UGO3-S012E

User's Guide
ASEA BROWN SOVERI
February 1989
Changed since:
ABB Relays June 1984
,
Data subject to change
without notice
Type RADSB
Transformer differential relay

GENERAL A transformer differential relay is connected so that it is supplied

with currents proportional to the current in to the power transform-
er and to the current out from the transformer, see fig. 1.

The relay is connected to line current transformers and possible

awciliary current transformers. The rat ios and connections of the
current transformers should be selected with consideration taken to
the ratio and connection of the power transformer and in principle
so that the differential currents will be zero during normal operat-
ion. For power transformers with tap-changers for voltage controI,
the average ratio of the taps should be used for calculation.

5= restraint circuitry
d = differential circuitry

Fig. l The schematic principle for a transformer differential relay

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List of contents Page

GENERAL l
Normal operation 3
Internal faults 3
External faults 3
Energization of the power transformer 3
Overvoltage 4

APPLICA TION 4
Calculation of current ratio 5
Yy-connected power transformer with two
windings 6
Dy-connected power transformer with two
windings 8
Power transformers with three windings 9
Calculation example 10
Choise of auxiliary current transformers 11
Connectiondiagrams 16

DESIGN
Hardware description 21
Test switch 23
DC-DC converter 23
Transformer units 23
Measuring uni t 23
Output tripping relay 24
Phase indicator uni t 24
Target relay 24
Setting mechanics 25
Technical data 25
Mounting details 27

OPERA TION 28

TESTING 34
Receiving 34
Storage 34
Installation 34
Maintenance 34
Test reports 35
General check 35
Auxiliary current transformer test 35
Insulation test 36
Check of operating current 36
Check of tripping circuits 36
Service test with load current through
the power transformer 36
Tripping test 39
Test with energization of the power
transformer 39

COMMlSSIONING 39

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS 40
 E
3

Normal operation During normal conditions, a small current flows through the
differential circuit of the relay. This current corresponds to the
excitation current of the power transformer and to a current
depending on the ratio error of the current. transformers. Normally,
these two currents only comprise a small percentage of the rated
current. However, it is possible, with power transformers with tap-
changers, at rated load and with the tap-changer in one end-
position, to obtain a current in the differential circuit, which can be
up to 20 % of the rated current, depending on the tap-changer
regulating range.
Interna! faults The duty of the transformer differential relay is to detect internal
faults (that is faults within the power transformer or on the
connecting lines, for example feeding cables) and then rapid ly
initiate disconnection of the supply to the power transformer. Then
damages, as weil as non-selective tripping of other protective
relays, are prevented. The internal faults that can occur are:

Short circuits
Ground faults
Turn-to-turn faults

Externa! fauJts When faults arise outside the current transformers, the differential
circuit of the relay may be supplied with a relatively large current,
which can be caused by ratio errors in the current transformers, or
by the tap-changer not being in the centre-tap position. If the tap-
changer is in a position 20 % from the centre-tap position, and the
short-circuit current is 10 times the rated current, a differential
current of twice the rated current is obtained. The differential relay
shall not operate for this differential current. In order to make an
opera te value setting for such high o\'ercurrent unnecessary, the
differential relay is provided with a through-fault restraint with
restraining circuits according to fig 1. The relay will then not react
for the absolute value of the differential current, but for a certain
percentage differential current re late d to the current through the
power transformer.

Energization of the power transformer

When energizing a power transformer, it is possible to obtain a large

inrush current in the exciting winding and then proportionally large
currents in the differential circuits of the relay. The magnitude and
duration of the inrush current depend on the instant of switching in
the power transformer (the point on wave), power transformer
remanance, the design of the power transformer, the type of
transformer connection, the method of neutral grounding, the fault
MY A rating of the power system, and power transformers connected
in parallei. In modern power transformers the current can be 5-10
times the rated current when switching in to the high voltage side,
and 10-20 times the rated current when switching in to the low
vol tage side.

To prevent the relay to operate when energizing a power trans-

former , it is not possible, as a rule, to delar the operation during
such a long time as required. Thus, an instantaneous rclay must have
a magnetizing inrush restraint and thereby utilize a certain charact-
eristic difference between the inrush current and the fault current.

...
UGO3-5012
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Overvoltage Occasionally, short duration voltage increases may arise during

abnormal system conditions. This is a characteristic of generator-
transformer units especially. Power transformers with grain-orient-
ed steel cores usually have a high magnetic flux densit y at rated
voltage, but in spite of this, the excitation current is small.
However, during voltage increases, the excitation current will
increase considerably and may be larger than the set operate value
of the differential relay. The relay should therefore be equipped
with some sort of restraint, or blocking, function to prevent
unnecessaryoperation.
APPLICA TION The RADSB is a three-phase transformer-differential relay intended
for all types of auto-transformers and multiple winding transfor-
mers. RADSB is available with up to six restraint inputs. The relay
is also weIl suited for generator and step-up transformer overall
protection, of ten including the auxiliary transformer in the protect-
ed zone.

The non-linear percentage restraint characteristic prov ides the

required restraint 10r external faults. This makes the relay suitable
for use with multi-winding transformers, auto-transformers or in a
system where one transformer winding is directly connected to two
or more breakers. The characteristics are designed to provide
excellent internal fault sensitivity; RADSB is virtually unaffected
by load restraint.

The RADSB relay also has an unrestrained instantaneous module

which responds to the total differential current (less any dc compo-
nent). This module will prov ide redundant operation for severe
internai faults.

The second and fifth harmonic restraint voltages for each phase are
paralieled and used for harmonic restraint for each phase.

The polyphase harmonic restraint circuitry prevents the relay from

operating on inrush currents yet has a minimum effect on relay
sensitivity if an internal fault occurs during energization. The fifth
harmonic is used to prevent operation of the relay due to possible
overexcitation of the transformer. Overexcitation protection should
be provided by a V1Hz relay (preferably type RA TUB which has an
inverse-time operate characteristic).

Auxiliary CT's are used to balance the currents to the relay. In

addition auxiliary CT's may be used to reduce the effective lead
burden of long secondary leads. The differential zone of the relay
can include up to three kilometer of high voltage cable since
adequate filtering prov ides sequrity against high current oscillat-
ions.
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5

Fig. 2 Application cxamples for type RADSB.

Calculation of current ratio

One or several sets of single-phase auxiliary current transformers

are used to balance the differential relay, that means to match the
relay inputs to rated current of the relay. The auxiliary CT's have a
connection and a turn ratio that in each individual case are adapted
to the connection and rated data of the power transformer and to
the ratios of the main current transformers.

The transformer differential relays type RADSB have the rated

current l or 5 A (in the following denoted In). The restrained
operation is set to 20, 25, 35 or 50 % of In.

When the main current transformers are not matched to a certain

degree to the rate d load of the power transformer, the secondary
currents can deviate considerably from In- Then it is necessary to
connect in auxiliary current transformers. If the ratio of the main
current transformers is such that the secondary current at rated
load only is for example 65 % of In, the real sensitivity of the
differential relay will be 50 % lower than the set value. Auxiliary
current transformers should therefore always be used when there is
a lower secondary rated current. Otherwise the sensitiv ity (calculat-
ed in % of the rated current of the power transformer) of the
transformer differential relay can reach unacceptable values.

The secondary circuits are normally arranged so that the currents to

the differential relay will be approximately 1 or 5 A at rated load of
the power transformer. This adaptation is donc with a set of
auxiliary current transformers for each transformer winding accord-
ing to Figures 9-17.

One set of auxiliary current transformers can sometimes be omitt-

ed. See Figures 10, 11, 12 14 and 16 where a Yy-connected auxiliary
current transformer set is dotted. However, if all the windings of
the power transformer are provided with auxiliary current trans-
formers, the best stability is obtained during externa! fau1ts.

