CHAPTER V

PRIMARY SUFFIXES OR KRDANTA

05.01 Definition of Krt pratyayas

Linguists divide suffixes into stem-forming suffixes and word

forming (inflexional) suffixes. Stem-forming suffixes are again

subdivided into primary and secondary suffixes. Tlie primary suffixes

are those that are employed in deriving word-stems of primary nouns

from verbal roots. The primary suffixes are designated as krt. Panini

defines the term 'krt' by the sutra ^krdatir/^ with reference to verbal

roots, any affix except tense affixes (tin) is called 'krt'. These are

affixes by which substantives are formed from verbal roots, and they

have, therefore, been most aptly termed as primary affixes. Panini's

rule ^krttaddhitasamasascd ^ designates the word-stems of primary

nouns as pratipadika from which, by adding inflexional suffixes, fully

furnished words are obtained. The term 'krt' is quite significant as it

is employed to denote the suffixes which are directly added to roots

so as to build up the primary derivatives. And as such a suffix does

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the chief function of giving a distinctive shape of noun to a root:

'karoti iti krt'. Panini gives 128 krt pratyayas in the krt section.^ They

are; a, ah, ac, an, atrn, athuc, adhyai, adhyain, ani, anlyar, ap, ase,

asen, am, aluc, ifj, itra, in, ini, inun, isnuc, isyai, u, ukafj, un. Oka,

es, ka, karj, kadhyai, kadhyain, kap, kamul, kasun, kasen, kanac, ki,

kin, kurac, ke, ken, Kenya, kai, kta, ktavatu, ktic, ktin, ktri, ktva, knu,

kmarac, kyap, kru, klukan, kvanip, kvarap, kvasu, kvin, kvip, kse,

ksnu, khac, khamuf), khal, khas, khisnuc, khukaii, khyun, gha, ghari,

ghinun, ghurac, hvanip, canas, i^yut, ta, tak, da, du, na, nac, namul,

nini, nyat, nyut, nvi, nvin, nvuc, nvul, taveh, taven, tavai, tavya,

tavyat, tumun, trc, trn, tosun, tvan, thakan, nan, najih, nan, manin,

yat, yuc, ra, ru, lyap, lyu, lyut, vanip, varac, vie, vit, vufj, vun, sa,

satr, sadhyai, sadhyain, sanac, sanan, sakan, stran, svun, se, and

sen. isyai, es, ke and kai have not been directly enumerated by

Panini in the list of krt pratyayas taught in chapter 3. These suffixes

are drawn respectively from the nipatana form Yohisyai' ^ (ruh +

isyai), avacakse' (ava + caks + es),^ 'drse' (drs + ke) ® and the

nipatana form 'prayai' (pra + ya + kai). ^

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05.02 Divisions of Krt pratyayas

The Krdanta words are mainly of two kinds. Those Krdanta

words which express an action, as pal<ali (Pi^ 7), pathali, gamanam

(Pi^ 111), etc. and those which express a karaka with an underlying

action, as gatah (Pl^ 111), gatavan (PM 115), hasitavan (Pl^ 103),

etc. and some of which, although grammatically nouns, serve the

purpose of a verb.

Of the Krdanta words which imply action, there are several

kinds: denoting abstract nouns, with 'ghafj' affix, such as pakah

(PM 7) (cooking), pathah, (reading), ragah (PM 24) (reddishness)

with 'ac' affix, as cayah (PM 124)(collection), jayah (PM 30) (victory),

nayah (PM 109) (policy), with Nyut' (ana) affix, as gamanam

(PM 111) (going), karanam (PM 24) (doing) darsanam (PM 30)

(seeking), with 'ktin' affix - gatih (PM 255) (going) matih (PM 101)

(thought), drstih (PM 254) (sight), etc. with 'a' affix in desideratives,

as pipasa (thirst) jijrjasa (enquiry), bubhuksa (PM 5), jighrksa (PM 5),

didrksa (PM 5), etc..

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05.02.01 participles concurrent witli tiie tense of tlie main

verb

They denote an agent, with 'nvul' (aka) affix, such as pathal<ah

(one who reads), pacakah (cook), darsakah (spectator), with 'trc'

affix- netr (leader), gantr (one who goes), kartr (one who does), with

'ac' affix, as pacah (cook), narah (Pl^ 9) (man), with 'u' affix in

desiderative forms as pipasu (thirsty), jijfjasu (inquisitive)

05.02.02 Present participles - satrandsanac

With parasmaipada roots, 'satr' affix is added, pathat, gachat,

kurvat (one who is reading, going or doing.) with atmanepada roots,

'sanac' (ana) is added, e.g., labhamana, vardhamana (Pl^ 104) (one

who is getting something, who is increasing), vTjyamana (Pl^ 122).

