BUILDING

BUILDING

BUILDING : (BNBC-93)
Any permanent or semi-permanent structure
which is constructed or erected for human
habitation or storage or for any other purpose
and includes the foundation, plinth, walls,
floors, roofs, chimneys, fixed platform,
verandah, balcony, cornice, projections,
extensions, annexes and any land or space
enclosed by wall adjacent to it. The term
building will also include the sanitary,
plumbing, HVAC, outdoor display structure,
signs and all other building service
installations which are constructed or erected
as an integral part of a building.
HIGH RISE BUILDING

TALL BUILDING
SCYSCRAPER
What is a tall building?
Council on Tall Buildings & Urban Habitat
A building is deemed “tall” when its design,
use or operation is influenced by some
aspect of “tallness”.
High rise is defined differently by different bodies.

Emporis standards- The International Conference on

“A multi-story structure between 35- Fire Safety –
100 meters tall, or a building of "any structure where the height can
unknown height from 12-39 floors is have a serious impact on
termed as high rise. evacuation“

Building code of Hyderabad,India-

Massachusetts, United States
A high-rise building is one with four General Laws –
floors or more, or one 15 meters A high-rise is being higher than 70
or more in height. feet (21 m).
 DEFINITION OF HIGH RISE
BUILDING -BNBC

 As per BNBC-
93 :
Any building
which is more
than 6 storeys
or 20 m high
Demand for High Rise Building

•Scarcity of land in urban areas

•Increasing demand for business and residential space
•Economic growth
•Technological advancements
•Innovation in STRUCTURAL System
•Desire for Aesthetics in urban settings
•Concept of city skyline
•Cultural significance and prestige
•Human aspiration to build higher
Tall Building Evolution

Modern tall buildings are made possible due to the

three greatest technological advancements:

1. Invention of elevators __________(by Otis in 1852).

2. Invention of new construction materials,

e.g.
steel (by William Kelly in 1847),
reinforced concrete (by Joseph Monier in 1849).
composite materials (in 20th century).

3. Invention of innovative structural forms

 EARLY SKYSCRAPERS
HOME INSURANCE BUILDING

Place: Chicago, USA Architect: William LeBaron Jenney

Height: 42 meters Finished: 1884
 EARLY SKYSCRAPERS
15 PARK ROW

Place: New York, USA Architect: Robert Robinson

Height: 119 meters Finished: 1899
 EARLY SKYSCRAPERS
METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE BUILDING

Place: New York, USA Architect: Pierre LeBrun

Height: 214 meters Finished: 1909
 EARLY
SKYSCRAPERS
CHICAGO TRIBUNE TOWER

Place: Chicago, USA Architect: Hood and Howells

Height: 141 meters Finished: 1925
 EARLY SKYSCRAPERS
EMPIRE STATE BUILDING

Place: New York, USA Architect: Shreve, Lamb and Harmon

Height: 381 meters Finished: 1931
 INTERNATIONAL STYLE
LEVER HOUSE

Place:: New York, USA Architect: Skidmore, Owings and Merril

Height: 92 meters Finished: 1952
 INTERNATIONAL STYLE
SEAGRAM BUILDING

Place: New York, USA Architect: Mies van der Rohe and Philip
JohnsonHeight: 157 meters Finished: 1958
 INTERNATIONAL STYLE
METLIFE BUILDING

Place: New York, USA Architect: Roth, Gropius and Belluschi

Height: 246 meters Finished: 1963
 INTERNATIONAL STYLE
LAKE POINT TOWER

Place: Chicago, USA Architect: Schipporeit and Heinrich

Height: 197 meters Finished: 1968
 INTERNATIONAL STYLE
WORLD TRADE CENTER

Place: New York, USA Architect: Minoru Yamasaki

Height: 417-415 meters Finished: 1972
 INTERNATIONAL STYLE
WORLD TRADE CENTER

Place: New York, USA Architect: Minoru Yamasaki

Height: 417-415 meters Finished: 1972
 INTERNATIONAL STYLE
TRANSAMERICA PYRAMID

Place: San Francisco , USA Architect: Pereira & Associates

Height: 260 meters Finished: 1972
 INTERNATIONAL STYLE
42 TOWER

Place: London , England Architect: Seifert & Partners

Height: 183 meters Finished: 1980
 POSTMODERNISM AND THE EAST BOOM
BANK OF AMERICA CENTER