Especially when there are large through-fault currents with a long

time constant, it is suitable to usc auxiliary current transformers
for all the windings of the powcr transformer. In such case there is
no risk for unwanted operation duc to CT saturation.

UGO3-5012
 UGO3-5012 E
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Figures 9 to 17 show some standard connections for power transfor-

mers with two or three windings and different types of connections.

The secondary circuits can also be arranged in other ways, hut as a

rule, the Y-connected main current transformer should supply Y-
connected windings of the auxiliary current transformers so that
correct operation is obtained for both internai and external ground-
faults in networks with a large ground-fault current.

In addition, it should be noted that in the cage of Yy-connected

power transformers, the neutral of the differential relay should not
be connected to the neutral of the main current transformers.
During external faults, fault currents can otherwise pass through the
differential circuit of the relay and cause maloperation.

Yy-connected power transformer with two windings

The rated currents InI and In2 of the power transformer are
calculated based on given transformer data. The current ratios of
~ the main current transformers, Il/il and I2/i2, are used for calcula-
tians of the secondary currents inI and in2.

When defining the current ratios of the auxiliary current trans-

formers, the ones for the primary side should be defined first, that
means in prim / in seco Corresponding marking is p l-P2/5 l-52. The
current ratio has been given for each transformer set in Figures 3-7.

The calculation of ini and in2 is done according to the formulas

and 2.

Sn
ini = x- il (l)
Ul x /T II

s
x-i2 00000 (2)
12

Sn = the rated power of the power transformer

The formulas are exactly valid for power transformers with fixed
ratio, that means without regulating possibilities with for example
tap changers. When there are power transformers with voltage

regulation and with ratio U1/(U2 ~~~ %)

the "average voltage" U'2 = U2 (1 + ~ ) is calcualted for the

secondary side. This forms the base for the calculation of the
primary and secondary currents.

One set of auxiliary current transformers

Each individual CT should be ordered for the ratio in2/inl (see fig.
3) for the three-phase auxiliary current transformer set.

The D-connected equalizing windings of the auxiliary current trans-

formers are used to eliminate possible zero sequence currents in
case of external ground-faults and should always be arranged for
rated current 1 A.
 UGO3-5012 E
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U1

I, I i1

T
In1

Ilr--~
l~~1
3111 ~ ISn
lit- -_.'~ cl cJ I

in'

Inl
in2/in1 -

~ ~E-~
51 52 U1 U2 P2 P1

U2
12/i2

Fig 3

Two sets of auxiliary current transformers

Connection according to Fig. 4 and 9.

When auxiliary current transformers are used on both windings of
the power transformer they should be Yd-connected. In that case
there is no need for any D-connected equalizing winding. The rat ios
between the current transformers in the separate sets will be
according to Fig. 4. When all windings are equipped with auxiliary
current transformers, a differential relay with the rated current of
l A is most suitable selected.

,
 UGO3-5012 E
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Fig 4

Dy-connected power transformer with two windings

One set of auxiliary current transformers

-~ ~

Connectionaccording to Figures 5, la and Il.

The current ratio is the same as shown in Fig. 3, but with the
difference that the rated current for the D-connected windings of
the auxiliary current transformers will be inl/ n:

Fig 5
 UGO3-5012 E
9

Two sets ofauxiliarycurrent transformers

I
The ratio of the different sets will be inI lInd and in2f-!2E-,
respectively ~

Power transformers with three windings

Connectionsaccording to Figures 6, 7, 13, 14, 15 or 16.

Power transformers with three windings of ten have different rated
power Snl, Sn2 and Sn3 of the windings.

When the ratios of the auxiliary current transformers are calcu-

lated, the highest rated power is used for all the windings. To obtain
the best adaptation of the different sets of auxiliary current
transformers with regard to external faults, there should not be any
correction of the current ratios to the actual rated power of the
winding.
The current to the differential relay from one or more windings
having lower rated power will then be lower at rated power than the
rated current of the auxiliary current transformers in proportion to
the rated powers. See the foliowing calculation exampJe.

Two sets of auxiliary current transformers

Sn3

U2 U3

Fig 6
 UGO3-5012 E
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Threesetsof auxiliary current transformers

lnd
In1/{t"

in' --

In;
1n2/7T
1
::::J ~ in2
...~~~ ~
51 52 P2 P1

in3/1nd
3 -3E
!.n.:.
--
51 52 P2 P1

Fig 7
Calculation example for three sets of auxiliary current transformers

(Figures 7 and 14)

Power transformer:
Snl/Sn2/Sn3 = 20/20/8 MYA

U1/U2/U3 = 77:!: 15 %/21,5/11 kV

Connection = YyO dll (fig 6 )

Main currrent transformers:

Position 77 kV 21.5 kV 11 kV

Current ratio 200/2 A 600/5 A 600/5 A

Connection y y y

Differential relay:

Type RADSB with rated current l A.

 UGO3-5012 E
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According to formulas l and 2 (see Yy connected power transformer

with two windings) the ratio will be for

a) the auxiliary current transformers in set connected Yd

.I l = 20000 2 /-.-!-.
InI ff X'IrJrJ ~- = 1,50/-1--
1"3 A
77 x --

b) the auxiliary current transformers in set 2 connected Yd

= 20000 5
x bcr-cr/ -I)
l = 4.48/-.! A
21.5 x ff Ir
c) the auxiliary current transformers in set 3 connected Yy

in3/1 = 20000
11 x n-
The primary and secondary currents at the rated power will be
8 /
8.7 x 70" 8 = 3.5/0.4 A
l x 70"

Choice of auxiliary current transformers

As a standard the reconnectible multi-tapped auxiliary current

transformer type SLCE 12 should be used, see B03-9280E. This CT is
available in three versions with the current ratios 0.65-2.60/1 A,
2.55-10.1/1 A and 2.85-11.2/5 A, see Tables 1 to 3. The auxiliary CT
can be connected in such war that the secondary current in an
unloaded condition deviates maximum! 3 % from the rated value
for a current within the range of the auxiliary CT. These auxiliary
current transformers can be used even when a secondary current
less than l A or 5 A, alternatively, is requested. This can be the
case when, for example, auxiliary current transformers in a three-
phase group should be D-connected and the desired secondary
current is 1/ n A, or 5/ n-- A, respectively.

It is an advantage that the auxiliary current transformers are

located close to the differential relay so they can get as high
saturation factor as possible. The saturation factor (n) can be
calculated according to following formula:
a
n=b+"-z

where a = a constant (ohms), which depends on the design of the

current transformer and the frequency of the network.
It is given in Table l at 50 Hz. The value is 20 % higher
at 60 Hz.
b = the impedance of the secondary winding
z = the impedance of the burden (wires and the differential
relay).

