FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Programme : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical

Course : Applied Mechanics Lab
Code : MEC 424
Lecturer : DR. AHMAD KHUSHAIRY MAKHTAR
Group : EMD4M5B

MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE: Free Vibration Experiment – Natural Frequency of Spring Mass System

without Damping

No Name Student id
1 MOHD AMIRUL AMRI BIN RAMLI 2019801876
2 MOHD AMIRUL ASYRAAF BIN MOHD HIZAM 2019813794
3 MOHD ASYRAAF BIN MD DIWI 2019893516
4 MOHD FAKHRUL NA'IM BIN HASNUL 'SHAM 2019689486
5 MOHD FIRDAUS BIN MOHD ROSLI 2019660514

REPORT SUBMISSION: 10 MAY 2020

(DATE)

*By signing above you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have
contributed to this submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result
in an investigation of academic misconduct and may result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or possibly
more severe penalties.

Marking Scheme

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total

1
ABSTRACT

The purpose of free vibration experiment is to determine the spring constant (k) and the
natural frequency (f) by using mechanical system which is mass spring vibration TM160. Free
vibration is vibration that takes place when a system oscillates under the action of forces inherent
in the system itself. The system under free vibration will vibrate at one or more of its natural
frequencies, which are properties of the dynamics system established by its mass and stiffness
distribution. The experiment was divided into two parts. The first part is to determine the spring
constant (k) with different number of weight were added to the spring and the extension of the
spring were noted. The values of the spring constant (k) were used to find the theoretical value of
natural frequency. Moreover, the tension or compression spring is at constant 1.7N/mm and the
recorder move at speed 20mm/s.

2
TABLE OF CONTENT

Title…………………………………………………………………1

Abstract……………………………………………………………..2

List of Tables………………………………………………………..4

List of Figures……………………………………………………….5

Introduction………………………………………………………….6

Theory……………………………………………………………….7

Experimental Procedures…………………………………………....9

Results………………………………………………………………11

Discussion…………………………………………………………..32

Conclusions…………………………………………………………37

References ………………………………………………………….42

Appendices and Raw Data…………………………………………..48

3
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Tabulated data of extension………………………………………...13

Table 1.2: Tabulated data to determine spring constant, k…………………….14

Table 1.3: Percentage error between experimental and theoretical value……..14

Table 1.4: Percentage error between experimental and theoretical value……..15

Table 1.5: Tabulated data to determine natural frequency, f…………………..15

4
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Spring mass system………………………………………………….7

Figure 1.1: Free body diagram of mass………………………………..7

Figure 2: The motion of free vibration of spring mass system………………...8

Figure 3: Apparatus…………………………………………………………….9

Figure 4: Procedure 1………………………………………………………….10

Figure 5: Procedure 2………………………………………………………….11

Figure 6: Load vs extension (Result)………………………………………….13

5
INTRODUCTION
Free vibration is vibration that takes place when a system oscillates under the action of
forces inherent in the system itself. The system under free vibration will vibrate at one or more of
its natural frequencies, which are properties of the dynamics system established by its mass and
stiffness distribution. Vibration refers to mechanical oscillations about an equilibrium point. The
oscillations may be periodic such as the motion of a pendulum or random such as the movement
of a tire on a gravel road. Vibration is occasionally "desirable”. The purpose of the experiment was
to determine the natural frequency for an undamped spring mass system. The experiment was
divided into two main parts. For the theoretical value of the experiment, 𝜔𝑛 = √ (𝑘/𝑚) was used.
The weights were added to the spring and the extensions were noted to find the value of spring
constant, k. This value was then used to find the theoretical value of natural frequency. For the
second part of the experiment, the natural frequency was found by first finding the time period of
the oscillation and then substituting it into 𝜔𝑛 = 2𝜋/𝑇. The time period was found from the
vibrating motion vs time graph.

6
THEORY

In this experiment, the main theory concept that being used are from Newton 2nd law and Hooke’s
Law. The theory concept was used to find the value of spring constant (k) and the natural frequency
(f).

Figure 1: Spring mass system

Let x be the position of the mass at any point from equilibrium position of the mass and it can be
assumed that x is positive to downward and negative to upward direction. Therefore, mass m be
given a downward displacement from equilibrium position and released it.

