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Envisioning Ecodesign: Definitions, Case Studies and Best Practices

Technical Report · April 2014

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Envisioning Ecodesign
Definitions, Case Studies and Best Practice
The European Network of Ecodesign Centres (ENEC) was founded in 2012.

The five founding members are:

Ecodesign Centre (Wales)
Effizienz-Agentur NRW (North Rhine-Westphalia)
OVAM (Flanders/Belgium)
Ihobe (Basque Country)
Pôle Eco-Conception (Rhone-Alps, France)

This report was authored by Dr Sharon Prendeville, Michael Niemczyk, Chris Sanders, Evelyn Lafond, Ander Elgorriaga, Samuel Mayer
and Diarra Kane. For further information please contact [email protected]
 1. Introduction

Our mission is to

openly exchange knowledge, experience

and best practice on all aspects of ecodesign

to make good design, ecodesign happen.

To deliver on this mission, ENEC partners require a shared vision of ecodesign and this document describes that vision.

This has been co-created by the partners, by sharing each partner’s unique understanding of ecodesign. This co-creation process

is supported by existing academic literature and criteria indicative of best-practice case studies of ecodesign. To support this

each ENEC partner presents a best-practice example of ecodesign from their respective region.

The document is structured into the following sections: Defining Ecodesign; Distinguishing between Life Cycle Thinking and

Environmental Burden-Shifting; Distinguishing between Ecodesign, Green Design and Related Areas; Criteria for Best Practice;

Best Practice Case-Studies.

3
 2. Defining Ecodesign

This section analyses 34 definitions of ecodesign including each partner’s proposed definition as well as a selection from the
literature. Two approaches to defining ecodesign can be identified: (1) strategic and (2) operational definitions. Table 1 presents
a list of these definitions in chronological order.

Definitions are classified according to: working; policy; academic; standard; encyclopedic.
The most common characteristics of ecodesign definitions are:
(1) environmental impact reduction
(2) life cycle thinking and
(3) taking a product design focus.
Traditionally ecodesign has been seen as applicable to products (including packaging),
whereas more recently its field of application has broadened to include services and systems.
A distinction between life cycle thinking and burden-shifting is also identified and discussed further in section 3.

Figure 1 Visionary Ecodesign Figure 2 Operational Ecodesign

coordinated
ethical processes product set of
& planning project
procedures practices
cultural holistic
proactive eco-
approach efficiency
visionary operational
ecodesign ecodesign product,
strategies & services &
good design & measures
social systems
good business
waste constraints
prevention
a mindset systematic

4
Table 1 Definitions of Ecodesign

author source year definition type

1 Lindhal and academic 2013 Eco-Design is not a specific method or tool, but rather a Strategic
Ekermann way of better design through analyzing and synthesising
in order to reduce environmental impacts throughout the
product’s life cycle.
2 Sustainable minds working/web 2013 Ecodesign systematically incorporates environmental Operational
decisions into the design process. Three key approaches
shape the framework and practice of ecodesign: 1. Life
cycle thinking; 2. Decrease environmental impact early in
the design process; 3. Environment as an additional design
requirement.
3 Dewulf academic 2013 Ecodesign and Design for Environment (DfE) are terms Operational
for strategies that aim to integrate environmental
considerations into product design and development.
4 European policy 2012 Ecodesign implies taking into account all the environmen- Operational
Commission tal impacts of a product right from the earliest stage of
design. In particular, this avoids uncoordinated product
planning (for example, eliminating a toxic substance should
not lead to higher energy consumption, which on balance
could have a negative impact on the environment).
5 Plouffe et al. academic 2011 Ecodesign involves simultaneously taking into account Operational
the environmental impacts associated with the selection
of materials, the manufacturing process, the storage and
transportation phase, usage, and final disposal.
6 ISO 14006 standard 2011 Ecodesign is the integration of environmental aspects into Operational
product design and development with the aim of reducing
adverse environmental impacts throughout a product’s life
cycle.
7 IHOBE working 2011 Ecodesign is the integration of environmental aspects into Operational
product design and development with the aim of reducing
adverse environmental impacts throughout a product’s life
cycle.
8 Borchardt et al. academic 2011 Ecodesign is a set of project practices oriented to the Operational
creation of eco-efficient products and processes.
9 Zhao et al. academic 2010 DFE is a practice by which environmental considerations Operational
are integrated into product and process engineering design
procedures.
10 Pigosso et al. academic 2010 Ecodesign is a proactive approach of environmental Operational
management that aims to reduce the total environmental
impact of products.

