Geometric Dimensioning

and Tolerancing 2
Fourteen Geometric Characteristic Symbols

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Modifiers used with Geometric Characteristic
Symbols

Modifying symbols

Additional Symbols

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Projected Tolerance Zone
 Recommended when non-perpendicular threaded or press-fit holes could
cause interference with mating parts
 Normal application is fixed fastener situations

Length of projected
tolerance zone

Projection
symbol

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Projected Tolerance Zone
Tolerance zone is outside of
the part with the feature
being controlled

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Projected Tolerance Zone

Length of
projected
tolerance
zone

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Projected Tolerance Zone representing
projected length with chain line

No projection
length specified
in feature control
frame

Chain
line

Projected tolerance zone representation with the length of the

projected tolerance zone shown with a chain line and a minimum
dimension in the adjacent view.
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Projected Tolerance Zone using with a
perpendicularity tolerance

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Free State
 Is term used to describe distortion of part after removal of force
applied during manufacture.
 Ex: plastic, sheet metal and other flexible parts.

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Tangent Plane
 A theoretically exact plane derived from true geometric counterpart of
the specified feature surface.

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Controlled Radius
 A radius crates a tolerance zone defined by two arcs that are tangent
to adjacent surface.

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Statistical Tolerance
Is tolerance assigned to related components of an assembly on the basis
of sound statistics (such as the assembly tolerance is equal to sq root of
sum of square root of the individual tolerance )

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Feature Control Frame

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Tolerance Types

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Form Controls
 Form control is just like it sounds, they control the acceptable
variance in the shape of a feature.
 Form is a characteristic that limits the shape error of a part surface
 There are 4 kinds of form control
• Straightness 2D Control.
• Flatness 3D control.
• Roundness 2D Control.
• Cylindricity 3D Control.

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Straightness
 Is a condition in which the elements of a surface / its axes are in a
straight line.
 The geometric characteristic symbol for straightness tolerance is
horizontal line

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Straightness

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Straightness

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Flatness
 Flatness define how much a surface can vary from its perfect plane
of which the upper limit plane must contact the actual feature
surface. The other plane than should be the stated tolerance from
the first , below all the surface irregularities.
 The flatness evaluates the highest and lowest point on a surface.
 This defines a surface is compared to perfect plane (straightness
applied in all direction)
 When no flatness control is specified, the allowable of a surface
may be limited by Rule#1 & size dimension.
Tolerance Zone
 Flatness control is a three dimensional.
 It consists of two parallel planes within which all the surface
irregularities must lie.
 The distance between parallel planes is equal to flatness control
geometric tolerance value.
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Flatness
Modifiers
 The specified tolerance in the feature control frame is implied as RFS.
 A flatness control can never use an MMC/LMC. Since control is applied to
the surface, where surface area does not have any size.

Applications
 For a gasket/seal.
 To attach a mating part.
 For better contact with a datum plane
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Circularity
 Circularity is a condition of a cylindrical surface, other than a sphere, at any
cross sectional measurement where all points of the surface are perpendicular
to and equal distance from a common axis during one complete revolution of
the feature.
 Circularity defines how much circular elements can vary from a perfect circle.
 This control are used to define the shape of a feature in relation to itself & can
be used as datum.

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Circularity
Tolerance Zone
 This tolerance may be used for any cylindrical feature such as cones,
spheres or cylinders that require radial control around the feature
 It specifies that each circular element of features must lie within a
tolerance zone of two coaxial circles. These coaxial circles are
independent at each cross section elements and right angle to the feature
axis

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Circularity

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Circularity

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Cylindricity
 Condition of a surface of revolution in which all points of the surface are
equidistant from a common axis
 A cylindricity control is a geometric tolerance that limits the amount of
cylindricity error permitted on a part surface.
 It applies simultaneously to the entire surface.
 It is composite control that limits the circularity, straightness, out of round
and taper of a diameter simultaneously.
 It can only be applied to a surface (feature); therefore, the MMC, LMC,
protected tolerance zone, or tangent plane modifiers are not used

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Cylindricity
 Cylindricity in one of the challenging tolerances to inspect. It requires isolating the
features from the rest of part. In the below example Cylindricity has been applied
to 5 features. Cylindricity is an individual control. Therefore each feature is
inspected independent of the others.
 A electronic probe gathers many points on the surface. A computer than evaluates
the points to fit them between two concentric cylinders that may not have a radial
separation grater than 0.02. The actual size, location and orientation of the feature
are ignored. This will also take care of circularity, surface straightness and taper.
 Note : No datum is used.