Y"3
ff
 UGO3-5012 E
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Table
Transformer SLCE 12 for I p = 0,65 -2,60 A, Is = 1 A
Ordering number 4785 040-VP
Primary Turn Connect on Connections on a b Power Con-
current ratio primary side secondary side sumption at
between terminals between terminals I =1 A
s
A ohm ohm VA
0,650-0,670 200/130 PI-7, 9-10, 12-P2 51-1,2-6,4-5,3-52 56 0,47 1,0
0,671-0,710 200/138 51-1,2-4,3-52 60 0,44 1,0
J,711-0,750 200/146 51-1,2-6,5-52 63 0,42 1,0
0,751-0,790 200/154 51-1,2-52 67 0,39 1,0
0,791-0,830 200/162 51-1,2-5,6-52 70 0,42 1,1
1),831-0,870 200/170 51-1,2-3,4-52 74 0,44 1,2
J,871-0,900 200/178 51-1,2-3,4-5,6-52 77 0,47 1,2
0,901-0,930 170/1 54 P1-7,9-10, -P2 51-1,2-52 67 0,39 1,2
0,931-0,980 170/1 62 51-1,2-5,6-52 70 0,42 1,2
0,981-1,02 170/1 70 51-1,2-3,4-52 74 0,44 1,4
1,03-1,07 170/1 78 51-1,2-3,4-5,6-52 77 0,47 1,4
1,08-1,12 140/154 PI-l, 8-10, ll-P2 51-1,2-52 67 0,39 1,4
1,13-1,18 140/162 51-1,2-5,6-52 70 0,42 1,4
1,19-1,24 140/170 51-1,2-3,4-52 74 0,44 1,6
1,25-1,28 140/178 51-1,2-3,4-5,6-52 77 0,47 1,6
1,29-1,34 100/130 PI-l, PI-lO, 9-P2 51-1,2-6,4-5,3-52 56 0,47 1,0
1,35-1,42 100/138 and 12-P2 51-1,2-4,3-52 60 0,44 1,0
1,43-1,50 100/146 51-1,2-6,5-52 63 0,42 1,0
.,51-1,58 100/154 51-1,2-52 67 0,39 1,0
1,59-1,66 100/162 51-1,2-5,6-52 70 0,42 1,2
1,67-1,74 100/170 51-1,2-3,4-52 74 0,44 1,2
1,75-1,81 100/178 51-1,2-3,4-5,6-52 77 0,47 1,4
,82-1,91 70/130 PI-7, PI-ID, 8-P2 51-l, 2-6, 4-5, 3-52 56 0,47 1,2
1,92-2,01 70/138 and II-P2 51-1,2-4,3-52 60 0,44 1,2
2,02-2,14 70/146 51-1,2-6,5-52 63 0,42 1,2
2,15-2,25 70/154 67
51-1 2-522-5,6-2-3,4-2-3,4-
0,39 1,4
2,26-2,37 70/162 51-1 ;2 70 0,42 1,4
2,38-2,48 70/170 51-1 ;25, 74 0,44 1,6
2,49-2,60 70/178 51-1 6-52 77 0,47 1,6
ions
 UGO3-5012 E
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Table 2

Transformer SLCE 12 for I = 2,55 -10, A, Is = l A

P
Ordering number 4785 040-VR

Primary Turn Connections on Connections on a b Power Con-

current ratio primary side secondary side sumptlon at
between terminals between terminals I =1 A
s
A ohm ohm VA

2,55-2,67 50/130 PI-?, 9-10, 12-P2 51-1,2-6,4-5,3-52 56 0,47 1,2

2,68-2,84 50/138 51-1,2-4,3-52 60 0,44 1,2
2,85-3,00 50/146 51-1,2-6,5-52 63 0,42 1,2

3,01-3,16 50/154 51-1,2-52 67 0,39 1,2

3,17-3,32 50/162 51-1,2-5,6-52 70 0,42 1,4
3,33-3,48 50/170 51-1,2-3,4-52 74 0,44 1,4
3,49-3,66 50/178 51-1,2-3,4-5,6-52 77 0,47 1,6
-~~c-

3,67-3,86 43/162 PI-7,9-10, l-P2 51-1,2-5,6-52 70 0,42 1,4

3,87-4,04 43/170 51-1,2-3,4-52 74 0,44 1,6
4,05-4,21 43/178 51-1,2-3,4-5,6-52 77 0,47 1,6

4,22-4,38 36/154 PI-l, 8-10, ll-P2 51-1,2-52 67 0,39 1,6

4,39-4,61 36/162 51-1,2-5,6-52 70 0,42 1,6
4,62-4,83 36/170 51-1,2-3,4-52 74 0,44 1,8
4,84-5,07 36/178 51-1,2-3,4-5,6-52 77 0,47 1,8

5,08-5,35 25/130 PI-?, PI-1O, 9-P2 51-1,2-6, lj -5,3-52 56 0,47 1,2

5,36-5,67 25/138 and 12-P2 51-1,2-4, :3-52 60 0,44 1,2
5,68-5,99 25/146 51-1,2-6,5 -52 63 0,42 1,4

6,00-6,31 25/154 51-1,2-52 67 0,39 1,4

6,32-6,64 25/162 51-1,2-5,6-52 70 0,42 1,4
6,65-6,95 25/170 51-1,2-3,4-52 74 0,44 1,6
6,96-7,17 25/178 51-1,2-3,4-5,6-52 77 0,47 1,8

7,18-7,44 18/130 PI-?, PI-lO, 8-P2 51-1,2-6,4-5,3-52 56 0,47 1,4

7,45-7,88 18/138 and II-P2 51-1,2-4,3-52 60 0,44 1,6
7,89-8,33 18/146 51-1,2-6,5-52 63 0,42 1,6

8,34-8,77 18/1.54 51-1,2-52 67 0,39 1,8

8,78-9,21 18/1 62 51-1,2-5,6-52 70 0,42 1,8
9,22-9,60 18/] l70 51-1,2-3,4-52 74 0,44 2,0
9,61-10,1 18/1 l78 51-1,2-3,4-5,6-52 77 0,47 2,2

.
 UGO3-5012 E
14
Table 3
Transformer SLCE 12 for I = 2,85 - 1,2 A, Is = 5 A
P
Ordering number 4785 040-YS
Primary Turn Connections on Connections on a b Power Con-
current ratio primary side secondary side sumDtion at
between terminals between terminals I =1 A
s
A ohm ohm VA
2,85-2,98 62/36 PI-7, 9-10, 12-P2 51-1,2-6,4-5,3-52 3, l 0,046 1,8
~,99-3,14 62/38 51-1,2-4,3-52 3,3 0,041 1,8
W},15-3,30 62/40 51-1,2-6,5-52 3,5 0,040 1,8
3,31-3,46 62/42 51-1,2-52 3,6 0,035 1,8
3,47-3,62 62/44 51-1,2-5,6-52 3,8 0,040 2,0
~,63-3,78 62/46 51-1,2-3,4-52 4,0 0,041 2,2
0,79-3,91 62/48 51-1,2-3,4-5,6-52 4,2 0,046 2,4
3,92-4,05 53/42 P1-7, 9-10, ll-P2 51-1,2-52 3,6 0,035 2,2
4,06-4,24 53/44 SI-l, 2-5, 6-52 3,8 0,040 2,2
4,25-4,43 53/46 51-1,2-3,4-52 4,0 0,041 2,4
4,44-4,65 53/48 51-1,2-3,4-5,6-52 4,2 0,046 2,6
4,66-4,87 44/42 PI-l, 8-10, ll-P2 51-1,2-52 3,6 0,035 2,2
4,88-5,11 44/44 51-1,2-5,6-52 3,8 0,040 2,4
5,12-5,34 44/46 51-1,2-3,4-52 4,0 0,041 2,6
5,35-5,62 44/48 51-1,2-3; 4-5, 6-52 4,2 0,046 2,8
-~--
5,63-5,96 31/36 Pi-?, Pi-i, 9-P2 51-1,2-6,4-5,3-52 3,1 0,046 2,0
5,97-6,28 31/38 and i2-P2 51-1,2-4,3-52 3,3 0,041 2,0
6,29-6,61 31/40 51-1,2-6,5-52 3,5 0,040 2,0
-~,62-6, 9 3b,94-7,25
31/42 51-1,2-52 3,6 0,035 2,0
31/44 51-1,2-5,6-52 3,8 0,040 2,2
7,26-7,57 31/46 51-1,2-3,4-52 4,0 0,041 2,2
7,58-7,95 31/48 51-1,2-3,4-5,6-52 4,2 0,046 2,4
'\
22/36
4 ,96-8,40'-8,41-8,85 PI-7, PI-lO, 8-P2 51-1,2-6,4-5,3-52 3,1 0,046 2,2
22/38 and II-P2 51-1,2-4,3-52 3,3 0,041 2,2
8,86-9,31 22/40 51-1,2-6,5-52 3,5 0,040 2,4
9,32-9,70 22/42 51-1,2-52 3,6 0,035 2,4
9,71- 22/44 51-l: -5, 6-~ 2 3,8 0,040 2,6
10,2J 22/46 51-l: -3, 4-~ 2 4,0 0,041 2,8
10,7J -11,2 22/48 51-l: -3, 4-~ ,6-52 4,2 0,046 2,8
lO,2-10,7
 UGO3-5012 E
15
T~ble 4

Type Current us a b s
ratio
A/A v ohm ohm VA

SLCE 16/350 1/0,4 500 1200 10 3

SLCE 16/350 5/0,4 500 1200 10 3
SLCE 12/200 0.4/1 90 90 0.7 1:3
SLCE 12/200 0.4/5 18 3.5 0.03 1.3

The rate d primary current multiplied by the calculated saturation

factor gives the rated primary current at which the composite error
is about 10 %. This is valid when the primary current is sinusoidal.
At asymmetrical transient currents, the dc component of the
current strives to saturate the care at a lower current than the one
stated by the saturation factor.