Figure 1.2: Free body diagram of mass

7
Figure 1.2 are the free body diagram of the mass. The equation of motion of the mass can be
calculated with

mẍ + kx = 0

ẍ+ (k/m)x = 0

Compare both equation to get the natural frequency of the system,

Figure 2: The motion of free vibration of spring mass system

The period T of the motion is determined from Figure 2. From equation 2 frequency f is given as

1 1 𝑘
𝑓= = √
𝑇 2𝜋 𝑚

Or

1 𝑘
𝑓= √
2𝜋 𝑚

8
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

Apparatus

Vibration apparatus which includes:

1. Base

2. Carriage

3. Adjuster

4. Helical spring

5. Guide roller

6. Additional mass

7. Guide columns

8. Mechanical recorder

9. Ruler

Procedure

Procedure 1: To determine the spring constant K

1. Paper and plotter pen were fitted.

2. Weight from the carriage was removed.
3. Carriage was set by using adjuster such that plotter pen was on 20mm line on chart paper.
4. Spring was loaded by placing weight on carriage.
5. Recorder was briefly started after each weight was added.
6. The stepped curve was obtained from which the individual steps can be read.

9
 Figure 4: Procedure 1

Procedure 2: To determine natural frequency.

1. Plotter pen was fitted.

2. Chosen additional mass was attached and secured with knurled nut.
3. Height of carriage was set by using adjuster such that stylus is centred on paper.
4. Recorder was started.
5. Carriage was deflected downward by hand and was allowed to oscillated freely until it
comes to rest.
6. Recorder was stopped.
7. Experiment was repeated with other additional mass.

Figure 5: Procedure 2

10
RESULTS
MOHD ASYRAAF BIN MD DIWI 2019893516

Table 1.1: Tabulated data of extension

Mass Total Load Deflection Extension, x

(kg) mass (N) (mm) (mm)
(kg)
2 3.25 31.88 31 11
4 5.25 51.50 42 22
6 7.25 71.12 53 33
8 9.25 90.74 64 44
10 11.25 110.36 74 54

Figure 1.1 11
Determine spring constant, K

Table 1.2: Tabulated data to determine spring constant, k

Total Force Extension, x Spring constant, k
Mass (N) (mm) (N/mm)
(kg)
3.25 31.88 11 2.89
5.25 51.50 22 2.34
7.25 71.12 33 2.15
9.25 90.74 44 2.06
11.25 110.36 54 2.04

Table 1.3: Percentage error between experimental and theoretical value

Theoretical Experimental Percentage Error (%)

1.710 kN/mm 1.7836 kN/mm - 4.3

Sample of calculation

Theoretical value of spring constant, k = 1.710 N/mm. And Gradient = spring constant.
Experimental value of spring constant, k = 1.7836 N/mm

y -y
m= 2 1
x2x1

90.74-51.50
=
44-22

m = 1.7836

Compare between theoretical and experimental value of spring constant

Percentage error = 1.710 - 1.7836 × 100%

1.710
= - 4.3%

12
Determine natural frequency, f

Table 1.3: Tabulated data to determine natural frequency, f

Natural frequency, f (Hz)

Mass (kg) Total mass Length of 6 Theoretical Experimental
(kg) complete
cycle (mm)
0 1.25 22.5 5.89 5.33
2 3.25 34.8 3.65 3.45
4 5.25 43.2 2.87 2.78
6 7.25 51.6 2.44 2.33
8 9.25 57.6 2.16 2.08
10 11.25 64.8 1.96 1.85

Table 1.4: Percentage error between experimental and theoretical value

Natural frequency, f (Hz)

Mass (kg) Theoretical Experimental Percentage error
(%)
1.25 5.89 5.33 9.51
3.25 3.65 3.45 5.48
5.25 2.87 2.78 3.14
7.25 2.44 2.33 4.51
9.25 2.16 2.08 3.70 13
11.25 1.96 1.85 5.61
Sample of calculation

Theoretical natural frequency, f (Hz):

Mass = 1.25 kg
Spring constant, k = 1710 N/m

𝑘
2πf =
𝑚

1710
2πf =
1.25

f = 5.89 Hz

Experimental natural frequency (Hz):

Speed of recorders = 20 mm/s
Number of complete cycle = 6

length of 6 complete cycle (mm )

Period, Tn = ÷6
Speed of recorder (mm /s)

22.5
T= ÷6
20

T = 0.1875 s

1
Frequency, f =
𝑇
1
f=
0.1875

f = 5.33Hz

Comparing theoretical and experimental value of natural frequency:

5.89 − 5.33
Percentage error = × 100 %
5.89

= 9.51 %

14
Mohd Amirul Asyraaf Bin Mohd Hizam (2019813794)

RESULTS
Table 1.1: Tabulated data of extension
Mass Total Load Deflection Extension, x
(kg) mass (N) (mm) (mm)
(kg)
2 3.25 31.88 31 11
4 5.25 51.50 42 22
6 7.25 71.12 53 33
8 9.25 90.74 64 44
10 11.25 110.36 74 54