Place: Houston, USA Architect: Philip Johnson and Burgee

Height: 238 meters Finished: 1983
POSTMODERNISM AND THE EAST BOOM
KIO TOWERS

Place: Madrid Architect: Philip Johnson and Burgee

Height: 114 meters Finished: 1996
 THE NEW MILENIUM

BURJ DUBAI

Place: Dubai, United Arab Emirates Architect: SOM

Height: +800 meters Finished: 2009
CHALLENGE
 Control of DEFLECTION
 Lateral Load Resisting
 Earthquake
 Wind Load
Structural Loads • Gravity loads
– Dead loads
– Live loads
– Snow loads

• Lateral loads
– Wind loads
– Seismic loads

• Special load cases

– Impact loads
– Blast loads

Seismic Loads Wind Loads

How to divert the forces safely?
 Dissipation of forces through reliable
load paths:
Primary load paths

Horizontal vertical
Horizontal load path
 Tuned liquid dampeners (TLD)
 Self righting buildings
 Tuned mass dampeners (TMD)
 Base isolation
 Vertical load path:

Sesimic resistance of building can be

enhanced mainly by:

 Providing shear walls .

 Tubular designs(tube in tube/tube in tubes).
 Providing bracing in walls.
KEY CONCEPT TO EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT STRUCTURES

 Ductility
 Diverting the forces of an
earthquake safely
HOW TO INCREASE DUCTILTY?
 Ductility of a section can be increased by :
 Decrease the % of the tension steel.
 Increase the % of compression steel.
 Else provide as per steel beam theory.
 Increase in compressive strength of
concrete.
 Increase in transverse shear
reinforcement.

 For ductile detailng –IS 13920- 1993.

TYPES OF TALL BUILDINGS
Evolution of Structural Systems
A clear classification of high-rise buildings with respect to
their structural system is difficult

A rough classification can be made with respect to

effectiveness in resisting lateral loads

Structural Systems

• Moment resisting frame systems

• Braced frame, shear wall systems
• Core and outrigger systems
• Tubular systems
– Framed tubes
– Trussed tubes
– Bundled tubes

• Hybrid systems
BRACED STRUCTURES

DIAGONAL BRACING X- BRACING V- BRACING

INVERTED V- BRACING K- BRACING

BELT TRUSS SYSTEM
Tubular System
• Majority of structural elements around the perimeter

• Sides normal to lateral load resist bending

• Sides parallel to lateral load resist shear

• Minimize number of interior columns

• Closely spaced exterior columns Increased

Hybrid Systems
• Combine advantages of different structural and material systems
• Composite material system
• Concrete super columns
• Steel encased concrete columns
• Composite floor system
• Steel truss and outrigger systems
• High strength concrete super columns reduce deflections and weight
• Steel encased HS concrete combines
• easy erectability of steel,
• axial load capacity of HS concrete,
• efficient confinement and reinforcement.
SHEAR WALL
 Shear wall system

• A type of rigid frame

construction.

• The shear wall is in steel

or concrete to provide
greater lateral rigidity. It
is a wall where the entire
material of the wall is
employed in the
resistance of both
horizontal and vertical
loads.
 Shear wall system

• Is composed of braced panels (or shear panels) to

counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure.
Wind & earthquake loads are the most common among
the loads.
• For skyscrapers,
as the size of the
structure creases,
so does the size of
the supporting
wall. Shear walls
tend to be used
only in
conjunction with
other support
systems.
What is a Shear Wall ?

Buildings often have vertical plate-like

RC walls called Shear Walls

in addition to slabs, beams and columns.

