- Major: Pre-Pharmacy

- Title: Bryophytes and Seedless

Vascular Plants

- Date: November 27, 2012

I. Introduction:

Alternation of generations: is the occurrence in one life history of two or more

different forms differently produced, usually an alternation of a sexual with an
asexual form. The alternation of two or more different forms in the life cycle of a
plant or animal.A unique occurrence where one generation reproduces sexually then
the next reproduces asexually.

Isomorphism: is a similarity of form, as in different generations of the same life

cycle. heteromorphic Having different forms at different periods of the life cycle, as
in stages of insect metamorphosis.

Dioecious: Having the male and female reproductive organs borne on separate individuals
of the same species. Characterized by species in which the male and female reproductive
organs occur on different individuals; sexually distinct.

Antheridium: is a sperm-producing organ occurring in seedless plants, fungi, and

algae. Archegonium: is a multicellular structure or organ of the gametophyte phase
of certain plants, producing and containing the ovum or female gamete. The
archegonium has a long neck canal and a swollen base. Archegonia are typically
located on the surface of the plant thallus, although in the hornworts they are
embedded.

Hygroscopic: is readily absorbing moisture, as from the atmosphere.

vascular plant or tracheophyte: Any plant that has a specialized conducting system
consisting mostly of phloem (food-conducting tissue) and xylem (water-conducting
tissue), collectively called vascular tissue. Ferns, gymnosperms, and flowering plants
are all vascular plants.
protonema: is a primary growth from the spore of a moss, usually consisting of
branching confervoid filaments, on any part of which stem and leaf buds may be
developed.

rhizome: is a horizontal, usually underground stem that often sends out roots and
shoots from its nodes. Also called rootstalk, rootstock.

Mutualism: is a Symbiotic relationships in which each species benefits are

mutualistic. There are hundreds of examples of mutualism between a heterotroph and
an alga.

Sporangia Clusters of spore cases, also called sori. Appear as brown spots on the
under sides of leaves. Found on sporophyte ferns.
Sporophyte

Sporophyte: spore producing plant generation. The dominant generation in

pteridophytes and higher plants and alternates with the gametophyte generation.

Gametophyte: a plant, or phase of a plants life cycle, that bears gametes.

Gametangium: a structure in which gametes are produced.

Strobilus: a "cone" (such as the ones of pine trees). It is the fruiting body of
gymnosperms. It can be male or female.

Epiphyte: a plant growing on, but not parasitic on, another plant (often loosely
applied to plants, such as orchids, that grow on vertical rock faces).

Node: a point in a plant stem at which one or more leaves are attached. The source of
lymph and lymphocytes.

Internode: The portion of a stem between the level of insertion of two successive
leaves or leaf pairs (or branches of an inflorescence). A segment of a stem between
two nodes.The portion of stem found between lateral meristems in plants.

Sorus: A group of sporangia or spore cases, for example on the underside of fern
leaves.

Frond: a leaf especially of a fern, cycad or palm, a leaf-like portion of a non-vascular

plant (for example a foliose alga).

Anulus An alternate term for ring.

chemotaxis is a kind of taxis, in which bodily cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or
multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their
environment. This is important for bacteria to find food (for example, glucose) by
swimming towards the highest concentration of food molecules, or to flee from
poisons (for example, phenol). In multicellular organisms, chemotaxis is critical to
development as well as normal function. In addition, it has been recognized that
mechanisms that allow chemotaxis in animals can be subverted during cancer
metastasis.

II. post lab-question:

1. it's true that WATER is a essential factor for BRYOPHYTES so that they could complete
their life cycle.

Anthredia (male gamete)+water--->Archegonia(female gam.)

(with sperm) --------------->swim down to------>( with egg)
-------------------> fertilisation -------diploid sprophyte
LIFE CYCLE: ( 2 stages)
stage 1 ( HAPLOIDAL)
1. The life starts from a haploid spore
2. the spore germinate and produce a protonema
3. gametofore with a stem and leaves grows from the protonema
4. from the tip of the stem of gametophore sex organs start to develop. ( male-antherida,
and female - archegonia)

Note : Depending on the type and species sex organs may be located either on a single
gametophore or on two separate gametophore.
Life Cycle - stage 2 (diploidal sporophyte)
1. Begins only when there is the presence of water. Otherwise fertilisation can't take place.
2. sperms swim down by the help of provided FLAGELLA and urgently in the presence of
water from anthredia to the female organ- archegonia( through its neck)
3. fertilisation takes place leading to a formation of diploid sprophyte.