Figure 1.1

Determine spring constant, K

Table 1.2: Tabulated data to determine spring constant, k

Total Force (N) Extension, x Spring constant, k
Mass (kg) (mm) (N/mm)
3.25 31.88 11 2.89
5.25 51.50 22 2.34
7.25 71.12 33 2.15
9.25 90.74 44 2.06
11.25 110.36 54 2.04

Table 1.3: Percentage error between experimental and theoretical value

k, N/mm
Theoretica Experiment Percentage Error
l al (%)
1.710 1.7836 - 4.3
15
Sample of calculation

Theoretical value of spring constant, k = 1.710 N/mm

Gradient = spring
constant y2  y1
m=
x2 x1

90.74-51.50
=
44-22

m = 1.7836

N/mm Experimental value of spring constant, k =

1.7836 N/mm

Compare between theoretical and experimental value of spring constant

Percentage error = 1.710 - 1.7836 × 100%

1.710
= - 4.3%

Determine natural frequency, f

Table 1.3: Tabulated data to determine natural frequency, f

Natural frequency, f (Hz)

Mass (kg) Total Length of 6 Theoretica Experiment
mass complete l al
(kg) cycle (mm)
1.25 1.25 22.5 5.89 5.33
2 3.25 34.8 3.65 3.45
4 5.25 43.2 2.87 2.78
6 7.25 51.6 2.44 2.33
8 9.25 57.6 2.16 2.08
10 11.25 64.8 1.96 1.85

Table 1.4: Percentage error between experimental and theoretical value

Natural frequency, f (Hz)

Mass (kg) Theoretical Experimental Percentage error
(%)
1.25 5.89 5.33 9.51
3.25 3.65 3.45 5.48
5.25 2.87 2.78 3.14
7.25 2.44 2.33 4.51
9.25 2.16 2.08 3.70
11.25 1.96 1.85 5.61

16
Sample of calculation

Theoretical natural frequency, f

(Hz): Mass = 1.25 kg

Spring constant, k = 1710 

N/m 

2f 

1710
2f 
1.25
f  5.89Hz

Experimental natural frequency

(Hz): Speed of recorders = 20

mm/s

Number of complete cycle

=6
period, Tn = length of 6 complete cycle, mm  6
Speed of recorder, mm/s

22.5
T= ÷6
20
T = 0.1875 s

1
f=
T
1
f=
0.1875
f = 5.33 Hz

Comparing theoretical and experimental:

theoretical  experimental
percentage error 100
= theoretical

5.89  5.33
Percentage error =
5.89

Percentage error = 9.51%

17
MOHD AMIRUL AMRI BIN RAMLI (2019801876)

RESULT

Table 1.1: Tabulated data of extension

Mass Total Load Deflection Extension, x
(kg) mass (N) (mm) (mm)
(kg)
2 3.25 31.88 31 11
4 5.25 51.50 42 22
6 7.25 71.12 53 33
8 9.25 90.74 64 44

10 11.25 110.36 74 54

Figure 1.1
Determine spring constant, K

Table 1.2: Tabulated data to determine spring constant, k

Total Force (N) Extension, x Spring constant, k
Mass (kg) (mm) (N/mm)
3.25 31.88 11 2.89

5.25 51.50 22 2.34

7.25 71.12 33 2.15

9.25 90.74 44 2.06

11.25 110.36 54 2.04

18
Table 1.3: Percentage error between experimental and theoretical value
Sample of calculation

Theoretical value of spring constant, k = 1.710 N/mm

Gradient = spring
constant y2  y1
m=
x2 x1

19
 90.74-51.50
=
44-22

m = 1.7836

Compare between theoretical and experimental value of spring constant

Percentage error = 1.710 - 1.7836 × 100%

1.710
= - 4.3%

Determine natural frequency, f

Table 1.3: Tabulated data to determine natural frequency, f

Natural frequency, f (Hz)

Mass (kg) Total Length of 6 Theoretica Experiment
mass complete l al
(kg) cycle (mm)
1.25 1.25 22.5 5.89 5.33
2 3.25 34.8 3.65 3.45
4 5.25 43.2 2.87 2.78
6 7.25 51.6 2.44 2.33
8 9.25 57.6 2.16 2.08
10 11.25 64.8 1.96 1.85

Table 1.4: Percentage error between experimental and theoretical value

Natural frequency, f (Hz)

Mass (kg) Theoretical Experimental Percentage error
(%)
1.25 5.89 5.33 9.51
3.25 3.65 3.45 5.48
5.25 2.87 2.78 3.14
7.25 2.44 2.33 4.51
9.25 2.16 2.08 3.70
11.25 1.96 1.85 5.61

20
21
22
23
Calculation to find theoretical natural frequency, f (Hz):

