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Fluid Mechanics, ME 343

HW4 – Continuity & Momentum Equation

Dr. Aldoss

Q.1.

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A1 1 ft2
V1 10 ft/s
Q1 -10 ft3/S

A2 0.5 ft2
V2 30 ft/s
Q2 15 ft3/s
∑iQi=0 Q1+Q2+Q3=0
Q3 Q3=-(Q1+Q2) -5 ft3/s
A3 0.2 ft2
V3=Q3/A3 -25 ft/s

** Since V.A = -ve value, the flow must go into the C.V.

Q.2.

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at section (1)
Vavg 5 ft/s
A1 per unit depth 2 ft2
Q1 -10 ft3/s

A2 1 ft2
V2 15 ft/s
Q2 15 ft3/s

A3 1.5 ft2
∑iQi=0 Q1+Q2+Q3=0 Velocity profile is linear,
Q3=-(Q1+Q2) -5 ft3/s V(y) = C1.y + C2
B.Cs.
V3=Q3/A3 -3.33 ft/s
At y = 0; V = 0 → C1 = 0
direction normal into A3 At y = 2; V = 10 → C2 = 5
𝑉 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 5. 𝑦2 ℎ2 ℎ 𝑓𝑡 V(y) = 5.y
𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 5. 𝑦. = = 5. = 5. = 5
𝐴 ℎ 2. ℎ 2. ℎ 2 𝑠

Q.3.

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-ve sign means the accumulator is losing hydraulic oil.

Q.4.

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∑(FS+FB) = ∑(V.m')

1. pressure forces = 0 atmospheric pr. All around the CV

2. body forces in x-direction = zero
3. the only surface force is Rx from wall against the jet.

Rx = (+V1).(-m'1) + (+V2).(+m'2)

A1=πD^2/4 A2=πd^2/4
m'1 = ρ.V.A1 m'2 = ρ.V.A2 y

ρ 998 kg/m3
V1=V 5 m/s x
D 100 mm 0.1 m
A1 0.007854 m2
Q1 -0.03927 m3/s
m1 -39.19 kg/s

V2=V (given) 5 m/s

d 25 mm 0.025 m
Pressure is atmospheric pressure everywhere
A2 0.000491 m2
Q2 0.002454 m3/s
m2 2.45 m3/s

Rx -183.71 N

Q.5.

C.V.
Flanged-joint

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Water
γ 62.4 lbf/ft3
ρ 1.94 slug/ft3

D 12.5 in 1.04 ft
A1 0.85 ft2
V1 4.25 ft/s
m'1=ρ.A1.V1 -7.02 slug/s

d 6.25 in 0.52 ft
y
A2 0.21 ft2
c.eq. ∑imi = 0 m'1+m'2 = 0
m'2 = -m'1 7.02 slug/s x
V2=m'2/(ρ.A2) 17 ft/s

momentum eq. over the C.V.

∑(Rx+FP+FB) = ∑i(Vi).(m'i)
FBx = 0
P1 2.28 psig 328.32 psfg
FP = P1,g.A1 279.80 lbf
P1,g = P1,a -Patm
Rx = -FP + (+V1).(-m'1) + (+V2.cos(30)).(+m'2)
Rx tension -206.29 lbf

Q.6.

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ρw 998 kg/m3
Aj 0.01 m2
Vj 30 m/s
Qj=Aj*Vj -0.3 m3/s
m'j=ρ.Qj -299.4 kg/s

Vs 3 m/s
Ad=Ae 0.075 m2
As=A1-Aj 0.065 m2
Qs -0.195 m3/s
m's -194.61 kg/s

Qe = -(Qj+Qs) 0.495 m3/s

Ve=Qe/Ae 6.6 m/s C.V.
m'e=Qe*ρw 494.01 kg/s
m'e = -(m'j+m's) 494.01 kg/s

momentum equation:
FBx = 0
FPx = (-P1).(-A1) +(-P2).(+A2)
FPx = -(P2-P1).(A)
FPx + Rx = (Vj).(-m'j) + (Vs).(-m's) + (Ve).(m'e)
neglect Rx ….
FPx -6305.36 N
∆P = P2-P1 = FPx/(A)
∆P 84.07 kPa 84071.52 N/m2

Q.7.

