling social
disorder among the Babile oromo including the current situations.

1.2 Statement of the problems

Indigenous knowledge and institutions which society develops through experience will allow us
back war traditional and in efficiently. Thus would be eliminated mercilessly instead new
modern progressive and efficient system would introduced after along and experience mark how
ever the property starting to shortly let alone to deliver the peoples from their problems. If was
found the life so many. The institutions plants at the experience of the indigenous ones which the
prophet of modernization embellishing as the ‘’effective and efficient” after registered the
inverse how the babble should its own addves – If was then after that the indigenous knowledge
systems of the priceless tools to solve the problems. So societies particularly grass roots levels.

Customary conflict resolution institution, which is one of the indigenous systems obtained wider
acceptance mainly due to two reasons, the first reason recurrent conflict later. Ethnic and latia-
ethnic are threatened the governments but with global repurelurial on the others hand, the
modern count and policy system wanted to artimeted the stress problems owning to substitute
factors affects embedding in the very socio- cultural system of the society. Thus sustainable
development and peace, securities become a dream in most of the countries on the information
from the office of Guma customary conflict resolution prospects and challenge. The government
administration bodies admitted that in the face of an extreme shortage of man- power they are
not in position to hand disputes in the area. They surely appreciated the role that traditional
mechanisms of conflict resolutions ply in reducing the burden court. According to information
from policies most members of Babile area more interested in Guma institutions that regular
court adjuctions Almost all of informals put the idea, the case setiles by Guma and similar case
resolves by court decisions do not have equal potentials in restored of peace and order in the
society.

The study was tried to assess and evaluate where and in what ways this mechanisms of conflict
resolved and in order to show and pick out the problem then found the better solution and in
order to show and pick out the problems then found the better solution for the better
achievements through the helped of Guma conflict resolution system. Therefore, this study was
interested to answer the following basic research questions:

1.3 Research Questions

 What are the challenge and prospects of Guma customary conflict resolution mechanism?
 What is the contribution of Guma customary in order to minimize conflict resolution
mechanisms?
 Does it the administrative party full fill the necessity of the older, youngest to solve the
problems effectively?
  What is the role of the Bable government in the case of Guma customery conflict
resolution procedures?
 What is the impacts of GUma customary conflicts on socio political and cultural life of
the bable woreda in their area?
1.4 Hypothesis
 This tried to test the hypothesis that is stipulated as “the Guma customary conflict
resolution mechanism is hampered or challenged by various socio-economic and
political factors changes ”

Among traditional mechanisms of conflict resolution process, Guma” is one of them in order to
contribute its efforts to the concerned types.

In Oromo ethic group there are various types of conflict resolution as the country and regional
levels. Oromo people were ruled through this law and protect their people and societies than
different types of damage human life and basides that reconciliation for damaged animals life
like cattle, horse etc. The compensation could be in kind or in cash to be given to one who
suffered alost injuly of alegal right. Particular attitude towads or ways of regarding somethings
againt of view most quide books reference history id written from edotors perspective. The
contribution and essential. Then immediately each other. In ordern to keep their customer they
have been agreed on each and every situation the institutionalon the other hand, when we see the
challenges of Guma custory conflict happened, in different cases. Sometimes human beings are
difficult to tell you and finding the truth. Some of them are 10 need of resolving conflict. I donot
the reason why? In order to minimize the case come to the peace and to keep the security the
custom of the society this is very difficult to understand easily.

1.5 Objectives of the study

1.5.1 General objectives of the study

The general objective of the study is to investigate the prospects and challenges of Guma
customary conflict resolution techniques.

1.5.2 specific objectives of the study

- To identify and assess the modern Guma customary conflict resolution mechanisms that
the communities adapt to settle their disputes.
 - To study the impact of Guma customary conflict resolution on socio- economic political
and cultural life of the bable woredas people in their area.
- To provide better role for the bable woreda government in the case of Guma customary
conflict resolution procedures.
- In order to assess the mechanism which problems avoiding or minimize in the area.
- Interns of fined the challenges and prospects of Guma customary conflict resolution in
bable woreda.
1.6 Significance of the study

The study was crucial for the effective and efficient study of the conflict resolution institutions
and mechanism of costomery.It could use as an input for the Guma institutions of conflict
resolution mechanism.