Mass = 1.25 kg

Spring constant, k = 1710 N/m

𝑘
2𝜋𝑓 =
𝑚

1710
2𝜋𝑓 =
1.25

𝑓 = 5.89 𝐻𝑧

Calculation to find experimental natural frequency, f (Hz):

Number of oscillations taken = 6

𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 6 𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑚𝑚
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑, 𝑇 =
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑, 𝑚𝑚/𝑠

1
𝑓=
𝑇

Recorder speed = 20 mm/s

3.75
𝑇=
20

𝑇 = 0.187 𝑠

1
𝑓=
0.187

𝑓 = 5.33 𝐻𝑧

Calculation to find percentage error:

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

5.89 − 5.33
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 =
5.89

𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 9.51 %

24
RESULTS
MOHD FAKHRUL NA’IM BIN HASNUL ‘SHAM (2019689486)

Table 1.1: Tabulated data of extension

Mass Total Load Deflection Extension, x
(kg) mass (N) (mm) (mm)
(kg)
2 3.25 31.88 31 11
4 5.25 51.50 42 22
6 7.25 71.12 53 33
8 9.25 90.74 64 44
10 11.25 110.36 74 54

Figure 1.1

Determine spring constant, K

Table 1.2: Tabulated data to determine spring constant, k

Total Force (N) Extension, x Spring constant, k
Mass (kg) (mm) (N/mm)
3.25 31.88 11 2.89
5.25 51.50 22 2.34
7.25 71.12 33 2.15
9.25 90.74 44 2.06
11.25 110.36 54 2.04

Table 1.3: Percentage error between experimental and theoretical value

k, N/mm
Theoretica Experiment Percentage Error
l al (%)
1.710 1.7836 - 4.3 25
Sample of calculation

Theoretical value of spring constant, k = 1.710 N/mm

Gradient = spring
constant y2  y1
m=
x2 x1

90.74-51.50
=
44-22

m = 1.7836

N/mm Experimental value of spring constant, k =

1.7836 N/mm

Compare between theoretical and experimental value of spring constant

Percentage error = 1.710 - 1.7836 × 100%

1.710
= - 4.3%

Determine natural frequency, f

Table 1.3: Tabulated data to determine natural frequency, f

Natural frequency, f (Hz)

Mass (kg) Total Length of 6 Theoretica Experiment
mass complete l al
(kg) cycle (mm)
1.25 1.25 22.5 5.89 5.33
2 3.25 34.8 3.65 3.45
4 5.25 43.2 2.87 2.78
6 7.25 51.6 2.44 2.33
8 9.25 57.6 2.16 2.08
10 11.25 64.8 1.96 1.85

Table 1.4: Percentage error between experimental and theoretical value

Natural frequency, f (Hz)

Mass (kg) Theoretical Experimental Percentage error
(%)
1.25 5.89 5.33 9.51
3.25 3.65 3.45 5.48
5.25 2.87 2.78 3.14
7.25 2.44 2.33 4.51
9.25 2.16 2.08 3.70
11.25 1.96 1.85 5.61

26
Sample of calculation

Theoretical natural frequency, f

(Hz): Mass = 1.25 kg

Spring constant, k = 1710 

N/m 

2f 

1710
2f 
1.25
f  5.89Hz

Experimental natural frequency

(Hz): Speed of recorders = 20

mm/s

Number of complete cycle

=6
period, Tn = length of 6 complete cycle, mm  6
Speed of recorder, mm/s

22.5
T= ÷6
20
T = 0.1875 s

1
f=
T
1
f=
0.1875
f = 5.33 Hz

Comparing theoretical and experimental:

theoretical  exp erimental

percentage error 100
= theoretical

5.89  5.33
Percentage error =
5.89

Percentage error = 9.51%

27
RESULT
MOHD FIRDAUS BIN MOHD ROSLI (2019660514)
Table 1.1: Tabulated data of extension

Mass Total Load Deflection Extension, x

(kg) (N) (mm) (mm)
mass
(kg)
2 3.25 31.88 31 11
4 5.25 51.50 42 22
6 7.25 71.12 53 33
8 9.25 90.74 64 44

10 11.25 110.36 74 54
load(N)

Figure 6: Load vs Extension

28
Determine spring constant, K

Table 1.2: Tabulated data to determine spring constant, k

Total Force (N) Extension, x Spring constant, k
Mass (kg) (mm) (N/mm)