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Cylindricity

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Summary of Form Tolerance

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Orientation Controls
 An orientation tolerance specifies how far the actual orientation between two
features is permitted to deviate from the perfect orientation/datum's.
 Orientation Deviation is a deviation from nominal form.
 Orientation Deviation must be related to one or more other features/datum.
 The datum’s must be defined first before an orientation tolerance can be specified.
 Orientation Deviation are produced by same mnf’ing condition that produce form
deviation and can produce by setup errors when machining datum’s are changed.

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Perpendicularity
 Perpendicularity may be compared to both straightness & flatness
depending on the feature being controlled.
 Perpendicularity may be specified to control 4 types of feature to datum i.e.,
Surface, axis, line or median plane relationships.
 When control is specified for plane / surface the control can be related to
flatness.
 When control is specified for line element / axis / median plane, it can be
related to straightness.
MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION APPLIED TO SQUARENESS

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Perpendicularity

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Perpendicularity
PERPENDICULAR CONTROL
APPLIED TO FEATURE

THEORY INSPECTION

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Perpendicularity

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Angularity
 Is the condition of a surface, axis or central-plane, which is at a
specified angle from a datum plane/axis.
 Angularity is control all angles other than 90Deg.
 Angularity is similar to flatness when controlling surface with related
to a Datum.
 When angularity is specified for cylinders / non-cylinders features, a
line / median plane is being controlled like straightness control along
with datum relation.

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Angularity

Applied to feature

Applied to FOS
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Angularity
In Angularity two Datum’s Reference are used

The tolerance zone is defined by two planes surface is set at 30Deg

theoretically exact angle to datum A. Datum B is defined to give support while
doing the inspection. The tolerance zone could also apply to an axis, in which
case it may be cylindrical.

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Parallelism
Parallelism tolerance provides a zone defined by two parallel planes,
lines / cylindrical parallel to a datum plane or axis within which the
surface elements or axis of the controlled features must lie.
Parallelism is considered one of the orientation controls.
Parallelism is used to control the orientation of the surface that is
parallel to the datum plane.
Parallelism of the two surface shown as parallel on a drawing is
controlled by the limits of the dimension between the surfaces.
Parallelism is the condition that results when a surface, axis or central-
plane is exactly parallel to a datum.
Parallel control is a geometric tolerance that limits the amount a
surface, axis, or central-plane is permitted to vary from being parallel to
the datum.

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Parallelism

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Parallelism

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Parallelism

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Parallelism

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Summary of Orientation Tolerance

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Location Controls
 Location tolerance defines maximum permissible deviation from this nominal
position.
 Location are includes position, concentricity, & symmetry.

Characteristics :
 A center distance between such features as holes, slots, bosses, tabs.
 Location of group of features/ pattern from datum/features.
 Coaxiality of features.
 Concentricity / symmetry of features : center distance is equally disposed about a
datum axis / plane.
 Location tolerance is controlled relative to a datum’s & nominal position (distance &
direction) is given relative to a datum’s.
 Location tolerance are produced by the same manufacturing condition that affect
size, form & orientation deviation.

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Location Controls
 A zone within which the center, axis, center plane of a FOS is permitted to vary from
a true position.
 A boundary (where modifier is specified) defines a virtual condition located at the
true position that may not be violated by surface of the feature.
 Basic Dimension establish the true position from specified datum features & between
the interrelated features.
 The deviation are assessed over the feature unless otherwise specified.
 Location tolerance are produced by the same manufacturing condition that affect
size, form & orientation deviation.

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Concentricity
 Concentricity is a condition where the median points of all diametrically opposed
elements of a cylinder are congruent with the axis of a datum feature.
 Concentricity tolerance is cylindrical tolerance zone whose axis coincides with the
axis of the datum’s features.
 The diameter of the cylinder is equal to the concentricity control tolerance value,
The median points of all corresponding-located elements of the features being
controlled, regardless of FOS, must lie within the cylindrical tolerance zones.
 When using a concentricity control, the specified tolerance & datum feature always
apply on an RFS basis.