It was used as a source of valuable information for the development and peace, security of
resolved for effective and efficient source.

Further more investigations to others researchers, the societies, the institutiona and other might
be benefited in one ways or in an other ways. It has been also provided better owareness and
understood of conflict resolution mechanisms systems.

1.7 Delimitation of the study ( scope)

Conflict resolution mechanisms applied in all Guma institution. The study was mainly restricts to
examined the status of Guma institution very well and effectively, so that the study paper was
cover ealy conflict resolution procedures on Guma customary in bable, hararge.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 CONFLICT A CONCEPTUAL OVERVIEW

In every society, whenever acting their day to day life activities there may be occurred some sort
of issue which make disagreement between them.

These can be occurred at individual, group, community, National or internationally levels.

According to dejene Gemechu was stated in 2007.

The issue that can cause conflict are arises from cultural socio political and economic reasons.
This phenomena in which ocurres a serious disagreement of unconcineed dituations throughout
interaction of society as a result of dofferent in opinions, values and specific interest that for a
part themselves is called conflict (Ibid)

Conflict is universal and occus in nature which is born from generations to generations.usually
the most sources of conflict is violent. Conflict has been studied over centuries by different
seholars. However they have up with controversies definition over the conflict terms. Some
scholars have contended that conflicthas adestructive effects. For instance
dspova(1989)considered conflict as an abnormal phenomena.

2.2 Customary conflict resolution mechanisms in Ethiopia: A Historical overview

Ethiopia is a country in which various ethnic groups live together. Each ethnic groups has its
own ways of resolving conflicts. As Ethiopia has societies that have traditional setting and
relationships. Indigenous mechanism could play significant role in resolving and preventing
violent conflicts. When compared to the non- indigenous ones indigenous mechanisms for the
resolutions and preventions of conflicts are less compare more time saving and give a chance to
parties in conflicts to actively participate in saving their own problems and handling their
indigenous conflict resolutions mechanisms could continuous being efficiently as society moues
towards modernizations.

Hence it is vital to thinga about their applicability in this settling and look for possibilities of
managing or using the indigenous mechanisms with the non-indigenous ones so that they could
be indigenous conflicts resolutions and preventions mechanism of various societies in Ethiopia.

(According to Tirsit Girshow was stated in 2004)

2.3 Theoretical Frame work

Theoretical frame work and political perspectives on nature and source of conflict draw on
conflicting analytical conception while same perspectives diverge from each other’s tend to show
some balance, uniformly of vinous with varying conclusions. However, currently there is a lack
of consensus a among the various perspectives on the levels of analysis and models of inter
prating the ethnic national conflict problem. In variously, there for modalities and approaches
supposed or employed to resolve the complicit situations have similarly been diverged much of
the future conflict treats conflicts or wars as situations of organization of contact between two or
more independent units. In other words, conflict occur context between two or more independent
units. In other words, conflict occurs where there is interactions between at least two individuals
or groups who ultimate objectives differs ,conflict also includes domestic conflict between ethics
as well as arvil- wars between residents and states ( stated by Teshome in 2004)

2.4 Customary conflict Resolution mechanism of the oromo

Oromo people have developed different of indigenous social control institution when ever
happen social disardet and conflict with the people living in their neigh borhood and among them
selves Gada institution is Judicial administration and political mechanism that every dispute
including inter clan conflicts have been managed and resolved in line with other indigenous
institution ( Al emayehu Haile 2009. 172)

Accordingly to Asmeron (1973) Gada is defined as a system of classes (Lube) that succeed each
other every eight years in assuming military. Economic and ritual responsibilities each Gada
class remains in power during a specific term (Gada) which begins and ends with a formal power
transfer ceremony.

What is important here is that the Borena in addition to the Gada system which they use? To
resolve conduct at a large level also have an efficient structure of conflict resolution
mechanization as each level of society. There are eight organizational societal strictures
progressing from the single family to the Borena people as a whole based on place of habitation.
Hence the conflicting of parties have the opportunity to bring their cases to one of these
structures of conflict resolution mechanisms or organs (Ibid)

It is know that the Gada system of the oromo’s have various institutional funcation like political
administrative and ritual ones.

One of the Gada institution that could be mentioned as a conflict resolution mechanism are the
traditional judget who adjudicate under the tree. The tree is called Ghaddacha one species of the
Acacia tree. During the adjudication the traditional judges site according of to their sengority
orage one knowledge of customary laws of the oromo.