3.25 31.88 11 2.89

5.25 51.50 22 2.34

7.25 71.12 33 2.15

9.25 90.74 44 2.06

11.25 110.36 54 2.04

Table 1.3: Percentage error between experimental and theoretical value

k, N/mm
Theoretica Experiment Percentage Error
l al (%)
1.710 1.7836 - 4.3

29
Sample of calculation

Theoretical value of spring constant, k = 1.710 N/mm

Gradient = spring
constant y2  y1
m=
x2 x1

90.74-51.50
=
44-22

m = 1.7836

N/mm Experimental value of spring constant, k =

1.7836 N/mm

Compare between theoretical and experimental value of spring constant

Percentage error = 1.710 - 1.7836 × 100%

1.710
= - 4.3%

Determine natural frequency, f

Table 1.3: Tabulated data to determine natural frequency, f

Natural frequency, f (Hz)

Mass (kg) Total Length of 6 Theoretica Experiment
mass complete l al
(kg) cycle (mm)
1.25 1.25 22.5 5.89 5.33
2 3.25 34.8 3.65 3.45
4 5.25 43.2 2.87 2.78
6 7.25 51.6 2.44 2.33
8 9.25 57.6 2.16 2.08
10 11.25 64.8 1.96 1.85

Table 1.4: Percentage error between experimental and theoretical value

Natural frequency, f (Hz)

Mass (kg) Theoretical Experimental Percentage error
(%)
1.25 5.89 5.33 9.51
3.25 3.65 3.45 5.48
5.25 2.87 2.78 3.14
7.25 2.44 2.33 4.51
9.25 2.16 2.08 3.70
11.25 1.96 1.85 5.61

30
Sample of calculation

Theoretical natural frequency, f

(Hz): Mass = 1.25 kg

Spring constant, k = 1710 

N/m 

2f 

1710
2f 
1.25
f  5.89Hz

Experimental natural frequency

(Hz): Speed of recorders = 20

mm/s

Number of complete cycle

=6
period, Tn = length of 6 complete cycle, mm  6
Speed of recorder, mm/s

22.5
T= ÷6
20
T = 0.1875 s

1
f=
T
1
f=
0.1875
f = 5.33 Hz

Comparing theoretical and experimental:

theoretical  experimental
percentage error 100
= theoretical
5.89  5.33
Percentage error =
5.89

Percentage error = 9.51%

31
DISCUSSION
MOHD ASYRAAF BIN MD DIWI (2019893516)
Based on result that we achieved on first experiment, the value of spring constant, k and
natural frequency, f can be determined. The equation form (Hooke’s law), F = -kx where x is the
displacement of the spring. As the displacement is acting downwards due to gravity, it is
considered that it acting in negative direction. Therefore, F = -k (-x) is also F= kx. The
proportionality constant k is specific for each spring. The stiffness of the spring can be obtained
by calculating the gradient of the straight line on the graph. A straight line show that the relation
between the force and the extension of the spring is directly proportional. For this experiment, the
theoretical value of k of the spring is 1710N. From the experiment result, the value of stiffness of
the spring, k = 1783.36𝑁 which is slightly higher than the theoretical value. This show that the
result that we obtained is not precisely accurate and have some minor error which is 4.3 % error.
But the result of stiffness of the spring, k is acceptable because the percentage error value was in
acceptable value which is below 10%. The value k was obtain to find the natural frequency, based
on formula, 2πf= √k/m.

Based on result we achieved on second experiment, the value of natural frequency based
on different mass loaded can be determined. To determine the natural frequency, each mass on the
spring is allowed to vibrate to obtain a sinusoidal graph. The length of six oscillations is recorded
to obtain the time of six oscillations by dividing the length with the velocity of the mechanical
recorder. Then, from the length we can obtained value of period, T in 6 oscillation. The formula
of P𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑, 𝑇 = (𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 6 𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑚𝑚 / 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑, 𝑚𝑚/𝑠) ÷ 6

Based on the period we can find the value of frequency which is 𝑓 = (1/ 𝑇). The value of
frequency will be compare with the theoretical value which can be obtained by using formula
2𝜋𝑓 = √ (𝑘/ 𝑚). Based on the result, the value of the frequency decrease when the load
increase. The experimental value that we obtained is 5.33 Hz which is slightly different with
the theoretical value which is 5.89Hz.The percentage error obtain during mass = 9.51% but
the value is acceptable because it is below 10%. However several improvement can be took
such as to avoid random error and parallax error to get more precise outcome. So, several
type of error can be eliminated.

32
DISCUSSION

MOHD AMIRUL AMRI BIN RAMLI (2019801876)

Based on the experiment conducted, the value of spring constant, k and natural frequency, f is
determined. Hooke’s Law stated in equation form, F= - kx where is the displacement of the spring.
As the displacement is acting downwards, it is considered that it acting in negative direction. So,
F=kx. Therefore, F= kx. For the first part of experiment, the theoretical value of the spring
constant, k is 1.71 N/mm. By plotting the graph force versus extension, spring constant can be
obtained and we can find the gradient of the graph. As the load attached on the spring increases,
the extension of the spring also increases. When loaded the mass on the spring, put it slowly and
make sure the spring with mass at static before start the recorder. From the experiment result, the
value of spring constant, k = 1.7836 N/mm. This show that the result obtained is not accurate. The
spring constant for both value is slightly different that has -4.3% percentage error. Therefore, the
error of the spring constant can be ignored because still below 10%.