The main current transformers and the auxiliary current trans-

formers should have saturation factors that correspond to the
maximum through-fault current. With regard to the magnetizing
inrush current, the saturation factor ought to be at least 20 for
transformers with low « 0.2 T) remanence and 30 with high (> 0.5 T)
remanence. In cage of a large through-fault current with a
superimposed dc-component with a large time constant, it can be
difficult to avoid saturation of the auxiliary current transformers. In
such cages it is recommended that auxiliary CT's of the same type
are used for all windings of the power transformer to avoid the risk
of unnecessary operation at externai faults. To obtain the best
possible saturation factor, the auxiliay current transformers and the
transformer saturation differential relay should be selected for l A
rated current.

Auxiliary CT's type SLCE 12 with fixed ratio, that are ca1culated
and manufactured for specific applications, should be used when the
auxiliary current transformers should have an extra winding for the
D-connected equalizing winding. Type SLCE 12/200 is used for
secondary current 1 A and 1/ lYA. Type SLCE 12/270 is used for 5
A and 5/ ffA. The equa1izing windings shou1dalways have the rated
current l A.

When the differential relay is located at a large distance from the

main current transformers, it may be necessary to locate an extra
set of auxiliary current transformers close to the main current
transformers. This is specifically the ca se when the differential
protection also includes a long supply cable for the power trans-
former. These auxiliary current transformers are selected with a
low secondary current to reduce the burden on the main current
transformers to an acceptable value. The suitable secondary rated
current is 0.4 A. In such cage, a set of auxiliary current transform-
ers type SLCE 16/350 are used and they should be located at the
main current transformers. Another set of auxiliary current trans-
formers type SLCE 12/200 with a secondary current of 1 A or 5 A,
alternatively, are used and located close to the differential relay. In
order to minimize the influence of the capacitance of the pilot
wires, type SLCE 16/350 should then be Yy-connected.
 UGO3-50 12 E
16

If the wires between the current transformers, i.e. the pilot wires,
have such quaIity or they are located in such war that there is risk
for interruptions, non-linear protecti,'e resistors should be connect-
ed to the wires. The protective resistors are allowed to consume
maximum 5 % of the current which fJows in the pilot wires during
maximum through-fault current and should be designed according to
the characteristics in Fig. 8. Open secondary circuits may give
destruction of the main current transformers as weIl as the auxiliary
current transformers.

Flg.8 Current voltage characteristics for the non-linear resistor

Connection diagrams

Power transformer Auxiliary current transformer in Connection

connection according
Winding l Winding 2 Winding 3 to Figure

YyO Yd Yd 9
Dyll (Yy) Yd 10
Yd5 Yd (Yy) 11
OdO (Yy) Yy 12
Yyy Yd Yd Yd 13
Yrd Yd Yd (Yy) 14
Yrd with arti- Yd Yd Ydy 15
ficial neutral
Yrd with arti- Yd Yd Yd (Yy) 16
ficial neutral
Yzll Yd Ydy 17

.
 UGO3-5012 E
17

Fig.9 Connection of RADSB at power transformer connection Yy O.

Fig. 10 Connection of RADSB at power transformer connection

Dy 11.
 UGO3-5012 E
18

Fig. 11 Connection of RADSB at power transformer connection

Yd 5.

Fig. 12 Connection of RADSB at transformer connection Dd O.

 UGO3-5012 E
19

h S

I ~
:'::)
~,51
52

~t---,
~~- lit-

~ ::::J
~ :::::J
.JVY"Y"\..Jv
v..
S1 S2 P2 P1
~ s

51 S2 P2 P1
.j ,;1 -

Fig. 13 Connection of RADSB at transformer connection Yyy.

I 101;'
~,
~
~

tlf--
tlt

~
I EfJ -
u
".
L lA

St.I !..~.
S T
-.-

,..yy ~t yyv.
'Y v...,-' ---
S1 S2 P2 P1

Fig. 14 Connection of RADSB at transformer connection Yrd

,3l
~
 UG03-50 12 E
20

Fig. 5 Connection of RADSB at transformer connection Yyd with

artificial neutral. Alternative l.
R

JYov-. i

I.A~~ ~

51 52

r
~ +-
I .1

-""'lA ,--r
-rv ~

JA ~I
~ ~ ~
S1 SI P2 P1

II S

"yrr,

~vvr~ S2 .lvY"Y~,
P2 P1,f~ II~S,

P1 P2 S2 S1

Fig. 16 Connection of RADSB at transformer connection Yyd with

artificial neutral. Alternative 2.

l1
'~
,',
~I
~51
--
 UGO3-5012 E
21

Fig. 17 Connection of RADSB at transformer connection Yz Il.

DESIGN

Hardware description The relay can be obtained in a number of versions; with output
tripping relay type RXMS l or RXME 18 and with or without either
phase indicator uni t type RXSGA l or target relay type RXSF l.

Two restraint input circuits

36C
1~1:
or

1B I
r
RTXP !RXTUG TQTB
21H 060
RXDSDI.
RXHE
18 45
(RXSGA
1)
 UGO3-5012 E
22

Three restraint input cicuits

42C

RXt1S1
!RTXP
'8
I2'H I 060 I 061
RXTUG RTOTB RTOTB
R>QJSBI.
RXSF1
48
or
RXSGA
1

Five restraint input circuits

60C

RXMS11

I I
RTXP RTXP RXTUG!RTQT~RTQTBRTQTB I I RX0S81.
18 18 21H I 060 Of,1 Of,1
RXSF1
4S
or
RXSGA
1

Six restraint input circuits

60C

RXMS
RTXP r Ta. TB IRTa.TBIRTtl TB I RTXP I
RTa.TB I
RXTUG I
RXDSB
18 060 061 061 18 061 21H I, 4S
RXSGA
,

Fig. 18 Physical positions of the units in the RADSB versions.

The RADSB-unitsare:
RTXP 18 Test switch
RXTUG 21H DC-DC converter
RTQTB 060, RTQTB 061 Transformer units
RXDSB 4 Measuring unit
RXMS 1, RXME 18 Output tripping relay
RXSGA 1 Phase indicator unit
RXSF 1 Target relay

-
 UGO3-5012 E
23

Test switch The test switch type RTXP 18 is inc1uded in the testing system
COMBITEST. A comp1ete secondary testing of the re1ay can be
performed with 1 or 2 test-p1ug hand1estype RTXH 18 connected to
a test set. When the test p1ug handJe is inser ted in the test switch,
the tripping circuits are first opened and then the current transfor-
mer circuits are short circuited.