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ρw 998 kg/m3 FPx = (-Pu)*(-Au) + (-Pd)*(+Ad)

ρa 1.23 kg/m3 FPx 76.89 N
Dwt 1 m FBx = 0
Awt=A1 0.79 m2 Rx + FPx = (+V1).(-m'1) + int[ρ.V2^2.dA)] rR
Momx1 -96.60 N
Pu 20 mmH2O,g 0.02 mH2O, g
Pd 10 mmH2O,g 0.01 mH2O, g Momx2 = int[] = πρVm 2.R2/2 108.68 N
Pu 0.20 kPa 195.81 Pa,g
∑Momx 12.08 N
Pd 0.10 kPa 97.90 Pa,g
Rx = -FPx+Momx -64.82 N
Vair=V1 10 m/s
Ve = (r/R).Vm
m'=ρa.A1.V1 9.66 kg/s
m' = int(ρ.Ve.dA) = int[ρ(r/R.Vm).(2πr.dr)]rR
Vm2 15 m/s
m' = (2πρVm/R).(R3/3)
m' = (2πρVm/3).R2
Vm=(m'/ρR2).(3/2π)
Momx2 = int[ρ.V2^2.dA)]rR
Momx2 = πρVm2.R2/2

Q.8. Lawn Sprinkler

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ρw 998 kg/m3
Qn 4.5 gpm
1.02 m3/h 2.84E-04 m3/s
m'n = ρw.Qn 2.83E-01 kg/s

dn 6.35 mm 6.35E-03 m
An=π.dn^2/4 An=Arod 3.17E-05 m2
Vn=Qn/An/2 2-nozzles 4.48 m/s
Vft=Vn tangential 4.48 m/s

R 152 mm 0.15 m
T ??? N-m

∑T = ∑i(RxV.m')i
Mom,t = (V,t).(m') out of C.V. 1.27 N
F,t=Mom,t 1.27 N
T=RxF,t T=r.V.m' 0.193 N-m
T=I.α α: angular accl.
I = M.(2.R)^2/12 I: mom of inertia of a rod about its c.g.
I = M.(R)^2/3
α = T/I
α =T/(M.R^2/3) T=R.V.m'
M = 2.ρ.A.R 2-arms ρrod=ρw 0.009608 kg
R 152 mm 0.152 m
α 2608.28 rad/s2

Q.9.

Stagnation tube: measure total

(stagnation) pressure

Total or stagnation pressure = Pst + Pdy

Pdy = ½ ρf.Vf2 [1]

From manometer:
Pdy = (ρm – ρa).g.∆hm [2]

[1] and [2] → Vj = √[2.(ρm/ρf).∆hm]

Vj = √[2.(ρm/ρf).∆hm]

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Air
ρair 0.00238 slug/ft3
ρw 1.94 slug/ft3
dn 2 in 0.17 ft
C.V.
An 2.18E-02 ft2
∆ hm 7 in 0.58 ft, H2O
θ 30 deg 0.52 rad
Vn ??? ft/s
Rx ??? lbf

V=(2.ρw.g.∆hm/ρa)^0.5 manometer reading

V= │Vin│ = │Vout│ 174.99 ft/s
m'=ρa.An.Vn 9.09E-03 slug/s

mom eq.
Vin,x 174.99 ft/s
Vout,x = │Vout│. cos(30) -151.55 ft/s
FPx = 0
FBx = 0
Rx = ?
Rx = (+V1x).(-m'1)+(-V2x).(+m'2)
-2.97 lbf

Q.10. Continuity Equation

Qab = -(U∞.Aab); Qad = +(V.Aad);

Qcd = +∫oδ[u(y).dy] = 2/3.w.δ.U∞;

u = U∞.[3(y/δ)-2(y/δ)1.5]
Qac = -(Qab + Qad + Qcd)

δ = 1.5 mm
w = 1.5 m
L=2m
U∞ = 3 m/s
V = 0.2 mm/s

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δ 1.5 mm 0.0015 m
w 1.5 m
L 2 m
U∞ 3 m/s
V 0.2 mm/s 0.0002 m/s

Aab = δ.w 0.00225 m2

Aad = L.w 3 m2
Acd = δ.w 0.00225 m2

Qab = - (Aab.U∞) -0.00675 m3/s

Qad = +(Aad.V) 0.0006 m3/s
Qcd = +(2/3.w.δ.U∞) 0.0045 m3/s
Qac = - (Qab+Qad+Qcd) 0.00165 m3/s

Velocity distribution (velocity profile)

(continuity equation)

∑iQi = 0

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