For the second part of experiment, which is to determine the natural frequency, f different mass is
loaded on the spring and allowed to vibrate until it rests to obtain a sinusoidal graph. The length
of 6 oscillations in each of mass is recorded and divide with velocity of mechanical recorder which
is 20 mm/s to obtain the period of one oscillation. Then, the value of the experimental natural
frequency, f is obtained as the reciprocal of time for one oscillation. Different mass attached on
the spring, to get different value of natural frequency, f. From the observation of the result, as the
load increases, the value of natural frequency decreases. Then, result of experimental value will
be compare with theoretical value which is calculated using the formula. The stiffness of spring, k
= 1.71 N/mm and mass of carriage =1.25 kg is constant. The percentage error of every additional
mass still below 10% which is 9.51% and can be considered as insignificant difference.

However, improvement and precautious step should be taken to get more accurate result. When
loaded the mass, make sure the spring is completely static before start. Then, it better to use ball
pen at the slotted pen so that the result can easily be read. Double check the paper that fitted to see
either it is grip or not and make sure not to tight. Line of sight should be places perpendicular to
the scale to avoid parallax error. Lastly, more set of reading to be taken and find the average to
avoid unnecessary errors in the experiment.

33
DISCUSSION

MOHD AMIRUL ASYRAAF BIN MOHD HIZAM (2019813794)

Based on the experiment , the objective was obtained which is to find the value of spring
constant, k and the natural frequency, f. Formula that have been used to find the spring constant is
F=kx which is the length of extension and the force. The experiment was starting by using 2 to 10
kg with increment of 2 kg. Next, to find the length of extension, the amount of deflection must
subtract with 20 mm. The value of experimental spring constant, k is obtained from gradient of the
graph. Thus, the higher the number of load, the extension of the spring also becomes higher. For
example, the extension for 2 kg load is 11mm while the extension for 10 kg load is 54 mm. The
percentage error for experimental and theoretical is quite higher and this is because of the error
when the experiment was conducted.

The second objective which is to determine the natural frequency, the value of time for one
completed cycle of oscillation is needed. In addition, a medium force is needed to pull down the
carriage along the recorder to make a vibration. The lengths for 6 complete cycles are recorded by
using a different weight from the speed of 20 mm/s. Thus the higher the mass of load, the natural
frequency will become lower. Lastly, the frequency can be calculated after the time from one
oscillation to 6 oscillations were obtained. The percentage of error also is quite higher which is
9.51%.

34
DISCUSSION

MOHD FAKHRUL NA’IM BIN HASNUL ‘SHAM (2019689486)

Based on the experiment conducted, the value of spring constant, k and natural frequency,
f was observed and determined. Hooke's Law was applied for this experiment. The law states that
the restoring force of a spring is directly proportional to a small displacement. In equation form, F
= -kx where x is the displacement of the spring. As the displacement is acting downwards, it is
considered that it acting in negative direction. Therefore, F = -k (-x) is also F= kx. The
proportionality constant k is specific for each spring. For this experiment, the theoretical value of
k of the spring is 1.71Nmm-1. Even though initially there is no additional mass attached to the
spring, the mass of the carriage is taken into account, which is 1.25kg. Therefore for each
additional mass, their values are added with 1.25kg and the initial mass considered as 1.25kg
instead of 0kg. From Figure 1.1, the relation between force, F and spring extension, x is
proportional. As the force acting on the spring increases, the extension of the spring also increase.
The value of experimental spring constant, k is obtained from the gradient of the graph. It is
observed that the value of experimental and theoretical spring constant, k is slightly different that
carried -4.3% of error.

Secondly, to determine the natural frequency, each mass on the spring is allowed to vibrate
to obtain a sinusoidal graph. The length of five oscillations is recorded to obtain the time of six
oscillations by dividing the length with the velocity of the mechanical recorder. Then, the time for
one oscillation is obtained by dividing the time for six oscillations with six. The experimental
natural frequency, f is obtained as the reciprocal of time for one oscillation. Each value of natural
frequency, f is different for each mass attached to the spring. The theoretical natural frequency, f
of the spring is calculated using the formula given. It is a function of spring constant, k and mass,
m. The percentage errors are about 9% and should be considered and analysed. This may cause by
several factors and errors. Disturbances during the experiment may also contribute to the vastly
percentage errors.