All input, output and differential currents can be measured during

operation with 1 or 2 ammeter test plugs type RTXM. The tripping
circuits can be blocked with trip-block plug type RTXB. The
differential relay can be totally block ed with a block-plug handle
type RTXF 18.

When the block-plug handle is inser ted in the test switch the current
transformer circuits are short circuited and the tripping and signal
circuits are disconnected.

Connections to current transformers and the tripping circuits are

done on the rear of the test switch and when the differential relay is
installed. Connection to contacts providing signal at operation or at
loss of auxiliary supply is done directly on the terminal bases for the
output tripping realys, the phase indicator unit (or the target relay)
and the dc-dc converter.

DC-DC converter The dc-dc converter type RXTUG 21H converts the supplied battery
voltage to an alternating voltage which is then transformed, rectifi-
ed, and smoothed to another direct voltage ( + 24 V). The available
auxiliary voltage is in that war adapted to tne measuring unit. In
addition, the input and output voltages will be galvanically separat-
ed in the transformer unit which contributes to damping possible
transients in the auxiliary voltage supply to the measuring unit. The
converter has a built-in auxiliary relay for supervision of the output
voltage.
Transformer units The transformer units are connected to the test switch via the
primary windings. The secondary windings are connected to the
measuring unit.
The transformer unit type RTQTB 060 conta ins six input transform-
ers, two for each phase of which one in the restraint circuit and the
other in the differential circuit.

The transformer unit type RTQTB 061 contains six input trans-
formers as weil as diodes and resistors for the restraint circuit.

Measuring uni t The measuring unit type RXDSB 4 conta ins four printed board
assemblies, three of them phase circuitry printed board assemblies
and one of them a measuring circuitry printed board assembly.

The phase circuitry boards contain circuits providing voltages for

through-fault, inrush, and over-excitation restraints as weIl as for
operation. AdditionaIly, the boards contain summing and integrating
circuits as weIl as leve l detectors.
 E
24

The measuring circuitry board contains two level detectors (rest-

rained and unrestrained functions), and one relay driver as weIl as
circuitries for stabilization of the auxiliary vojtage, reference
voltages and phase indication.

In addition, the board is -equipped with two selector switches which

make it possible to change the reference voltages and thus the
operating values of the differential relay. The switches are acces-
sible on the front of the measuring unit.

If required, the measuring unit can be removed from its terminal

base, as it is of plug-in design, also during operation without any
damages to the current transformers or the input transformers. On
the other hand, the ouput circuits must be blocked as there is a risk
that a short-duration output impulse will be obtained depending on
that terminal pins of the plug-in unit will not necessarily make or
break the connections in the terminal base simultaneously when
inserting or unplugging the unit.

Output tripping relay The auxiliary relay type RXMS l is uscd as an output relay.
Depending on the version of the differential relay it has four or six
make contacts. The operate time is approximately 5 ms.

The auxiliary relay type RXME 18 is used as an output and tripping

relay. It has two make contacts and a red target. The target will be
visible when the armature picks up and is manually reset with a knob
in the front of the relay. The operate time is approximately 30 ms.

Phase indicator unit The phase indicator unit type RXSGA 1 indicates with the aid of an
auxiliary relay and five LEDs, the operation of the transformer
differential relay. The unit gives information about which phase
circuitry board that has provided operating vojtage to the measuring
circuitry card. The unit also indicates if the operation occurs in the
unrestraint circuitry, that means if the differential current has been
larger than the unrestraint opera te value Isu.

The unit contains a printed circuit board with an operate and seal-in
circuit for each LED. The LEDs, that provide phase indication with
yeliow light and operation indication with red light, are located in
the front of the unit. The LED indication is reset by a push-button in
the front of the unit. The auxiliary relay will reset automatically
when the output signal from the measuring unit ceases.

The phase indicator unit is incJuded as a standard unit in four of the

versions. However, it can be incJuded as an additionaJ item in some
of the other versions if these versions are suppJemented with the
necessary connections.

Target relay The target relay type RXSF l consists of two electromechanical
relays with two make contacts, one break contact and a red target.
The target wiH be \'isible when the armature pick s up, and is
manually reset with a knob in the front of the retar. The operate
time is 20-25 ms.

UGO3-5012
 UGO3-5012 E
25

Setting mechanics The two operate values of the differential relay -the restraint
opera te value Isr (0.20, 0.25, 0.35 and 0.50 times the rated current)
and the unrestraint value Isu (8, 13 and 20 times the rated current) -
are set with switches on the front of the measuring unit type
RXDSB 4. The switches are accessible af ter the cover of the unit
has been removed, thus preventing unwanted ch anges of the operate
value settings.

The operate value Isr for the restraint operation is generally set at
0.35 x In. For power transformers with fixed ratio a setting of 0.20
or 0.25 x In can be used. Should the current transformers on both
sides of the power transformer be unsatisfactory matched, the
setting may be required to be one setting step higher than the values
recommended above.

The operate value Isu for the unrestraint operation, is determined by

the magnitude of the inrush current to the power transformer and is
thus affected by the rating and the connection of the power
transformer. Table 5 indicates recommended value of settings of the
unrestraint operate value Isu.

Table 5

Power transformer Rated power Recommended value of Isu

connection 1) when energizing from the
High voltage Low voltage
side side

- < 10 MYA 20x 20x

Yy 10-100 MYA 13x 13x
Yy > 100 MYA 8x 8x
Yd 13x 13x
Dy < 100 MYA 13x 20x
Dy > 100 MYA 8x 13x

1) The primary side is anticipated to be the high voltage side.

When the differential relay is applied also to prov ide bus protection,
the setting 20 x should be chosen, as therc may be very largc
through-fault currents whcn external faults occur. Thcse currents
can cause large differential currents if the current transformers
saturate.

TechnicaJ data Rated current In l or 5 A

Rated frequency 50 or 60 Hz

Operate values:
Isr restraint Settable 0.20,0.25,0.35, and
0.5 times In
(Operation occurs at appr.
1.4 times the set value
at three-phase energizing)
Isu unrestraint Settable 8, 13 and 20 times In
(Operation occurs at appr.
0.8 times the set value
at three-phase energizing)

.
 UGO3-5012 E
26

Reset ratios:
Restrained operation > 60 %
Unrestrained operation 100 % (pulse > 150 ms)

Operate times with output

reJays type RXMS l and
type RXME 18, respectiveJy: RXMSl RXME 18
Id = 3 x Isr appr. 30 rns appr. 60 ms
Id = 10 x Isr appr. 28 rns appr. 60 ms
Id = 2 x Isu 10-20 ms appr. 40 ms
Impulse limit times:
Restrained operation > 20 ms at I = 3 x Isr
Unrestrained operation Appr. 3 ms at I = 3 x Isu

Transient overreach <5%

Overload capacity:
l A version 10 A continuously
100 A during l s
5 A version 20 A continuously
250 A during l s

Restraining limit values at:

Energiza tion 2:nd harmonic = 17 % of the funda-
mental
Overvoltage 5:th harmonic = 38 % of the funda-
mental
External faults Acc. to the curves in Fig. 22
Permitted ambient -25°C to +550C
temperature range
Auxiliary voltage EL 24-36, 48-60 or 110-250 V dc
Permitted auxiliary voltage
variation -20 to +10 % of the nominal value

Power consumption:
Totally at rated current Appr. 0.02 VA/phase at In = 1 A
Appr. 0.14 VA/phase at In = 5 A
In the differential Appr. 0.003 VA/phase at In = 1 A
circuit at 0.25 x In Appr. 0.02 VA/phase at In = 5 A
In the auxiJiary voltage
circuit,
before operation Appr.6 W
during operation Appr. la w
Dielectric test voltage:
Current circuit 2500 V 50 Hz
Voltage circuit 2000 V 50 Hz