PURPOSE OF A SHEAR WALL
Shear walls provide large strength and
stiffness to buildings in the direction of
their orientation, which significantly
reduces lateral sway of the building and
there by enhances the earthquake
resistance of the structure.
How shear forces work?
Architectural Aspects of Shear
Walls
 Shear walls should be provided along
preferably both length and width.
 If they are provided along only one
direction, a proper grid of beams and
columns in the vertical plane (called a
moment-resistant frame) must be
provided along the other direction to
resist strong earthquake effects.
 Door or window openings can be provided in
shear walls, but their size must be small to
ensure least interruption to force flow
through walls.
 Shear walls in buildings must be
symmetrically located in plan to reduce ill-
effects of twist in buildings.
 Shear walls are more effective when located
along exterior perimeter of the building.
GEOMETRY OF SHEAR WALLS
 Shear walls are oblong in cross-section,
i.e., one dimension of the cross-section
is much larger than the other.
 While rectangular cross-section is
common, L- and U-shaped sections are
also used.
ADVANTAGES OF SHEAR WALLS
 Shear walls are easy to construct,
because reinforcement detailing of walls
is relatively straight-forward and
therefore easily implemented at site.
 Shear walls are efficient, both in terms
of construction cost and effectiveness in
minimizing earthquake damage in
structural and non-structural elements
(like glass windows and building
contents).
TUBED STRUCTURES
TUBED
STRUCTURE
What are TUBED STRUCTURES?
 A three dimensional space structure
composed of three, four, or possibly more
frames, braced frames, or shear walls,
joined at or near their edges to form a
vertical tube-like structural system capable
of resisting lateral forces in any direction by
cantilevering from the foundation.
The tube system concept is based on the idea
that a building can be designed to resist lateral
loads by designing it as a hollow cantilever
perpendicular to the ground.
•In the simplest incarnation of the tube, the
perimeter of the exterior consists of closely
spaced columns that are tied together with deep
spandrel beams through moment connections.
ADVANTAGES
 Framed tubes allow fewer interior
columns, and so create more usable
floor space.
 It can take a variety of floor plan shapes
from square and rectangular, circular,
and freeform giving scope for
architecture.
TYPES OF TUBED STRUCTURES

 Bundled Tube
 Framed Tube
 Braced Tube
 Tube in Tube
BUNDLED TUBE
BUNDLED TUBE SYSTEM
The concept allows for wider
column spacing in the tubular
walls than would be possible
with only the exterior frame
tube form.

The spacing which make it

possible to place interior
frame lines without seriously
compromising interior space
planning.

The ability to modulate the

cells vertically can create a
powerful vocabulary for a
variety of dynamic shapes
therefore offers great latitude
in architectural planning of at
all building.
FRAMED TUBE
FRAMED-TUBE STRUCTURES
The lateral resistant of the framed-tube structures is provided by
very stiff moment-resistant frames that form a “tube” around the
perimeter of the building.

The basic inefficiency of the frame system for reinforced

concrete buildings of more than 15 stories resulted in member
proportions of prohibitive size and structural material cost
premium, and thus such system were economically not viable.

The frames consist of 6-12 ft (2-4m) between centers, joined by

deep spandrel girders.

Gravity loading is shared between the tube and interior column

or walls.

When lateral loading acts, the perimeter frame aligned in the

direction of loading acts as the “webs” of the massive tube of the
cantilever, and those normal to the direction of the loading act
as the “flanges”.

The tube form was developed originally for building of

rectangular plan, and probably it’s most efficient use in that
shape.
BRACED TUBE
THE TRUSSED TUBE Recently the use of perimeter diagonals – thus
the term “DIAGRID” - for structural effectiveness
The trussed tube system represents a classic and lattice-like aesthetics has generated renewed
solution for a tube uniquely suited to the qualities interest in architectural and structural designers
and character of structural steel.
of tall buildings.
Interconnect all exterior columns to form a rigid
box, which can resist lateral shears by axial in its
members rather than through flexure.

Introducing a minimum number of diagonals on

each façade and making the diagonal intersect at
the same point at the corner column.

The system is tubular in that the fascia diagonals

not only form a truss in the plane, but also
interact with the trusses on the perpendicular
faces to affect the tubular behavior. This creates
Introducing a minimum
the x form between corner columns on each
number of diagonals on each
façade.
façade and
making the diagonal
Relatively broad column spacing can resulted intersect at the same point
large clear spaces for windows, a particular at the corner column
characteristic of steel buildings.
John Hancock
The façade diagonalization serves to equalize the Center introduced
gravity loads of the exterior columns that give a trussed tube
significant impact on the exterior architecture. design.
TUBE IN TUBE
TUBE-IN-TUBE SYSTEM
Lumbago Tatung Haji
This variation of the framed tube Building, Kuala Lumpur
consists of an outer frame tube,
the “Hull,” together
with an internal elevator and
service core.