35
DISCUSSION

MOHD FIRDAUS BIN MOHD ROSLI (2019660514)

Based on the result of the experiment, some value has been determined which is the spring
constant, (k) and the natural frequency, (f). Hooke’s Law, (F= - kx ) will show the value of
displacement of the spring. When the displacement of the spring act downwards, it will be
considered as the negative direction. Therefore, F= -k(-x) will be F= kx.

For the first procedure of the experiment, the theoretical value of the spring constant, k is 1.71
N/mm. We can get the value of spring constant and the amount of gradient graph by plotting the
graph of load vs extensions. The extension of the spring will increases as the load at the spring
increased. Based on the results, the amount of spring constant is k = 1.7836 N/mm and showing
that the result is slightly not accurate. Other than that, the value of both spring constant is different
and can be identified that there is 4.3% error but it can be ignored because the error is still below
10% of percentage error.

Next, the second procedure of experiment is to determine the natural frequency, (f). The reciprocal
of time for one oscillation can show the results natural frequency, (f) of the experiment. Based on
the observation of the results, the value of natural frequency will decreases as the value of the load
increases. Last but not least, we compared the results based on the experiments with the results
based on the calculation from the theory but for the stiffness of spring, k = 1.71 N/mm and mass
of carriage =1.25 kg, it remain constant for experiments results and theoretical calculations Even
though there is percentage error which is 9.51% for every differences amount of load,and can be
considered as insignificant difference because it still below 10% percentage of error.

36
CONCLUSION

MOHD ASYRAAF BIN MD DIWI (2019893516)

As a conclusion, the objective of the experiment has achieved. The spring constant, k and
natural frequency, f have been determined which is 1.7863 N/mm and 5.33 Hz. Although it slightly
difference between the theoretical it is because of the some error occur when conducting the
experiment but the value is acceptable because the percentage error for both experiment is below
10%. However, the experiment can get more precise value by improvement that can be done. The
relationship between force and extension also have been determine on the graph and it shows that
it is directly proportional to each other.

37
CONCLUSION

MOHD AMIRUL AMRI BIN RAMLI (2019801876)

As conclusion, the objectives of free vibration experiment – natural frequency of spring

mass system without damping is successfully carried out which are to determine the spring
constant, k and natural frequency, f. Hooke’s Law states that the force of the spring is directly
proportional to displacement F= -kx. The spring constant, k can be obtained for gradient of the
graph load versus extension. For value of theoretical natural frequency, f can be obtained from
𝑘
equation 2𝜋𝑓 = . However, the result of experimental natural frequency, f slightly different
𝑚

but acceptable because the percentage error between theoretical and experimental values are very
small. The percentage error can be decrease if the improvement and precautious step that mention
before is taken care.

38
CONCLUSION

MOHD AMIRUL ASYRAAF BIN MOHD HIZAM (2019813794)

In conclusion the objective of the experiment was achieved. All the value of spring constant
(k) and the natural frequency have been calculated and recorded. In addition, there was an error
during the experiment and it caused the value of spring constant and natural frequencies are quite
higher. The error that occurs in this experiment was obviously by human error, parallax error and
device error. For the human error can be fixed by take a more sets of readings to avoid random
error in the experiment. Therefore, the parallax error can be avoid by place our line of sight
perpendicular to the scale. Lastly the surfaces in contact should be well lubricated to prevent device
error.

39
CONCLUSION

MOHD FAKHRUL NA’IM BIN HASNUL ‘SHAM (2019689486)

As a conclusion, Hooke's Law is a law of physics that states that the force (F) needed to
extend or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales linearly with respect to that distance which
was, F= kx , where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring (stiffness), and x is small
compared to the total possible deformation of the spring. The force, F is proportional to the spring
extension, x and the spring constant is the slope of the graph of force versus spring extension. The
natural frequency, f depends on the spring constant, k and mass attached to the spring, m. However,
there were some error occurred which about 4.3 percent for spring constant and 9 percent for
natural frequency. This may cause by several factors and errors. Disturbances during the
experiment may also contribute to the vastly percentage errors.

40
CONCLUSION

MOHD FIRDAUS BIN MOHD ROSLI (2019660514)

As a conclusion, the target of the experiment was achieve successfully. All the worth of spring
constant (k) and also the natural frequency is calculated and recorded based on the results of the
experiment. Moreover, there was an error during the experiment, and it caused the worth of spring
constant and natural frequencies are quite higher. The error that happens during the experiment are
likely human error, parallax error and device error. More set of readings can fix the human error
to avoid ridiculous results in the experiment. Other than that, the experiment can get more accurate
value by making some precautions and improvements . The connection of the data even have been
determine based on the graph and it shows that it's directly proportional between the load and the
extension.