5
11 Platcheck academic 2008 Ecodesign is a holistic view in that, starting from the Operational
moment we know the environmental problems and its
causes, we begin to influence the conception, the materials
selection, the production, the use, the reuse, the recycling
and final disposition of industrial products.
12 Guelere Filho et al. academic 2007 Ecodesign (Europe) or Design for Environment (US) implies Operational
a new way of developing products where environmental
aspects are given the same status as functionality,
durability, costs, time-to-market, aesthetics, ergonomics
and quality. Ecodesign aims at improving the product’s
environmental performance and may be seen as a way of
developing products in accordance with the sustainable
development concept.
13 Bhamra and Lof- Textbook 2007 Environmental considerations are considered at each stage Operational
thouse (Design for of the design process.
Sustainability
p.39)
14 Karlsson and academic 2006 Eco design is about Design in and for sustainable Strategic
Luttropp development.
15 EDC working 2006 Ecodesign is simply good design and good business practice. Strategic
It’s a way of thinking and doing.
16 Alonso academic 2006 Ecodesign integrates environmental criteria in the design Operational
of products and services, so as to get the reduction of
environmental impacts they produce, taking into account all
stages of their life cycle.
17 Ölundh academic 2006 Modernising ecodesign means taking advantage of Operational
environmental benefits and the innovation potential when
developing solutions rather than using ecodesign simply
to ensure that legal requirements or customer demands
are met.
18 Lexique encyclope- 2006 Ecodesign is a method of designing products that takes into Operational
dia/web account their impact on the environment at all stages of
their life cycle. It may for example result in the choice of a
recyclable or biodegradable material for packaging or the
development of a washing powder effective in cold water to
reduce the energy consumption of washing machines.
19 Interreg academic 2005 Ecodesign (also design for the environment, life cycle Operational
(learn ecodesign) design, environmentally conscious design) is the systematic
methodology that incorporates environmental considera-
tions into the design process of products.

6
20 Manzini academic 2005 The term “ecodesign” indicates a design activity aimed at Strategic
connecting what is “technically possible” to what is
“ecologically necessary” in order to formulate new socially
and culturally acceptable proposals.
21 Ecodesign Directive policy 2005 Ecodesign is the integration of environmental aspects into Operational
product design with the aim of improving the environ­
mental performance of the product throughout its whole
life cycle.
22 Wimmer et al. academic 2004 Ecodesign is how to integrate environmental considerations Operational
into product design and development.
23 Bhamra academic 2004 Ecodesign is understood to be the systematic integration Operational
of environmental considerations into the design process
across the product life cycle, from cradle to grave.
24 Pole Eco- policy 2004 Eco-design helps reduce the negative environmental Operational
conception impacts throughout the life cycle of the product during the
design phase.
25 EFA standard 2003 Through the integration of Life Cycle Thinking and Operational
evaluation of environmental impacts new methods and
tools will be needed in the product development process
to develop environmentally preferable products. Ecodesign
therefore will become an integrated part of the state of
technology product development processes.
26 OVAM policy 2003 Ecodesign assumes that the effect a product has on the Operational
environment should be considered and reduced at all stages
along the product life cycle. These stages include the
extraction of the raw materials, the manufacturing of the
product, its marketing and distribution, the use and finally,
the disposal of a product. The term product includes hard-
ware as well as software respectively services. Ecodesign
products are „flexible, reliable, durable, adaptable, modular,
dematerialised and reusable“.
27 Dewulf academic 2003 It comprises the systematic integration of environmental Operational
aspects into product design with the aim to reduce the
overall environmental impact of the product throughout its
whole life cycle.
28 ISO 14062 standard 2002 Doesn‘t define ecodesign but discussed integration of Operational
environmental considerations in product development.