Impulse withstand test voltage 5 kV, 1.2/50 us, 0.5 J

Oisturbance test voltage:
Common mode 2.5 kV, 1 MHz
Transversemode 2.5 kV, 1 MHz
 UGO3-5012 E
27

Mass:
4S 36C Appr. 6 kg
4S 42C Appr. 9 kg
4S 60C Appr. 11 kg

RXTUG 21 H
RXMSl RXME 18 RXSGA 1 RXSF 1
Contacts ij. or 6 make 2 miike l two-way 2 make
contacts con1:acts contact and l
break con-
Maximum voltage bet- tact
ween the lines, dc/ ac 300/250 V 450/400 V 250/250 V 300/250 V
Current carrying
capacity:
Continuously 4A 6A 5A 5A
l s 20 A 30 A 15 A 50 A
10 ms 100 A
Making and conducting
capacity during
200 ms 30 A 30 A 30 A 30 A
Breakingcapacity:
ac, P.F. > 0.4,
max 250 V 10 A
dc, L/R < 40 ms,
20 A 8A 10 A
max 48 V 1.2 A 18 A 1.0 A 1.5 A
55 V 1A 15 A 0.8 A 1A
110 V 0.3 A 3A 0.4 A 0.4 A
125 V 0.25 A 2.5 A 0.3 A 0.3 A
220 V 0.15 A 1 A0.8 0.2 A 0.2 A
250 V 0.12 A A 0.15 A 0.15 A
Auxiliary current transformers SLCE 12 and SLCE 16
Overload capacity:
Continuously 2.5 x In
10 s 15 x In
1s 75 x In
t Max external conductor
area 10 mm2
Remanence < 0.2 T
Mass:
SLCE 16 5.4 kg
SLCE 12 3.6 kg

Mounting details The RADSB is provided on apparatus bars. When additional mounting
is required specify a 4S equipment frame for 19" rack mounting or a
type RHGX 12 or 20 case for panel mounting.

.
 UGO3-50 12 E
28

OPERA TION The theory of operation of the transformer differential relay type
RADSB is shown in a simplified form in the single-phase block dia-
gram in fig. 19, which shows all units of the differential relay with
two restraint input circuits with the exception of the test switch
type RTXP 18.

Fig 19 Block diagram for phase S of the transformer differential

relay type RADSB.
Rectifier 15 Resistor circuit
2 Non-linear circuit 16 Level detector
3 Second harmonic filter 17 Diode circuit
4 Fifth harmonic filter 18 Setting device
5 Rectifier 19 Setting device
6 Diode circuit 20 Relay driver stage
7 Low-pass filter 21 OR-circuit
8 Rectifier 22 Level detector
9 Summation circuit 23 Diode circui t
10 Level detector 24 Feed-back circui t
Il Integration circuit 25 Stabilizing circuit
12 Diode circuit 26 LED-indicators
13 Amplifier 27 Signal relay
14 Diode circuit
 UGO3-5012 E
29

The input transformers of phase S, Tr l and Tr2, are mounted in the

transformer unit RTQTB 060 and connected to the line current
transformer, as illustra ted in fig. 20, possibly \'ia auxiliary current
transformers.

Fig. 20 Principle connection of the input transformers Tr 1 and Tr2.

The transformers Tr l and Tr2, which have cores with air gaps, have
secondary voltages proportional to the currents I l + 12 and Id = Il -
12, respectively.
During normal service, Il -12 = O and output voltage is obtained
only from TrI. The voltage is rectified (l), see fig 19, and via a
nonlinear circuit (2), containing regulating diodes and resistors, a
negati\'e voltage Ut is obtained. This voltage provides the diffe-
rential relay with a variable through-fault restraint. The restraint is
small at small through currents and large at large through currents
when saturation can cause large differential currents Id = Il -12.
The operation of the differential relay is block ed up to a certain
differential current. This is illustrated in fig's 21 and 22 which show
the differential current as a function of the thorugh current 19
Ix = Il and ly = 12 when connected to two transformer windings.
When connected to three windings Ix = the largest input current and
ly = the largest output current.
 UG03-5012 E
30

~
04..
4
c: 0.5 xl n
~
a 0.35 x In
~ 3
~ Operation
~
()
\11
.$. 2
~
~ Non-operation
'"5
~
.~ 1
~
.:!;'
04..

~
5
--' :;:::;;;-", Ix + ly
2
"'-'
"-
Q

Fig. 22 Restraint characteristic at small through current values

.
~
?~ i
'O.25xln
 UGO3-5012 E
31

The variable through-fault restraint at external faults is clearly

illustrated if the restraining limit value of the differential current is
expressed in percentage of the through current, as illustrated in fig.
23.

Id / Ix + ly
2
%
Operation
60
'-';;;;::::~~

40
-025xln
.O.20xln

20 Non-operation
Ix + ly
2
1 1.5 2 3 5 10 20
Restraint through current in multiples of rated current In

Fig. 23 Restraining limit values at external faults.

When an internai fault occurs, the differential current will be

Id / ~-:-!y = 200 % of the through current at single end supply, and

2
much larger at suppJy from both sides. Thus, operation will be
obtained with a satisfactory safety margin.

The differential current Id will flow through the primary winding of

the transformer Tr2. Also this transformer has a care with air gap
and has two secondary windings with suitabJy adapted load resistors.
One of the windings prov ides the voltage that initiates operation at
internai faults. The voltage passes through a low-pass filter (7),
which suppresses the signals from high frequency differential
currents, which e.g. can be developed during switching operations in
faultless cable networks. The voltage is then rectified in an ideal
rectifier (8) composed by operational amplifiers and the positi\'e
voltage Ud is obtained.

The other winding of Tr2 prov ides voltages to two band-pass filters
(3 and 4). The filters are active filters tuned for the second and fifth
harmonics and provide af ter an ideal rectifier (5) a negative voltage
Uh. This voltage is used to restrain the differential relay for inrush
currents and at large no-load currents caused by high voltages,
respectively, the last being the overexcitation restraint. The vojtage
Uh is obtained from aJJ three phases via a diade circuit (6). The
phase havin g the largest second or fifth harmonic current in a
certain moment, will thus provide a restraint voltage to all three
phases.

--
 UGO3-5012 E
32

The harmonic voltage Uh is opposite to the voltage Ud and prevents

operation if the second or fifth harmonic current is more than 17
and 38 %, respectively, of the fundamental current.

The feature having the output voltages connected together from the
harmonic restraint circuits ef the three phases results in that the
restraint can be made weaker corresponding to what otherwise
should have been required to provide correc1 restraint operation of
the differential relay during unfavourable instances when switching
in the power transformer when it has maximum remanance.

The voltage Uh will be low for the third harmonic and the
differential relay will therefore operate for third harmonic currents,
which is important with consideration taken to the security of
operation for large internai faults with saturated current transform-
ers when the content of the third harmonics can be up to approxi-
mately 60 % of the fundamental.

The rectified, but unsmoothed, voltages Ut, Ud, and Uh are summed
(] (9) and supplied to a level detector (10). The resultant voltage Us,
which is a pulsating dc voltage, is compared with a reference dc
voltage Ur. The voltage Ur can be controllecj with a switch on the
measuring circuitry board providing settings of the restraint operate
value Isr (0.20, 0.25, 0.35, or 0.50 times the rated current). The level
detector prov ides an output voltage Ua with a constant amplitude
when the voltage Us is larger than the reference voltage Ur. The
duration of the output voltage is thus equal to the time when Us is
larger than Ur. The voltage pulses Ua are integrated (Il) and
connected via a diode circuit (12) to one: for all three phases
common measuring circuit on the measuring c:ircuitry board.