This is b/c there is a belief with in the oromo traditional society that senior persons have more
knowledge accumulated over time than the juniors. The termod office for traditional oromo
judges is one Goda eight years after that period their retire and serve as Jaarsa ( community
older) this rule is based on the Goda principle that says no one is entitled to stay in public office
for more than eight years (Asmeran 1973)

The description of the proceedings of the customary court the plagntitt has the right to select five
orders who will investigate the case jointly with the three judges.

The detendant also has the right to select four olders on his part. The reasons for the difference in
number of olders selected by the two sides of disputants is the presupposition that applicants
brought the case before the court b/c the harm was indicted on his right of his property.

This presupposition comes from the belief that oromos do not accuse some one on false grounds
they say saban galuum nama hin dhibu bahun nama dhiba this means it is not difficult to enter
same where by telling false.but it is not difficult to get out of it. This proverb there fore warns
not to start a litigation of accuse same one on false grounds (Asmmeran 1973)
The clane elders and three judges (together twelve persons) constitute the full bench of court.
This bench is called Dhaddacha or judge. He then will side with the plaintiff, the same is true for
the plaintiff. How ever, the party who oppose the older judge should have concreat fooooor his
accusation. Unless the proverbs this allegation. He will pay a fine of about nine cattle for
detamation. During the proceedings of the court any interested body can the proceedings of the
count any interested body can attend. The procedure is done openly and ending the proccedinds
is believe to be a good opportunity to grasp knowledge and experience (Asmeran 1973)

Any party who is complain about the decision give by the lower count has the right to appeal the
complaining party requests appeal by saying “BOKKU qabadhe” (that means I hold the scepter)
The applicant has a piece monkey skin or piece of cloth tied to his stick and carries it with him as
a sigh. Any Oromo family has a cultural duty to provide shelter and food for such a plaintiff
when he is moving from place to place for his appeal. In Oromo society women do not directly
participate in conflict resolution mechanism of the Gada institution. However, there are ways in
the Gada system that allow women to participate in same conflict resolution activates and
advance law making and election.

2.5 Customary conflict resolution mechanisms among the Somali

Very little is written on Somali pastoralist in Ethiopia in Somali society there are two key
principle residence and kinship by and large the two go together, as kinsmen tens to live together
in the same area. Therefore an area becomes defined in terms of kinship and vice versa however.
The coincidence between territory and clanship is less oblivious. In the Harshim area for
example, several smaller sub clans live in the same locality and only as you move up the
genealogical hierarch is the relation ship between clan and territory increasingly distanced,
According to the 1996 census somali’s in Ethiopia are estimated to be 3.160- 540 ( office of
population one having commission 1998)

Somali clans are units of political action. They do not define permanent corporate groups
cooperation is largly defined in legal and political terms ( Richard 1997) Groups come together
to play blood comension or to defined their members against an attack but once the threat from
out side has passed, the group has few permanent corporate features are will dissolve in to its
component parts (Ibid) The Somali are known for their strong attechement one loyality to their
clan. Each clan has it own olders to solve the conflict. With in one across borders and conflicts
between individuals.

The liver zone is one of the nine zone of the riginal state of Somali liban zone has three districts
filtu. Dollo addo and moyale. The zone is located a long the international boundary with Kenya
and Somalia.

In libay zone the traditional of resolution is a popular and widely accepted practice. In the
majority of the cases. The conflicting parties prefers to present their cases to the olders. This is
mainly due to their mobile way of life. Poor intrantracture and lack of transport in the area there
fore no access to regulare (modern) court and last but out least. Respect for their traditional and
customary laws

In the liban area the community olders are selected based on their knowleged , oblity of speech
honest and experience. These olders investagete the issue presented before them and decide. If
both conflicting parties agree with the decision given the blame person pays the fine for the
wrong he committed After that the reconciliation is conclude with Ganko (shaking hands)

The wrong doer shakes hand with the victims and they with on the olders participating in the
decision making or reconciliation However if one of the conflicting parties is not satisfied with
the decision passed by the olders at the first instance of reconciliation he has the right to request
the involvement of other olders or increase the numbers of olders or changes of the Gedde ( the
bench) He can even go to the wober ( the clan leader) for appeal. The decision made after the
consulation of other older or that one made by the wober and his councils will befinal.