7
29 Fuad-Luke Textbook 2002 A design process that considers the environmental impacts Operational
(Ecode- associated with a product throughout its entire life
sign - The from acquisition of raw materials through production/
Sourcebook manufacturing and use to end of life. At the same time
- glossary) as reducing environmental impacts ecodesign seeks to
improve the aesthetic and functional aspects of the product
with due consideration to social and ethical needs. Eco­
design is synonymous with the terms design for environment
(DfE), often used by the engineering design profession,
and lifecycle design (LCD) in North America.
30 Sherwin and Evans academic 2000 The design of a product, service or system with the aim Operational
of minimising the overall impact on the environment.
31 Brezet and van academic 1997 Eco-design considers environmental aspects at all stages Operational
Hemel of the product development process, striving for products
which make the lowest possible environmental impact
throughout the product life cycle.
32 Fiksel academic 1996 Ecodesign is a process that develops a product that meets Operational
cost, performance, quality, as well as environmental
attributes of a product by integrating environmental
aspects into product design engineering process.
33 Ecodesign Platform working  1996 Ecodesign assumes that the effect a product has on the Operational
/ web environment should be considered and reduced at all stages
along the product life cycle.
34 Wikipedia encyclopedia ND Ecodesign is an approach to design of a product with special Operational
/ web consideration for the environmental impacts of the product
during its whole life cycle.

8
 3. D istinguishing between Life Cycle Thinking and
Environmental Burden-Shifting

Consideration of the whole life cycle is known as life cycle thinking and is fundamental to ecodesign. Life cycle thinking differs from
traditional design thinking in that it expand the focus of designers from design and manufacturing stages to include additional
upstream stages, downstream stages and transportation between each of these. The intention of life cycle thinking is to convey the
risks of environmental burden shifting or trade-offs, along product life cycles.

Figure 3 Life Cycle Thinking

traditional design thinking

raw material component product distribution end of life

use
extraction manufacturing assembly & retail disposal

life cycle thinking

Trade-offs arise when environmental improvements at one stage of a life cycle can have negative impacts further upstream or
downstream in the life cycle. For example, material substitution may provide a less toxic solution but reduce the durability of a
product. Such complex scenarios are common in ecodesign decision-making but poorly represented in the ecodesign literature.
Of the numerous ecodesign definitions identified in Table 1 the European Commission’s definition is potentially the most holistic
as it integrates the risk of these trade-offs in applying ecodesign strategies.

The Joint Research Council (JRC) suggests that the ‘key to life cycle thinking is burden-shifting’ and the definitions identified tend
to use both. Though these terms appear to be used interchangeably, they are not one and the same. Life cycle thinking may refer
to, for example, designing for disassembly at the early stages of product development to foster easy recycling at the end of life.
Whereas, burden-shifting may refer to designing for disassembly to support recycling at the end of life, where design for
dis­assembly may require more complex materials which inhibits recyclability of that product.

Figure 4 Life Cycle Stages

landfill
raw material distribution
production use end of life
extraction & retail

recycling remanufacturing reuse reuse

& resale
waste to
energy

9
Approaching ecodesign as an additional new product development constraint can potentially offer an easy entry-point into a company’s
traditional or standard processes. Integrating ecodesign within a company’s processes translates into a business opportunity for
innovation and competitive advantage. It has been suggested that integrating ecodesign in product development processes can reduce
environmental impacts by up to 80% (Graedel and Allenby 1995). The further along the new product development process is, the
more difficult it becomes to implement design changes or address environmental impacts. As such, environmental impacts can
become locked-in. Reflecting this, Guelere Filho et al. (2007) define ecodesign as another one of the many constraints that drive
innovation and creativity in new product development. Thus, companies need to be aware of potential impacts early in the design
process (Bhamra, 2004; Sherwin and Evans, 2000). Ecodesign needs to be an integrated activity, considered early in the design process
and represented in the brief alongside other constraints that a design team considers. Many authors stress the importance of this
early stage action (Dewulf, 2013; Sherwin and Evans, 2000; Karlsson and Luttropp, 2006). This is because it is also at this early stage
of the new product development process that much of the costs are determined, making design changes expensive as new product
development progresses.

Ecodesign is also a strategic approach to designing products to reduce environmental impacts across the whole product life cycle. The
whole life cycle includes raw material extraction, production, transportation, use and end-of-life cycle stages. Depending on the
product or sector one or many of these stages may become more important and represent, or carry, the key environmental impacts.
This depends on many factors such as supply chain complexity and its global distribution, proximity to the end market and energy
consumption during the use phase, amongst others. This concept is known as the occurrence of hot spots on the life cycle.