When the duration of Ua is at least 41 96 of the cycle, that means

4.1 ms per 10 mg, the integrated voltage Ub will exceed a
permanently set reference value Uz of the level detector (16). The
relay driver stage (20) will then operate a:nd the output tripping
relay type RXMS l (or type RXME 18) will pick up. A signal will
then simultaneously be provided via a diode circuit (17) to an input
of the phase indicator unit type RXSGA 1. A LED marked "Opera-
tion" (26) will then be lit and the relay (2'7) will pick up (or, in
versions with target relay RXSF 1, that relay will pick up).
~
Fig. 24 shows the various voltages when Us is larger than Ur during
approximately 50 % of the cycle, that means that the conditions for
operation are satisfied.

Va Vb

i:::1~+':::J~',-Uz
I ! ! ! .

Fig 24. Wave shapes and pulse width integrating action required to
develop trip signals.

.
 UGO3-5012 E
33
When the level detector (16) opera tes, a current will flow through a
resistor circuit (15). The voltage across the resistors will 'be
amplified (13) and connected via a diode circuit (14) to the phase
indicator unit. This unit indicates with LEDs the particular phase or
phases in which the differential current has exceeded the operate
value.

The voltage Ud is also connected directly to the measuring circuitry

board. It is supplied via an OR-circuit (21) to alevei detector (22)
having a reference value regulated by a switch for setting of the
unrestraint operate value Isu (19). When the set operate value has
been exceeded, an output voltage is obtained which is fed back via
an RC-circuit (24) to provide the voltage with a sufficient duration.
The voltage triggers a relay driver stage (20) and is supplied via a
diode circuit (23) to an input of the phase indicator unit. The out-put
relay operates and a LED marked "Id » " will be lit (or, in versions
with tar get relay, that relay will pick up).

The unrestraint operate value circuit can be set for operation at 8,

13 or 20 times the rated current, and provides fast tripping for large
differential currents. The circuit has very short impulse limit time,
only approximately 3 ms, thus operation will be obtained even if the
current transformers will be saturated. Operation is obtained at
approximately 20 % below the set value for symmetrical three-
phase currents.

The operate times of the restraint circuit and the unrestraint circuit
with auxiliary relay type RXMS 1 as an ouput relay are illustrated in
Fig. 25. The operate time will be approximately 25 ms longer if the
auxiliary relay type RXME 18 is used as an ouput tripping relay.

Operating
tImein ms

1.5 2 3 5 10 15 20 30
Ditt current Id in multiples of set opera ting current

Fig. 25 Operate time-current characteristics for tyre RADSB.

The necessary auxiliary vojtage required for operation is obtained

from the dc-dc converter type RXTUG 21H which provides an
output vojtage:: 24 V dc for input \'oJtages within the specified
ranges. The measuring unit incJudes the stabilizing circuit (25) that
stabilizes vojtages to vaJues suitabJe for the eJectronic circuits of
the phase circuitry boards and the measuring circuitry board as weil
as for reference circuits.
 UGO3-5012 E
34

TESTING Before the final commissioning, the folJowing tests should be carried
out. Information RK 625-101E gives detailed information on testing
of operating .values, etc. Ratios and connections of auxiliary current
transformers for RADSB is described under "Calculation of current
ratio".

Receiving Remove the relay from the transport cage and make a visual
inspection for possible transport damage. Check that all screws are
firl:nly tightened and all relays and other elements are securely
fastened.

Check that the delivered reJays have corre<:t rated data stamped on
the rating plate which is located on the test switches RTXP 18, i.e.
rated current, rated voltage, rated frequency, rated dc voltage.
Check that all optionaJ elements requested are incJuded. AJso check
that all auxiliary reJays, line current transformers and auxiliary
current transformers have the correct rated data.

Storage If the relay is to be stored befor e installation this must be in a dry

and dust-free place, preferably in the original transport case.

Installation The relay is built up of plug-in units according to ABB's mounting

system COMBIFLEX. This system is mainl:v adapted for the inter-
national 19" rack mounting system but is also suitable for conven-
tional flush mounting on a panel. The COMBIFLEX system and the
connection and installation parts are described in the Buyer's Guide
section 93. The location and terminal marking system used is
described in Buyer's Guide BO3-9381E.

The transformer differential relay is mounted an apparatus bars

intended for mounting inta an equipment frame. The rear of the
relay should be accessible for inspection and wiring work. Places
which are dusty, moist or liable to rapid temperature variations or
powerful vibration or shocks should be avoided. The individual relay
covers should be properly fitted, otherwise there is a risk that dust,
etc mayenter the relays and elements. Before a cover is removed,
it should be dusted weil in advance so that any dust stirred up does
not settIe in the relay.

The external connection s should be made according to the proper

enclosed diagram with socket equipped leads of type COMBIFLEX.

The leads from the current and voltage transformers should be

identified with regard to phase, phase sequence and polar ity and
connected to the correct terminals according to the externa!
connection diagram.

Before starting the commissioning, check that the station auxiliary

dc voltage is in accordance with the data stated on the rating plate,
and that the auxiliary voltage is connected to the relay with correct
polar ity.
Maintenance All the apparatus in the transformer differential relay is robust and
maintenance is therefore reduced to a minimum. Since the relay is
only called upon to operate at very infrequent intervals, it will be of
value to test the relay regularly, sar once a rear, by secondary
injection. In severe environments, where problems with contacts
may be experienced, more frequent checking may be required and
therefore the testing should be adapted to the individual needs of
each plant.
 UGO3-5012 E
35
To simplify tests the relay is provided with a test switch type
RTXP 18 which is a part of test system COMBITEST. The test
system is described in Buyer's Guide BO3-9510E.
The relays can be tested with the equipment in service. However,
the protective relay cannot operate in its normal manner during the
time the test is performed. Should a fault occur, a back up protec-
tive relay will operate instead. If the protected object can be taken
out of service during the testing, this disadvantage can be avoided
and it is then possible to test the complete circuit with all
associated apparatus.
When testing static relays, the auxiliary voltage should be connccted
to the protective relay at least ten minutes bcfore the mcasurc-
ments start.
Testreports It is important to keep accurate equipment reports, test reports, and
relay setting reports to be able to:
compare with preceding tests if there has been any change of the
operation of the protective relay
observe how long a period of time has passed since the last
testing and plan when the next testing should take place
see if the protective relay has changed, for example, if some
relay units have been exchanged
see when and how the settings of the protective relay have been
changed
Af ter large service disturbances, these reports can be valuablc when
analysing the disturbances
General check Before the tests, a check should be made that there is no interrup-
tions in the current transformer circuits. First, for example, phase
A (R) at a terminal board (before the relay test device) should be
opened in each circuit. An ohm-meter or resistor bridge should be
connected across the interruption and the resistance measured in
the circuit (phase A (R) in series with the connection in parallel of
the phases B (y) and C (B) and any neutral). Af ter this measurement
the test handle is inserted in the test device and the resistance is
measured once more to check that the test handle does not interrupt
the current circuit. The measurements should then be carried out in
the same war in the phases B (y), C (B) and the neutral. The
resistance values should be low, for example not more than a few
tens of ohms in a l A circuit.
Auxiliary current transformer test
Check the current of the CT's ratio by measuring the secondary
current for a given supplied primary current. The polarity of the
secondary terminals can be checked using a dc instrument of the
moving coil type, the + terminal of which is connected to 5 l and
other terminals to 52. If a pocket torch battery (approx. 4 V) has the
plus pole connected to the primary terminal PI and the minus pole is
temporarily connected to P2, the instrument should showa positive
reading, if the secondary terminals have the correct polarity.
.
 UGO3-5012 E
36

Insulation test With an insulation test apparatus (megger), (or with an ac voltage of
max. 1500 V) the insulation resistance to ground of the current
transformer circuits should be check ed. The protective grounding
should be disconnected and the megger connected in its place. The
test should be carried out with the test handle inser ted and with the
handle fully withdrawn. Atter the testing the protective grounding
connection s should be restored immediately. There should be only
one grounding connection in each current transformer circuit.