After the final decision is make and compensation of fine is paid there will be no ehmity the
parties over that particular issue.

In liban zone sometime there occure an incident when the otteder or his family or relatives have
been penalized both according to the traditional and modern lows. This is particulary true for
public ottenses like homidide, on the one hand the government institution ( Police) imprisons the
ottendeer and on (Diya) for the deuty of their relatives . in this case the penalties are burden
some for the relatives and their property. Because they are required to play Dija of around 100
camels. Since the somali’s of liban zone are muslims. It is part of their religion that men and
women donot sit together inpulic. Therefore the women could not be a member of the olders and
do not partitipate in recocilation or decision making in this regard. But it one the conflicting
parties a women or it women is required to witness. The appear before the olders to voice her
opinion or to give the witness. According to the traditional of the area. The witness give by two
women is equivalent to the witness given by on man (law is 1998)

Diya paying groups

The social organization of somali’s comprises a complex web of attiliations and identities
including class. Regional occupational cleavages Somalia themselves with in a vast family tree
that is defined at the nighest level. Each of which breaks down in to clans. Sub clans and
primarke lineage. This fluid cascading lineage indentify can be mobilized at different level
depending on the nature of the conflict at hand. The most stable lineage until ia the conflict at
hand. The most stable lineage until is the Diya paying groups. Which can comprise between
several handred to several thousand close relatives, bound to collectively pay or receive blood
compenseation or to collectively pay or Diya if one of the members commits a crime or is a
viction of crime (Lewis 1988)

The Diya system continued to serve as the primary strature through which personal grievance
from live stock raiding to murders were peacefully resolved. Through compensation rather than
redulitation. Topically for instance the modern of a man would be compensated by the payment
of the Diya group of the decease such as exchange would be the result of lengthy negotiations
between olders of the two groups. When agreement could not be reached a blood feud leading to
retliatery attacks and the opportunity to prevent or term in cycles of revenge killings through
Diya parments, permitted a medicum of order and security.

2.6 Customary conflict resolution mechanism among the Afar

The Ethiopian Afar people in habit the (vast) northeast ranges of the country. They are muslim
and generally speaking. They have one culture and one heritage. This makes the afar people one
of the most homogenous group in Ethiopia. (Dejene and yigemew 2000) The Afar’s are Cushitic
speaking people living in the arid and semi arid areas of Ethiopia.
As studies ( Yigermiw 2000, Kelework ND and others) indicate. The Afar people administer
them selves through their traditional administrative system. All economic social and political
issues at the local level are effectively handled by their traditional administrative system”
madaa” is the tradnal legal system for the Afar, which is considered as a constitution for the
Afar’s. Afar’s belive that their traditional conflict management is effective. It was found that
although the Afar people are muslim.

Sharian is not applicable in administrating sustice a mong the society ( Kelemework ND) The
Afar customary law as detailed provisions on homicides and on physical as well as moral injurles
( Dejene and Yigermew 2000)

Most cases of intra- Afar conflicts are resolved out side court the generally tens to be handled by
local mediation where conflict are addressed in a less rigid manner. Compared to the modern
court where adjudication is based on largely standardized and uncontested rules. Resolution by
local midialor may take the form of negotiation or arbitration and are generally reached with
reference to Afar norms and values. As so as quilt ( morder insury or theft) is proved the
compensation or fine to be paid

Most commonly recognized mechanisms like reconciliation by olders and arbitration by tribe
leaders (including the siltan) and religious leader are used in preventing and resolving conflict.
According to an informant from the area. Olders from the same tribe generally handle conflicts
with in the tribe. However it the situation is serious enough. Older and leaders from other natural
tribes intervene. Among the Afar’s conflicts prevention is considered to be the responsibility of
any one. A person who knows that there is a disagreement and conflict between two parties
should inform the older. It is also possible that the conflicting parties present the case to the
older. That the conflicting parties present the case to the older. Then older settle minor issue
while more serious are brought to the attention of the tribe leader.