10
 4. D istinguishing between Ecodesign, Green Design and
Related Areas

Determining if an environmental impact reduction is purely on account of an ecodesign approach may be difficult. For example, some
environmental impact reductions are driven by cost reductions achieved through resource efficiency measures, rather than a
prioritisation of environmental impact reduction through ecodesign activities. To distinguish between ecodesign and other areas a
number of definitions of closely related areas have been collated. Green design focuses on single environmental issues and sustainable
design incorporates wider social and economic criteria. In 1998, the Wuppertal Institute developed the Material Input Per Service unit
(MIPS), to address absolute decoupling of environmental impacts from economic growth. The Wuppertal Institute’s perspective on
resource efficiency does not include environmental impact reduction, whereas, the UNEP definition listed in Table 2 does. Recent
research by Prendeville (2014) aligns with the perspective of the Wuppertal Institute. This study showed that certain resource
efficiency measures taken by a specific company conflicted with longer-term environmental impact reduction.

Table 2 Definitions of areas closely related to Ecodesign

SOURCE YEAR TYPE DEFINITION

Green Design
Bhamra and Lof- 2008 Text Book Green design focuses on single issues, for example the inclusion
thouse of recycled or recyclable plastic, or consideration of energy
consumption.
Fuad-Luke 2002 Textbook (Ecodesign - The A design process in which the focus is on assessing and dealing
Sourcebook - glossary) with individual environmental impacts of a product rather than
on the product‘s entire lifecycle.
Sustainable Design
Thorpe 2006 2006 Text book Theories and practices for design that cultivate ecological,
(Designers Atlas of economic, and cultural conditions that will support human well-
Sustainability) being indefinitely.
Design for Environment
McGraw Hill Text book A methodology for the design of products and systems that
Science and Tech- promotes pollution prevention and resource conservation by
nology Dictionary including within the design process the systematic considera-
tion of the environmental implications of engineering designs.
Abbreviated DFE.
Fuad-Luke (2002) 2002 Textbook (Ecodesign - The The analysis and optimization of the environmental, health and
Sourcebook - glossary) safety issues considered over the entire life of the product. DFE
permits resource depletion, waste production and energy usage
to be reduced or even eliminated during the manufacture, use
and disposal or reuse of the product.
Design for Sustainability
Bhamra and Lof- 2007 Text Book Design that considers the environment (for example resource
thouse 2007 use and end-of-life impact) and social impact of a product (for
example usability, responsible use).

11
Ecological Design
Van der Ryn and Text Book Design that transforms matter and energy using processes that
Cowan (as cited by are compatible and synergistic with nature and modelled on
The Sustainable natural systems.
Design Handbook
p.14)
Sustainable Product Design
Fuad-Luke (2002) 2002 Textbook (Ecodesign - The A design philosophy and practice in which products contribute
Sourcebook - glossary) to social and economic well-being, have negligible impacts
on the environment and can be produced from a sustainable
resource base. It embodies the practice of eco-design, with
due attention to environmental, ethical and social factors,
but also includes economic considerations and assessments of
resource availability in relation to sustainable production.
Resource Efficiency
UNEP Circa UNEP: Resource Efficiency UNEP defines resource efficiency from a life cycle and value
2010 chain perspective. This means reducing the total environmental
impact of the production and consumption of goods and
services, from raw material extraction to final use and disposal.

12
 5. Criteria for Best Practice

A set of typical product characteristics is evident in the ecodesign definitions that have been identified. Within these definitions
there is few references to eco-innovation, which is stressed in the awards criteria. Also evident in the case study criteria is the need
for ecodesign to be embedded within the organisation (more than a flagship product) and also the potential for product scalability.
The following are the proposed criteria for an ENEC ecodesign case study.

1. Strategic vision, ecodesigned with intent and an organisational aspect

2. Operational integration during product development

Environmental impact reduction of products, processes and services
Life Cycle Thinking with additional consideration of burden-shifting
Competitive, innovative and scalable
Quality, functional and aesthetic

Figure 5 Criteria for Best Practice

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13
 6. Best Practice Case-Studies

Company: Orangebox
Product: Do Chair

This is ecodesign because

It is designed in collaboration with local Welsh suppliers
and manufactured in Wales, reducing environmental
impacts at the transport stage.
It has a reduced part count, streamlined Bill of Materials
(BOM) and lighter weight (25% lighter than its market
predecessor).
The reduced part count and simplified design mean it is
efficient to assemble, reducing production costs and energy
consumption during the manufacturing stage.
 It is designed for easy disassembly and Orangebox offer a
product take-back service for the product at the end of life.