Check of the operating current

The auxiliary voltage supply should be checked that it is correctly

connected to the relay and it should also b~: measured.

Insert the test handle in the testing device.

Connect terminal 12 of the RTXH 18 test.ing handle to the test set

with instrument. Connect the terminals 3,4 and 5 to the test set
and check the opera te value for phase R.

Check the operate current consequently for phase S and T. Maxi-

mum deviation from set value ! la per cent if the current only
conta ins sinusoidal current of fundamental frequency. Connect the
voltmeter between terminal 17 (+) and 18 on the test handle for
check of the operation.

Check of the tripping circuits

Pull out the testing handle completely. Check that the circuit-
brcaker for the power transformer is tripped by manually actuating
the armature of the tripping relay with a screw-driver through the
hole in the cover. If this type of manual operation of the tripping
relay is not allowed, the tripping impulsc~ should be connected so
that it reaches the tripping coil of the circuit-breaker.

(f Service test with Joad current through the power trans,former

Insert a blocking pin type RTXB (the red one) in the testing device
in contact block 17, or if the two other tripping contacts of relay
RXMS 1 are connected to the test device, insert a blocking pin also
in blocks 15 and 16.

The test constitutes a final check that the current circuits of the
relay are correctly connected and balanced so that the currents in
the differential circuits, in principle, are :~ero in the case of a fully
operational power transformer.

Several methods can be used to supply the power transformer, as

indicated in section "Current sources during the service test". With
regard to three-winding transformers, see section "Examples of
faulty connection s".

The transformer should preferably be supplied with at least approx.

50 per cent of the rated current. In order to check that the current
transformer circuits are correctly connec:ted, a lower current, for
example approx. 10 per cent, is, however, sufficient (for example
for supply in accordance with alternative 2 or 3 in section "Current
sources during the sercice tests" below). The curents do not need to
be identical in the phases.
 UGO3-5012 E
37

If there is an on-load or off-circuit tap changer, it should, during the

test, be in a position -usually the central position at which the
protection is supposed to be fully balanced.

In order to measure the through current I, the current measuring

plug type RTXM, to which an ammeter is connected, is inserted in
the test device in contact blocks 3, 4 and 5 if the transformer is fed
from winding 1~ An instrument with low power consumption con-
nected to the relay via the current measuring plug RTXM inser ted in
the contact blocks 12 (phase A (R», 13 (phase B (y» and 14 (phase C
(B», should preferably be used for measuring the differential cur-
rent.

The phase currents and the differential currents Id should be read

off for all the three phases.

If the relay is correctly connected, the differential current Id should

only amount to a few per cent of I. In case of faulty connections,
differential currents are obtained, the size of which in different
phases depends on the type of faulty connection. Instructions will be
given below for the most common cases of faulty connections. The
blocking pin(s) and the current measuring plug are removed af ter
executed tests.

Threc-winding transformers
Three-winding transformers are tested in accordance with instruc-
tians above, hut only with two windings loaded at a time. If a
differential current is indicated only when a certain winding is
loaded, the incorrect connection is probably in the current trans-
former circuit of that winding.

Examples of faulty connections

Approximately the same value for Id in all the three phases probably
means that the same incorrect connection is present in all phases.

If the differential currents are relatively low, the tap changer is

probably in the wrong position, or the current transformer ratio is
incorrect. In the auxiliary current transformers, primary and secon-
dar y windings may have been interchanged or connected for wrong
ratio.

If the current in one of the differential circuits is high (Id> I), onc
of the incorrect connections below probably applies.

a) Id = 2

Probably wrong polar ity in one set of current transformers. In

one set of (auxiliary) current transformers, the polarity should
then be changed in all three phases.

Alternative: A combination of incorrect connections according to

b) and c) below.
 UGO3-5012 E
38

b) Id = I
In a (D/Y) -connected transformer, the delta connection of the
(auxiliary) current transformers may be wrongly connected
(reversed) polar ity compared to the delta connection of the
power transformer.

Alternative: A combination of incorrect connections according to

b) and c) or according to a) and c).

c) Id = lY I
Permutation of the phases, that is connection of phase A (R)
from the one side together with, for example, phase B (y) on the
other, and B (y) together with C (B) and C (B) toge the r with A
(R).
Alternative: A combination of incorrect connections according to
a) and b).

Complete different values of Id in different phases indicate asym-

metric incorrect connections. They can be of many kinds. In certain
cages the measured currents may indicate the fault directly.

Example: Id = 13 I in two phases, Id = O in one phase. Two phases

have been interchanged (that is, A (R) on the one side has been
connected together with B (y) on the other, and B (y) together with
A (R).

Asymmetries in the connection of the (auxiliary) current transform-

ers should be easy to discover by directly checking the polarityand
delta connection.

Current sources during the service test

One of the following alternatives is normally used.

Alternative 1

Supply from a separate generator and with a three-phase short

circuit applied to the high-voltage side of the power transformer
outside the current transformers. This method is the obvious one for
generator-transformer units. 50-100 per cent of the rated current is
obtained with hardly any excitation.

Alternative 2

Assume that the transformer, which is to be tested, has, for the side
supplied, rated data of U kV and I A and a fault MVA impedance of
Zk per cent and that the local transformer has on the low-voltage
side U1 kV and I l A. The current will then be

lQ.Q.~.I
Zk U

In accordance with the above, the current should be at least 10 per

cent of I but at the same time not more than Il in order that the
local transformer should not be overloaded. If Ul = 3&0 Vand U =
11000 Vand Zk = 10 per cent, the current will be approx. 0.35 x I
and the rated output power of the local transformer need only to be
approx. 1 per cent of that of the test transformer.
 UGO3-5012 E
39

Alternative 3
~

The simplest method is to connect in the transformer to the network

and load it. However, the condition here is that the circuit-breaker
and the isolator can be taken inta use and that a sufficient load can
be achieved. In addition, other protective relays, primarily the gas-
operated relay (the Buchholz relay) and the over-current protection,
should be connected and ready for service. The over-current relays
should, during the test, be set at approx. 30 per cent above the rated
current and with a short opera ting time (af ter the transformer has
been connected in at, the shortest time setting) and for instantane-
ous tripping upon the presence of a high current.

If the two methods described above cannot be used, another

possibility is to supply the transformer, with all its three phases
short circuited, from the low-voltage side of a local transformer.

Tripping test In particular, a final tripping test should be carried out if reconnec-
tions have been made during previous tests. This can be done as
described in section "Check of the trjpping circuits", but includjng
every phase.
If the service test is carried out with supply as in "Alternative l" or
"Alternative 3" under "Current sources during the sercice test", a
primary tripping test can also -if so required -be carried out in
connection with it. The short circuit is then moved inside the
current transformers. Since the faults in a current transformer or
interruptions and incorrect connection s in the current transformer
circuits should have been discovered in previous tests, a primary
tripping test is usually not required.

Test with energization of the power transformer

The opera ting value is set at the appropriate value (see Information
RK 625-l0lE. The transformer should be switched in several times
to the network at full service voltage. If the networks of bot h the
high-voltage side and the low-voltage side have low source impe-
dance (high fault MYA level), the transformer should be switched in
and energized from both sides. Magnetizing inrush currents should
not cause operation of the protection. Repeated operations when
switching in the transformer to the networks may mean faults in the
transformer, which will probably result in development of gas which
can be observed at the gas-opera ted relay (the Buchholz relay)

COMMISSIONING
Af ter tests have shown that the relay with its auxiliary current
transformers and connections are correct, the relay can be commis-
sioned.

Check tha t:
.all provisional connections made during the tests are removed
.the tripping circuits of the circuit-breakers are connected
.the relay is correctly set
.the indications have been reset

,
 UG03-5012 E
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