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Calculation of Areas and Volumes: Height Base Triangle of Area

1) There are several methods described for calculating areas and volumes of irregular shapes, including dividing shapes into triangles and summing their areas, using cross-coordinate methods, and dividing shapes into strips of equal width for trapezoidal and Simpson's rules. 2) Formulas are provided for calculating volumes from cross-sectional areas using end area and prismoidal formulas, and for calculating volumes from spot heights by summing depths. 3) Volumes can also be calculated from contour maps using the average end area formula.

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Ibrahim Adel
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44 views

Calculation of Areas and Volumes: Height Base Triangle of Area

1) There are several methods described for calculating areas and volumes of irregular shapes, including dividing shapes into triangles and summing their areas, using cross-coordinate methods, and dividing shapes into strips of equal width for trapezoidal and Simpson's rules. 2) Formulas are provided for calculating volumes from cross-sectional areas using end area and prismoidal formulas, and for calculating volumes from spot heights by summing depths. 3) Volumes can also be calculated from contour maps using the average end area formula.

Uploaded by

Ibrahim Adel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Calculation of Areas and Volumes

Calculation of Plan Areas B


A
Straight – Sided of Plan Areas
Divide area into a series of triangles and sum
their individual areas

1 C
area of triangle  (base)(height ) E
2
1 1 1
 ab sin Cˆ  bc sin Aˆ  ac sin Bˆ D
2 2 2
 s ( s  a)( s  b)( s  c) c A
B
1
where s  (a  b  c)
2
a
b

Prof. Adel El-Shazly Calculation of Areas and Volumes


Cross- coordinate method x1 y1 D (x4,y4)
x2 y2
x3 y3
x4 y4 C
(x3,y3)
x1 y1

A
2(area)  ( x1 y2  x2 y3  x3 y4  x4 y1 ) (x1,y1)

 ( y1 x2  y2 x3  y3 x4  y4 x1 )
x1 y1
B (x2,y2)
x2 y2
x3 y3

2(area)  ( x1 y2  x2 y3  x3 y4       xn 1 yn  xn y1 ) x4 y4

 ( y1 x2  y2 x3  y3 x4       yn 1 xn  yn x1 ) -- --
xn-1 yn-1
xn yn
x1 y1
Prof. Adel El-Shazly Calculation of Areas and Volumes
Irregular – sided Plan Areas
Divide the area into strips with equal width D

O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7
Trapezoidal rule

area 
D
O1  O7  2(O2  O3  O4  O5  O6 ) D
2 O=ordinate
D
area   first ordinate  last ordinate  twice all other ordinates
2
Simpson’s rule

area 
D
O1  O7  4(O2  O4  O6 )  2(O3  O5 )
3
D
area   first ordinate  last ordinate  4(even ordinates)  2(remaining odd ordinates) 
3
Simpson’s rule can only be applied to an odd number of ordinates.
Prof. Adel El-Shazly Calculation of Areas and Volumes
Calculation of Cross Sectional Areas
Formulae for Particular Cross Sections b b

Existing Ground Horizontal


h
2W = 2(b + nh)
Cross-sectional area = A = h(2b + nh) W W

Prof. Adel El-Shazly Calculation of Areas and Volumes


Calculation of Volumes

Volumes from Cross Sections

End area method (similar to trapezoidal rule)


D
V ( first CS  last CS  twice all other CSs)
2

Prismoidal formula

A1 D

D
V ( first CS  last CS 4(even numbered CSs)  2(remaining odd numbered CSs))
3

Prof. Adel El-Shazly Calculation of Areas and Volumes


Volumes from Spot Heights D

h1 h2 h3
D
h7
h4 h5 h6

h8 h9 h10 h11

A
V ( sin gle depths  2 double depths  3 triple depths  4 quadruple depths)
4

Volume from Contours A4


A3
C.I
V ( A1  A4  2( A2  A3)) A2
2 A1

Prof. Adel El-Shazly Calculation of Areas and Volumes

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