»» Website: www.orangebox.com

14
Company: Pars Pro Toto
Product: Beltag

This is ecodesign because

Beltag is a combined product-service that provides tags
(such as key tags, luggage labels, stickers and clothes labels)
and covers every step needed to return lost property to its rightful
owner.
This service tackles a very real problem. A tremendous number of items are lost
every day. It is often very difficult, if not impossible to trace the owner.
For the owner, it is unpleasant, annoying and even traumatic to lose something of value.
Because of this many found items are discarded or unused, while their owner has to
purchase a new product in its place.
This system lengthens the lifespan of a product and does away with the need to find a
replacement.
Beltag also bolsters a number of other (social) values, such as peace of mind, satisfaction,
product attachment and a feeling of security.

Pars Pro Toto won a cash prize of EUR 4,000 and a trophy for its design.

»» Website: www.beltag.com

15
Company: Studio Segers for The Heathing Company
Product: C2C Aluminium radiators

This is ecodesign because

The radiator produces optimal heat due to the
radiated heat at the front and the convected heat at the back
The Aluminium extruded profiles contain two water channels
It‘s made of 100% recycled Aluminium
The product has three important energy-saving properties:
the radiator uses less water, which provides a high speed response
Aluminium is a good heat conductor and therefore a better option because a
low water temperature is sufficient
optimal heat is achieved by radiating heat from the front and preventing any loss
of heat through the wall
Furthermore, the radiator is three times lighter than a steel one. This benefits
transport, assembly and possible applications.

Studio Segers receives a cash prize of EUR 4,000 and a trophy.

»» Website: www.studiosegers.be

16
Company: Reinhard Krückemeyer GmbH & Co. KG
Product: RK Coil Protect

This is ecodesign because

It uses nearly 100% recycled material (scarp tires)
It can be re-used several times whereas alternative
products are single-use
It reduces the steel scrap and protects the coil from
damage during transportation
It is almost 100% recyclable
It is applied to the coil in half the time of conventional
protection systems

»» Website: www.krueckemeyer.de

17
Company: A&B Laboratorios
Product: DD 474 - Machine Eco-Detergent

This is ecodesign because

It has received a European Ecolabel and has been indepen-
dently audited through the process of ISO 14001 ecodesign
certification.
It is an innovative biotechnology-based product that is less
hazardous than traditional products.
It is 29% more efficient than any other leading chemical
cleaner in the market, and is also competitively priced.
It has an improved chemical make-up with no phosphates,
biocides, dyes and perfumes, or Volatile Organic Compunds
(VOCs).

»» Website: www.ab-laboratorios.com

18
Company: VICINAY CADENAS
Product: Eco-friendly Mooring Lines

This is ecodesign because

It has an 11.61% reduction in environmental impact for
each 1000 Kg of mooring line due to a reduction in the
chain‘s diameter (reduction equivalent to 156 Kg CO2/T
of chain).
It has an optimised lifecycle using recycled raw material
inputs and a 100% recyclable product.
The chain‘s weight is decreased by 35% in comparison with
previous models.
It has achieved a market share of more than 60% for all
mooring line products.

»» Website: vicinaycadenas.net

19
Company: Altinnova
Product: ALTAO® Pump

This is ecodesign because

It has a compact form, and weight reduction of approximately 15%
It uses recyclable materials: steel, HDPE, EPDM
It is manufactured in France which limits the transport distance
It uses a primary corrosion Zero Zinc (Irritant free and not harmful to the
environment)
The polyester powder paint uses no solvents or VOCs, and doesn’t require
additional thinner or water to apply
Stock control is improved and is based on an estimated one year’s manufacturing,
resulting in transportation savings
The reduction in transport costs is high and the cumulative savings can reach 60%
The AltaO‚®Pump is efficiently installed in 30 minutes and does not require power or a oncrete base
The product is made of 99% recyclable materials
The end of life is managed by the municipality and components are easily separated into the
appropriate recycling streams
Altinnova participated in the developmental phase of a diagnostic tool (called Socio-Eco-Design)
developed by Pôle Eco-Conception as part of a thesis on the subject

»» Website: www.altinnova.com
20
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