The Hull and core act jointly in

resisting both gravity and lateral
loading.

The outer framed tube and the

inner core interact horizontally as
the shear and flexural
components of a wall-frame
structure, with the benefit of
increased lateral stiffness.

The structural tube usually adopts

a highly dominant role because of
its much greater structural depth.
CASE STUDY
 POSTMODERNISM AND THE EAST BOOM
BURJ AL ARAB

Place: Dubai, United Arab Emirates Architect: W.S.Atkins Design

Height: 321 meters Finished: 1999
BURJ AL ARAB
BURJ AL ARAB
BURJ AL ARAB
 THE NEW MILENIUM

BURJ DUBAI Coupled Reinforced Concrete

System
•Over 800 m
•Over 160 stories – Office & residential
•Under construction, expected completion
2008
•Architect: Skidmore O
•Engineer: Leslie E. Robertson Assoc.
•Expected to be China’s tallest building and
the world’s third tallest building

Place: Dubai, United Arab Emirates Architect: SOM

Height: +800 meters Finished: 2009
 Bundled Tubed + Belt
trusses are added to the
top location of each
change in bundle
configuration

SEARS TOWER

Place: Chicago, USA Architect: SOM

Height: 442 meters Finished: 1974
Sears
Tower

Bundled
tube
concept
 Sears
Tower

Nine Bundled Tubes, each 25

m wide with no columns
between core and perimeter.

Belt trusses are added to the top

location of each change in bundle
configuration
PETRONAS TOWERS

Place: Kuala Lumpur, Malasia Architect: Cesar Pelli & Associates

Height: 452 meters Finished: 1998
 PETRONAS TOWERS

Tube in Tube Concept

The Petronas Towers' structural

system is a tube in tube design,
invented by Fazlur Rahman Khan
Applying a tube-structure for
extreme tall buildings is a common
phenomenon.
PETRONAS TOWERS

A double decker
skybridge connecting the
two towers on the 41st and
42nd floors,

It is not attached to the main

structure,

but is instead designed to slide

in and out of the towers to
prevent it from breaking as the
towers sway several feet in
towards and away from each
other during high winds.

It also provides some structural

support to the towers in these
occasions.
 Concrete Core + Outrigger
Braced System
• 484m
• 118 Stories – Office & Hotel
• Under construction,
expected completion 2007
INTERNATIONAL • Architect: Kohn, Pedersen
and Fox Assoc. & Wong
COMMERCE and Ouyang (HK) Ltd.
CENTRE • Engineer: Ove Arup &
Partners
• Expected to be Hong Kong’s
tallest building and the

Place: hong Kong, China Architect: KPF and Wang & Ouyang
Height: 484 meters Finished: Building
• 4-level steel outriggers
• Reinforced concrete core
• High stiffness reinforced
concrete mega columns
• Change in structural form at the
hotel levels

INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCE CENTRE
 Composite Space Truss
•492 m
•101 stories – Office & Hotel
•Under construction,
expected completion
2007
SHANGHAI WORLD •Architect: Kohn, Pedersen
and Fox Assoc. &
FINANCIAL CENTER East China Architectural
Design & Research
Institute
•Engineer: Leslie E.
Robertson Assoc.
•Expected to be China’s
tallest building and
the world’s third tallest
building

Place: Shanghai, China Architect: KPF Associates

Height: 492 meters Finished: 2008
 Braced core & Out rigger
Frame
•

TAIPEI 101

Place: Taipei, Taiwan Architect: C.Y.Lee

Height: 509 meters Finished: 2004
 core-and-shell
structural system

LOTTE TOWER

Place: Seul, North Korea Architect: SOM

Height: 555 meters Finished: Building
 Coupled Reinforced Concrete
System
•Over 800 m
•Over 160 stories – Office &
residential
•Under construction,
BURJ DUBAI expected completion
2008
•Architect: Skidmore O
•Engineer: Leslie E.
Robertson Assoc.
•Expected to be China’s
tallest building and
the world’s third tallest
building

Place: Dubai, United Arab Emirates Architect: SOM

Height: +800 meters Finished: 2009
THANK YOU