2.a. In nonvascular plants, like algae and bryophytes, this tissue is missing, as
are true roots, leaves and stems.
 b. Like algae, bryophytes are nonvascular.

c. Bryophytes, like other land plants, feature rigid cellular walls containing
carbohydrate cellulose. This type of cell wall is also present in certain types of
green algae.
3.

4. Sporophyte:

1. It is an independent plant with diploid chromosome number.

2. In algae, the sporophyte is confined to zygote. In bryophytes, the sporophytes are a

complex structure but is dependent on gametophyte.

3. In pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms the sporophyte is dominat.

4. In lower groups of plants, sporophyte reproduces by spores spores that give rise to
gametophyte.

5. In higher plants sporophyte performs vegetative and sexual reproduction.

Gametophyte:

1. It is an independent plant with haploid chromosome number.

2. In alaga those and bryophytes the gametophyte is dominant.

3. In pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms, the gametophytes are very much

reduced.

4. In lower group of plants, gametophyte reproduces vegetatively, asexually and sexually.

Vegetative and asexual reproduction produces gametophytes whereas sexual
reproduction produces zygote, which represents the sporophyte.

5. In higher plants, the gametophyte represents the gametes only which fuse to form
sporophyte

5. Bryophyte mosses have no true roots, have a dominant gametophyte generation,

and no vascular tissue. Sexual reproductive structures that produce eggs an sperm are
on the green leafy plant. The sporophyte capsule is "parasitic" on the plant.
In seedless vascular plants such as ferns, the sporophyte is the dominant generation
and it alternates with an independent gametophyte prothallus that produces eggs and
sperm. The sporophyte lives independently as the fern plant. Spores are produced on
its leaves. Plants have true roots and vascular tissue.

6. Symbiosis is from the Greek words syn (together with)and bios (life) refers
to organisms living together in ongoing physical assoc Symbiosis is an interaction
between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association or even the
merging of two dissimilar organisms

7. gametophyte

8. Meiosis occurs in the sporophyte.

9. archegoniuim

10.sporophyte

11a.sporophyte

b.diploid sporophyte product of fertilization

12.sporophyte male moss

13a.lycopodium

B. strobilus

13. In Selaginella, a strobilus contains both the megaspores and microspores. In

Lycopodium (as well as Equisetum and Isoetes) the megaspores and microspores are
in separate strobili.

16. A. sellaginella

B. strob

c. leaves at the node

17. THE POINT FROM WHERE THE LEAF ARISES IS KNOWN AS NODE.
THE DISTANCE between 2 consequitive nodes is known as internode..
from a node leaf arises but from the internode no leaf arises
internode is a part of stem as node is not but is a part of leaf

18. a. sporophye

B. sori

19. Ferns mostly are found in moist and cool regions.The male sex cell of most of the ferns
are flagellated and hence motile.These flagellated male cells fuse with the female cells to
fertilise.However for fertilisation,the male cell needs to swim and reach the female sex
organ.Water acts as the medium and hence water is very essential for completing their life
cycle.

II. Post lab-question for chapter 15 page (471-472-473)only the plant part:

1. group of cells ____group of tissues ____group of organs_____organ

system_____organism

2. fibrous advent root system

3. a- terminal bud

b- leaf scar

c- lateral brunch

4. a- lentical

b- scar of terminal bud

5. to dete

6. grey : bark

Dark brown : vascular cambium

Orange: sapwood.

Peripheral light: heart wood.

Central light brown: phloem.

7. a- vessel membrane

b- ray

8. a- vascular cambium

b- pith

c- the branch is 12 years old when cut

9. a-upper epidermis

b- palisade mesophyll

c- lower epidermis
13. a- simple squamus epithelium

b- simple stratified.

14- a trachea

b- thymus

c- liver

d urinary bladder