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Biological Classification-Monera - E Notes

This document provides an overview of biological classification, beginning with early classification systems developed by Aristotle and Carolus Linnaeus and progressing to more modern systems. It focuses on the five kingdom classification system developed by Robert Whittaker, which divides organisms into five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Within the Monera kingdom, it further distinguishes between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.

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Ekta Manglani
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103 views

Biological Classification-Monera - E Notes

This document provides an overview of biological classification, beginning with early classification systems developed by Aristotle and Carolus Linnaeus and progressing to more modern systems. It focuses on the five kingdom classification system developed by Robert Whittaker, which divides organisms into five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Within the Monera kingdom, it further distinguishes between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.

Uploaded by

Ekta Manglani
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Biological Classification

Monera

LECTURE 1
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Biological Classification
Monera

LECTURE 1
Biological Classification

Classification

➢ Grouping of organisms on the basis of similarities and dissimilarities.


Biological Classification

Purpose of Classification

➢ Easy identification of organisms.


➢ Study of organisms easy and convenient.
➢ Helps to establish the evolutionary relationship among different organisms.
Biological Classification

➢ Aristotle: Biological classification for the first time.


➢ It was based on simple morphological characters and habitat.
➢ It was not scientific.
➢ First scientific classification was done by the swedish scientist Carolus Linnaeus.
Two Kingdom Classification - Carolus Linnaeus

Organisms

Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia


Two Kingdom Classification - Carolus Linnaeus

Drawbacks

➢ Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes kept in the same group.


○ E.g. Prokaryotic Bacteria and Cyanobacteria were placed under Plant Kingdom.
➢ Heterotrophs and Autotrophs kept in the same group.
○ E.g. Fungi (heterotrophs) were placed with plants.
Two Kingdom Classification - Carolus Linnaeus

Drawbacks

➢ Unicellular and multicellular organisms kept in the same group.


○ E.g. Protozoans were placed in animal kingdom.
➢ Some lower organisms have characters of both plants and animals.
○ E.g. Euglena, It did not get a proper group.
Three Kingdom Classification - Ernst haeckel

Organisms

Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia


Three Kingdom Classification - Ernst haeckel

Drawbacks

➢ Kingdom Protista, included organisms with contrasting characters like


○ Walled and wall-less organisms.
○ Photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms
○ Unicellular and filamentous or mycelial organisms.
Four Kingdom Classification - Herbert F. Copeland

Organisms

Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom


Monera Protista Plantae Animalia
Four Kingdom Classification - Herbert F. Copeland

Drawbacks

➢ Fungi still included in kingdom Plantae.


Five Kingdom Classification - R.H. Whittaker

Organisms

Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia


Five Kingdom Classification - R.H. Whittaker

➢ R.H. Whittaker used the following 5 characters:


○ Complexity of cell structure (Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic).
○ Complexity of Body structure (Unicellular and Multicellular).
○ Mode of Nutrition (Autotrophic and Heterotrophic).
○ Types of reproduction (Asexual, Sexual and their modes).
○ Phylogenetic relationships.
Six Kingdom Classification - Carl Woese

Organisms

Archaea Bacteria Eucarya

Archaebacteria Eubacteria

Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia


Five Kingdom Classification

Monera

Archaebacteria Eubacteria

➢ Methanogens. ➢ Mycoplasma.
➢ Halophiles. ➢ Bacteria.
➢ Thermoacidophiles. ➢ Actinomycetes.
➢ Cyanobacteria.
Five Kingdom Classification

Monera

➢ Monera includes the most primitive form of life, which originated from a primitive
form of organisms called progenote.
➢ Prokaryotic, mostly single-celled, with a few colonial forms.
➢ Cell wall made up of peptidoglycan (except archaebacteria and mycoplasma).
Five Kingdom Classification

Monera

➢ Found in all types of habitats on earth, like:


○ Bottom of Oceans.
○ Below the icebergs.
○ Hot springs.
○ Inside and outside the bodies of other organisms.
○ Deserts.
○ On particulate matter suspended in air.
Monera

Archaebacteria (Ancient living Fossils)

➢ Most primitive group of Organisms.


➢ Found in most harsh conditions.
➢ Peptidoglycan is absent in cell wall.
➢ Tolerance to extreme conditions is because of presence of branched lipid chain in
the membrane.
Monera

Archaebacteria (Ancient living Fossils)

➢ Instead of peptidoglycan, cell wall contains proteins and non-cellulosic polysaccharide.


➢ Some methanogens contain pseudomurein.
➢ 16S rRNA nucleotides are different from other organisms.
Monera

Archaebacteria (Ancient living Fossils)

Similarities with eukaryotic cells.


➢ Histone proteins are present.
➢ DNA replication, transcription and translation present.
➢ Monocistronic operons present.
Monera

Archaebacteria

Non-sulphur medium Hot sulphur spring

➢ Methanogens (Obligate Anaerobes) ➢ Thermoacidophiles (facultative Anaerobes)


○ Eg. Methanobacterium, ○ Eg. Thermoplasma, Thermoproteus.
Methanococcus.
➢ Halophiles (facultative Anaerobes)
○ Eg. Halobacterium, Halococcus.
Monera

Eubacteria

➢ Omnipresent, Unicellular, with variable shapes, mostly pathogenic.


Monera

Eubacteria

Based on their shape, they are of the following types:


➢ Coccus: Cells are spherical. E.g. Diplococcus pneumonia.
➢ Bacillus: Cells are elongated and rod-like. E.g. Lactobacillus.
➢ Vibrio: Cells are comma-like. E.g. Vibrio cholerae.
Monera

Eubacteria

Based on their shape, they are of the following types:


➢ Spirillum: Cells are coiled and spiral shaped. E.g. Spirillum.
➢ Stalked: The cell has a stalk. E.g. Caulobacter
➢ Budding: They have swelling like buds. E.g. Rhodomicrobium.
Monera

Eubacteria

Based on the presence or absence of flagella, they are of the


following types:
➢ Atrichous: No flagella
➢ Monotrichous: One flagella
➢ Amphitrichous: One at each side, total two flagella.
Monera

Eubacteria

Based on the presence or absence of flagella, they are of


the following types:
➢ Lophotrichous: One Tuft or group of flagella at one
end.
➢ Cephalotrichous: Two Tufts or groups of flagella at
each end.
➢ Peritrichous: Flagella distributed throughout the
perimeter of the cell.
Eubacteria

Gram Staining Process

Christian de Gram developed a technique to stain bacterial cells.

Bacteria + Solution of crystalline violet = Blue Bacteria

Blue Bacteria + Iodine Solution (0.5%) + Alcohol = (Gram +) or ( Gram -)

Counterstaining with safranin to make Gram negative, visible.


Gram positive and Gram negative Bacteria

Gram Positive Bacteria Gram Negative Bacteria

Bacteria retain a blue/purple colour after Bacteria do not retain any colour after
Gram's staining. Gram's staining.

Cell wall is smooth and is 20-80 nm thick. Cell wall is wavy and is 8-12 nm thick.

Murein content is 70-80% and fat is less. Murein is 10-20% and lipids (20% -30%).

Teichoic acid in cell wall. Teichoic acid absent in cell wall.

Mesosomes are prominent. Mesosomes less prominent.

Susceptible to antibiotics. resistant to antibiotics.

Mostly non-pathogenic. Mostly pathogenic.


Gram positive and Gram negative Bacteria
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