41
REFERENCES
 All about Hooke’s Law (n.d.). Retrieved December 9, 2011 from:
http://asms.k12.ar.us/classes/physics/GENERAL/KENNETH/HOOKE.HTM
 Simple Harmonic Motion (n.d.). In UCLA. Retrived December 9, 2011 from:
http://www.physics.ucla.edu/demoweb/demomanual/harmonic_motion_and_waves/simpl
e_harmonic_motion/simple_harmonic_motion.html
 Hibbeler, R.C. (2007). Engineering Mechanics Dynamics 11th Edition in SI Units:
Vibration (pg 620 to 622). Pearson Education, Inc.
 Beardmore, R. (2009, May 23). Simple Harmonic Motion. Retrieved from
http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Vibrations/Free_Vibrations.html
 Binh. (2010). Spring constant physical meaning?. Retrieved from
http://malaysia.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100728060304AArhJFC
 natural frequency. (2011). Retrieved 10, December, 2011 from
http://www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0025332.html
 Natural Frequency and Resonance. Retrieved 10, December, 2011 from
http://www.cpo.com/ipcres/pdfs/unit4/ch12sec3.pdf

42
 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name
1 : MOHD AMIRUL AMRI BIN RAMLI

2 : MOHD AMIRUL ASYRAAF BIN MOHD HIZAM

3 : MOHD ASYRAAF BIN MD DIWI

4 : MOHD FAKHRUL NA'IM BIN HASNUL 'SHAM

5 : MOHD FIRDAUS BIN MOHD ROSLI

1 2 3 4 5
Scale
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team members on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self: good team coordination

Member 1: keep up the good work

Member 2: keep up the good work

Member 3: keep up the good work 43

Member 4: keep up the good work

 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name

1 : Mohd Amirul Amri bin Ramli (2019801876)

2 : Mohd Amirul Asyraaf bin Mohd Hizam (2019813794)
3 : Mohd Asyraaf bin Md Diwi (2019893516)
4 : Mohd Fakhrul Na’im bin Hasnul ‘Sham (2019689486)
5 : Mohd Firdaus bin Mohd Rosli (2019660514)

1 2 3 4 5
Scale
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team members on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self: : I am satisfied works with this teams

Member 1: Do well in the task given and easy to work with.

Member 2: Do well in the task given and easy to work with.
Member 3: Do well in the task given and easy to work with.

Member 4: Do well in the task given and easy to work with.

44
 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name
1 : MOHD FAKHRUL NA’IM BIN HASNUL ‘SHAM

2 : MOHD AMIRUL AMRI BIN RAMLI

3 : MOHD AMIRUL ASYRAAF BIN MOHD HIZAM

4 : MOHD ASYRAAF BIN MD DIWI

5 : MOHD FIRDAUS BIN MOHD ROSLI

1 2 3 4 5
Scale
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team members on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self: EXCELLENT WORK

Member 1: EXCELLENT WORK

Member 2: EXCELLENT WORK

Member 3: EXCELLENT WORK 45

Member 4: EXCELLENT WORK

 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name
1 : Mohd Amirul Asyraaf Bin Mohd Hizam (2019813794)

2 : Mohd Amirul Amri Bin Ramli (2019801876)

3 : Mohd Asyraaf Bin Md Diwi (2019893516)

4 : Mohd Fakhrul Na’im Bin Hasnul Sham (2019689486)

5 :Mohd Firdaus Bin Mohd Rosli (2019660514)

1 2 3 4 5
Scale
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team members on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment

Self: : Good job and cooperative

Member 1: Good job and cooperative

Member 2: Good job and cooperative

46
Member 3: Good job and cooperative

Member 4: Good job and cooperative

 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name
1 : Mohd Amirul Asyraaf Bin Mohd Hizam (2019813794)

2 : Mohd Amirul Amri Bin Ramli (2019801876)

3 : Mohd Asyraaf Bin Md Diwi (2019893516)

4 : Mohd Fakhrul Na’im Bin Hasnul Sham (2019689486)

5 :Mohd Firdaus Bin Mohd Rosli (2019660514)

1 2 3 4 5
Scale
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team members on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment

Self: : Good job and cooperative

Member 1: Good job and cooperative

Member 2: Good job and cooperative

Member 3: Good job and cooperative

Member 4: Good job and cooperative

47
APPENDIXES AND RAW DATA
DATA (TO DETERMINE SPRING CONSTANT)

48
DATA (DETERMINE NATURAL FREQUENCY)
MASS (1.25 KG)

MASS (3.25 KG)

49
MASS (5.25 KG)

MASS (7.25KG)

50
MASS (9.25 KG)

MASS (11.25 KG)

51