2.7 Conflict Management Techniques

Conflict situations all an important aspect of the work place A conflict is a situation when the
interests needs, goals values of involved parties interfere with one another. A conflict is a
common phenomena in there work place. Different stakeholders may have different priority,
conflicts may involve. Lean members, department, projects organization needs versus personal
needs. Often a conflict is a result of perception. Is conflict a bad thing? Not often a conflict
presents opportunities for provident.

Therefore, it’s important to understand and apply vision conflict resolution technique.

Forcing Also known as competing, an individual formally purposes his or her own concerns
despite the resistance of the other person. This may involve pushing one view point at the
expense of another or maintain form resistance to another person’s action.

WIN-WIN= Collaborating

Also known as problem conflicting or problems solving. Collaboration involves an attempt to

work with the other person to find a win- win so/n to the problems in hand- the one that most
satisfies the concerns of both parties. The win- win approach sees conflict r/n as an opportunity
to one to a actually beneficial result.

Compromising

Compromising looks for an expedient and invetually acceptable s/n with partialy satisfies both
parties.

When compromise may be appropriate.

- The gools are moderately important

- To reach temporary setelement
- The involved parties do not know each other well.

Withdrawing

Also known as avoiding. This is when a person doesn’t pursue her/ his own concern or those
of the opponent. He/ She doesn’t address the conflict, side steps, postpones or simply
withdrawal.

Smoothing

Also known as accommodating smoothing is accommodating the concerns of others people

first of all rather than one’s own concerns
 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This research designed to be based on the two source of data. These are primary and secondary
sources of data. The primary source of data mainly focuses on questionnaire, interview and also
secondary source of data. Gather through observation, written documents books and internets
etc. Generally the method of the study to be descriptively types. Regarding to the sources of data
I want to cover its from personal who related to the institutions of Guma though descriptive and
sometimes questionnaire related materials are uses and also others sources of data collecting
system like Books, papers, written decedents and lute nets also the mains collecting mechanism
of secondary data in addition to this secondary data sources the main usage of collects data in
different mays Because ,interims of saving time and finance also .

3.2 sampling Techniques

The sampling techniques used in the study to be fuagmentaf individual those work in gumall be
sample for the research work in judgmental sampling. The researcher has complete freedom in
choosing the sample. According to the study, this sampling techniques depends on entirely
other researchers judgmental it has squeal benefits it has law cost interims of money and sailing
time as well its cheapens, to use effectively.

3.3 sample Frame

The researcher mainly targeted Babble woreda population in hararge oromia region white Ir from
alihlebit through Somalia regional states especially jijiga town, the total population numbers of
babble woreda are 93,674, around 47,153, are male and near 46,521 are females. From those
17,704 people are lives attend viban area and the rest 75,970 peoples are lives in rural area –
Bible has around –kebele
3.4 sample size

The inuestipatef mainly uses in order to caudate research paper based on pollution number 0f
babble woreda this also by using & sampling technique methods and A may this want to select
one of them to get better and achieving may objective and to be effective to do what I want,
which means older, youngest and others related to the institution of Guma customary. This is
very important for restores study.

3.7 Method of data presentation

After all the necessary sources of data I can used, analyzing correcting data, sample size or
sample frame target led population are and sample techniques include the finals sleeps of
research need the way to presenting what I mentioned above I use desertion method- in order to
clarity more may research rapes to get or angulate satisfactions.

The actual storage should conform to the master drawing, and change in the storage should be
planned on the drawing tarts mistakes are easily observed & corrected on the paper, the are more
ditticult to detect & much more costly to correct when dealing with actual matters in storage. A
good lay out provides astorage plan for everything with everything, stored according to plan it
also involves good housekeeping practices to main the ware house in good order. Acumination
of the two will result in efficient handling procedures & prompts customer services all be built
without it handling efficiently a good service are impaired by double handling search for last
materials, & low employee morale.

Follow –up on lay out & housekeeping should be a regular part of ware house management. this
can be done with spot checks , but unless these are conducted frequently & systematically, the
result will not be lasting those ware house personnel responsible for main training the lay out &
housekeeping should understand what is expected of them & they should be held accountable.9
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

This selection tries to introduce the demographic characteristics of sampled population and
presentation and analysis of data obtained from the respondents through questionnaire that were
designed and distributed to Bable woreda residents.

