Scribd
Upload
36 views

CM Exam Prep Notes-Part 11

This document discusses several topics related to structural analysis and design: 1) It describes how to make an indeterminate structure determinate by inserting hinges at points of contraflexure, which typically occur 20-25% of the span into each span for continuous beams and at mid-height for sway columns. 2) It provides guidance on preliminary sizing of reinforcement by taking the largest moment value for the cross-section. 3) A method is presented for finding the positions of points of contraflexure for a typical internal span using moment equations.

Uploaded by

Sutha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
36 views

CM Exam Prep Notes-Part 11

This document discusses several topics related to structural analysis and design: 1) It describes how to make an indeterminate structure determinate by inserting hinges at points of contraflexure, which typically occur 20-25% of the span into each span for continuous beams and at mid-height for sway columns. 2) It provides guidance on preliminary sizing of reinforcement by taking the largest moment value for the cross-section. 3) A method is presented for finding the positions of points of contraflexure for a typical internal span using moment equations.

Uploaded by

Sutha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

IStructE RoI Branch

Use of Points of Contraflexure

Any indeterminate structure can be made determinate by inserting hinges where the
Points of Contraflexure are estimated to occur:
Continuous Beams: PoC usually occur 20-25% of span length into each span;

Sway Columns: PoC at mid-height usually.

51 Dr C. Caprani
IStructE RoI Branch

Analysis for Preliminary Design

To get a rough idea of the rebar required for your scheme, it is usual to take the
largest moment in your section:
1. What is your configuration propped cantilever, 3-
2. Take the maximum value of moment (i.e. smallest value of denominator).
wL2 wL2
So for a 3-span beam take , for a fixed-fixed beam take etc.
10 12

Typical internal span

For more detailed design, or to find the positions of the points of contraflexure, the
following is helpful:

MA w MB

A B
L VB
VA

MA d d MB

b c

Assuming only MA and MB are known, take moments about B to give:


wL M A MB VA
VA ; sum the vertical forces to get VB wL VA . Therefore, a and
2 L w

VA2 VA2 2wM A


so M max MA. Defining d , then the distances to the points of
2w w
contraflexure are, b b a d and c L a d .

52 Dr C. Caprani
IStructE RoI Branch

Load Patterning

For design of any continuous structure, it is necessary to consider load patterning to


determine the design envelope for shear and moment etc:

MIN = 0.9Gk MAX = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk

This presents problems with our moment formulae previously. A way around this is
to do the following:

MIN + (MAX-MIN)/2; i.e. 1.15Gk + 0.8Qk

(MAX-MIN)/2; i.e. 0.25Gk + 0.8Qk

Why is this better?

53 Dr C. Caprani
IStructE RoI Branch

Qualitative Assessment for Moments

Consider the beam shown in the figures, should the RC beam (250W×300Dp.) be
designed for moments at support B? And if so, what value would you take?
Remember that large amounts of cracking are not desirable.
Moment
A w B

RC-detailed
pin connection
Structure 1

A w B

Continuity
250×250 RC
Structure 2 Column

A w B

Full steel
250×500 RC
Column
Structure 3

A w B

Full steel
Shear wall
Structure 4

54 Dr C. Caprani
IStructE RoI Branch

Simply Supported Rectangular Plate

The exact analysis of plates is considerably difficult. Some simplifying assumptions


lead to easier methods of analysis that are reasonably accurate.

Take a rectangular plate, simply supported on all sides, loaded with a uniformly
distributed load, w, and consider two central unit-width strips:

ly

lx

The load on the strip in the x-direction is wx; likewise, wy. Also, w = wx + wy. The
5wxlx4 5wy l y4
deflection of each strip must be identical at the centre point: . Hence,
384 EI x 384 EI y

ly
assuming I x I y , and letting r , then wx wy r 4 and as r 1 the load taken in the x-
lx

1 r4
direction is greater than that in the y-direction. Further, wy w and wx w .
1 r4 1 r4
The moments taken in each direction are then:
wxlx2 1 r4 wy lx2 1 1
Mx wlx2 2
x wl x M y wl y2 y wl y2
8 8 1 r4 8 8 1 r4

where x and y correspond to those of BS 8110, Pt. 1: 1997, Tb. 3.13.

Other support conditions can be used, and a similar approach using compatibility of
displacement can be used.

55 Dr C. Caprani

You might also like