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Concentricity

Applications
 Concentricity is used to for equal wall thickness, equal distribution
of mass.
 Concentricity is used for all cylindrical features.
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Concentricity

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Concentricity

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Symmetry
 Symmetry is that condition where the median points of all opposed or
correspondingly-located elements of two or more feature surfaces are
congruent with the axis or center plane of a datum feature.
 Symmetry control may only be applied to part features that are shown
symmetrical to datum center plane.
 Symmetry tolerance and the datum reference can only apply on an RFS
basis.

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Symmetry

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Symmetry

Applications
 Symmetry control is applied to a slot
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Position Tolerance

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Position Tolerance

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Summary of Location Tolerance

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 Runout Internal surfaces
constructed around a
Surfaces of revolution is datum axis
Cylindrical or conical
relative to a common datum
axis, or spherical relative to
a common datum point,
a runout tolerance is
recommended.

External surfaces Angled surfaces

constructed around constructed around
a datum axis a datum axis
Datum axis (established
from datum feature

Surfaces constructed
perpendicular to a datum
axis
Datum(Only
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Runout
Establishing a datum axis for Runout
Three ways to establish a datum axis for a runout control.
 A single diameter of sufficient length

 Two coaxial diameters a sufficient distance apart to create a single datum axis

• A surface and a diameter at right angles

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Circular Runout
 Circular runout is used for feature which are running about its axis in the
application.
 Circular runout is a composite control that affects the form, orientation, &
location of circular elements of a part feature relative to a datum axis.

Tolerance Zone
 The zone for circular runout is two coaxial circle that are located on the
datum axis.

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 Circular Runout Total
Tolerance
Circular runout can only be applied on an
RFS basis and cannot be modified to
MMC or LMC.

Maximum Minimum

Full Indicator
Movement

Maximum Minimum
Reading Reading Measuring position #1
(circular element #1)
0
+ -

Full Part
Rotation
When measuring circular runout, the indicator
must be reset to zero at each measuring position
along the feature surface. Each individual
circular element of the surface is independently
allowed the full specified tolerance. In this
example, circular runout can be used to detect 2- Measuring position #2
(circular element #2)
dimensional wobble (orientation) and waviness
(form), but not 3-dimensional characteristics
such as surface profile (overall form) or surface
wobble (overall orientation).
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Total Runout
 Total runout is used for cylindrical features.
 Total runout is used for feature which are running about its axis in the application.
 Total runout is a composite control that affects the form, orientation, & location of
circular elements of a part feature relative to a datum axis.

Tolerance Zone
 The zone for circular runout is two coaxial cylinders that are located on the datum
axis.

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 Total Runout When measuring total runout, the indicator
must not be reset when repositioned along
the feature surface.

0
- +

0.75 A
0 Allowable indicator reading = 0.75 max.
- +
(applies to the entire feature surface)
A

Collet or Chuck

50 +/-0.25

o o Full Part Datum axis A

50 +/- 2
Rotation

CASE: Angled Surface to Datum Axis

The tolerance zone for the entire angled surface is equal to the total allowable
movement of a dial indicator positioned normal to the true geometric shape of the
feature surface when the part is rotated about the datum axis and the indicator is moved
along the entire length of the feature surface.

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Summary of Runout Tolerance

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Profile Controls
 A profile is the outline of an object in a given plane (two-dimensional
figure). Profiles are formed by projecting a three-dimensional figure
onto a plane or by taking cross sections requirement.
 Profile tolerance, the true profile may be defined by basic radii, basic
angular dimensions, basic coordinate dimensions, basic size
dimensions, un-dimensioned drawings, or formulas.
 Profile Tolerance The profile tolerance specifies a uniform boundary
along the true profile within which the elements of the surface must
lie. It is used to control form or combinations of size, form,
orientation, and location. Where used as a refinement of size, the
profile tolerance must be contained within the size limits.

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Profile Controls

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Profile Controls

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Profile of a Surface

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Profile of a Surface – Tolerancing a Surface
location

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Profile of a Surface – Conical Feature

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Profile of a Surface – Coplanar Surface

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Profile of a Line

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Profile of a Line

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Profile of a Line - Inspection

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Summary of Profile Tolerance

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