The questionnaire were addressed to all department of Bable woreda in hararge region to assess
conflict resolution practice especially Guma customary conflict resolution mechanisms and for
this purpose sample of 30 of the total youngest and olders of bable wored residents were taken.
Out of 30 questionaire distributed 28 were filled in well and returned. This gives a response rate
2( 6%) of the total questionnaires were returned according to expected.

From the questionnaires question examined for respondents with mainly focused on personal
profile. Were presented as follows.

Table 4.1 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents

No Items Numbers Percentage Percentage

1 Sex
A. Male 25 25/30*100 83%
B. Female 3 5/30*100 17%
Total 30 100% 100%
2 Age
A.8-25 14 14/30*100
B.16-20 8 8/30*100
C.21-25 6 6/30*100
D.20-30 2 2/30*100
E.31-35 0 -
F.36-40 0 -
G.41 and above 0 -
Total 30 100%
3 Service year
 A.0-8 15 15/30*100
B.9-15 8 8/30*100
C.16-20 6 6/30*100
D.21-25 1 1/30*100
E.26-30 0 -
F.31-35 0 -
G.36-40 0 -
Total 30 100%

As indicated from item one of the above table, the majority of 28(93%) the respondent are male.
Due to fulfill the gap of the institution of Guma. The remaining 2(6%) of the respondents are
females. Age female, no one wanted to participate on the decision making process.

Item two of the above table shows that the age distribution of sampled population 14(46%) of the
respondents were the age group between 8-15 years. 8(31%) of the respondents were the group
between 16-20 years. 6(20%) of the respondents were the age group between 21-25 and each of
the remaining 2(7%) of the respondents were the age group between 26-30 there is no any
respondents were the age group above 40 years in the institution of Guma.

From the above item three, indicate that 15(50%) of the respondents service of Guma institution
for as a years, 8(27%) services the institution for 9-15 years, 6(20%) of the respondents serves
the institution for 16-20 years. The remaining 1(3%) of the respondent serves for the year serves
of above 21 years.

We can conclude from the above dikscussion that the majority of population. Who participating
in the institution of Guma conflict resolution system consist of Adult and youngest, the number
of female are relatively less as compared with that of the number of male younges because theyh
have been pushed, their duty were at home. In Guma, Bable woreda the largestg proportions of
the respondents in the institution found in rural and same than are urban area.

Discussion of General Questions

This section covers and analysis the respondents understanding the related information that
indicate traditional sources of conflict resolving situation especially on Guma in Bable woreda.

Table 4.2 Importance of Guma Institution

No Item Respondents
1 Do you think Guma No %
institution is very
important than
statuary?
A .yes 25 98%
B. No 5 2%
Total 30 100%
Source researcher survey

As we can understand from the above table 3.7 the majority of the respondent (totally) (98%)
said Guma institution is very important were as the remaining (2%) small proportion of
respondent ie(2%)of said that Guma institution is not important.

Table 4.3 purpose of Guma Institution

No Item Respondents
1 What is the of Guma institution? No %
A. For resolve disputes 12 12/30*100__40%
B. For full fill the pap between the disputer 7 7/30*100____23%
and other disputers
C. Provide enough service to custems 5 5/30*100___17%
D. Provide training to help olders young 106 6/30*100___20%

Total 30 100%
Source researcher survey
From the above table 4.3 5(17%) of the respondents said that the aim of Guma institution is for
uses prourd enough services, 6 (20%) of the respondents said that the of Guma institution is
provide trfaining to help olders, youngest, 7(23%) of the respondents said that the aim of Guma
institutions full fill the gap between societies to disputes, and the remaining 12(40%) of
respondentgs said that the aim of Guma institution is important for resolving conflicts among
individuals groups and other related situations.

Evaluation method and procedures

While asked whether Guma institution gives satisfactory when the societies depend upon it for
conflict settlement, the majority of the societies (respondents) said that , the Guma institution
provide enough performance in order to avoid conflict among the societies, and we are perfectly
used through this institution. This is among Guda system the one and the major institution for
Oromo people and for Bable woreda residens

Evaluation criteria
Whith regard to this, the respondents of the study were asked whether have clear understanding
about Guma institution. Accourding to the respondents’ response, the majority of oromo
population known who to rulled and regulates about Guma institution. The majority numbers of
the respondents said that we arfe believe that Guma institution iks linked with out blood because
we arfe oromo. Oromo societies have own, culture, custom, norm, therefore Guma also our
indentity.