When the verb 'as' to be is used with these participles, the sense is

finite e.g., sa pathan asti, sa gacchan asti.

05.02.03 Past participles kta and ktavat

'Kta' is used with intransitive verb in the active voice

(kartrvacya), e.g. 'sa gatah' (he went), 'sa suptah' (he slept).
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With transitive roots, 'kta' is used in l^armavacyatva, e.g., 'tena

grandhah pathitah' (the book was read by him), tena jano drstah (a

man was seen by him). With roots meaning to go, 'kta' can be either

active or passive, 'ktavat' is used with both transitive and intransitive

roots in active voice (kartrvacyatva) only, e.g., sa gatavan (PM 115)

(he went), sa suptavan (PM 119) (he slept), sa nltavan (he carried),

racitavan (PM 101).

05.02.04 Passive potentials tavya, aniyar, yat

These affixes are used in passive sense, i.e., with transitive

roots in karmavacyatva e.g. tena dharmo raksitavyah, raksanlyah,

raksyo va, ramena lahka vijetavyah and with intransitive roots in

bhavavacyatva (impersonal voice), e.g. tena hasitavyam, hasanlyam,

tena svaptavyam, svapanlyam.

All these Krdanta affixes, when used as finite verbs, are put in

the nominative case, and are used predicatively. There are

Indeclinable Krdanta forms also like krtva (PM 32) (after doing),

gatva (after going), etc.

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05.03 Declinable and Indeclinable participles

M.R. Kale defines krt affixes as, 'the krt affixes are added to

roots, or to their modified forms, to form nouns, adjectives and

Indedinables; e.g. kr - kara, kartr, karana, kurvat, karlsyat, cakrvas,

krtva, kartum etc. These are called Krdantas or Primary Nominal

Bases,® These participles are of two types; Declinable and

Indeclinable.

05.03.01 Declinable participles

Declinable participles are mainly divided into six. a) participles

of the present tense b) participles of the perfect c) past passive

participles d) past active participles e) participles of the future tense

and f) potential participles and verbal adjectives.

05.03.01.01 participles of the present tense :- The participle of the

present tense is formed by the addition of the affix 'at' to that form

of a root, primitive or derivative, which is assumes before the third

person plural termination of the present tense, e.g. bhu - bhavat

(PM 3), stha - tisthat, ad - adat, su - sunvat etc.

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05.03.01.02 participles of tlie perfect :- The terminations of the

perfect and the past participles are weal<, and therefore the radical

vowel does not take its guna substitute before these. The participle

of the perfect is formed by adding vas and ana generally to that form

of the root which it assumes before the termination of the 3'"'' person

plural, e.g. root i - Tyivas, r - arivas, vac - ucivas, da - dadivas, kr -

cakrana, stu - tustuvana, yaj - Tjana.

05.03.01.03 past passive participles :- The past passive participle is

formed by the addition of the affix 'ta' to the root. e.g. sna - snata, ji

- jita, bhu - bhuta (PM 23), yuj - yukta (PM 6) etc.

05.03.01.04 past active participles :- Past active participles are

derived from the past passive participles in 'ta or na' by adding to the

affix vat. e.g. bhu - bhutavat, kr - krtavat, chid - chinnavat etc.

05.03.01.05 participles of the future tense :- The participle of the

simple future, active as well as passive, is formed from the third

person singular form of the second future of a root. e.g. dasyat -

dasyamana or daylsyamana, bhu - bhavisyamana, kr - karisyamana

etc.
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05.03.01.06 potential participles :- The potential participle is formed

by means of the affixes tavya, anlya, ya and rarely elima, added to

roots or derivative bases in the sense of 'must be, fit to be' and

etc.^ e.g. da - datavya, danlya, bhu - bhavitavya, bhavanlya, kr -

kartavya (PM 3), karanlya, srj - srastavya, dlksanlya (PM 10),

sarjanlya etc.

05.03.02 Indeclinable participles

The Indeclinable participles are mainly of three types; ^°

05.03.02.01 Indeclinable past participles :- The Indeclinable past

participles are of the nature of gerunds. They fall under two heads;

1) those derived by affixing tva to the simple root and 2) those

derived by means of ya. The Indeclinable past participle or gerund in

tva is formed of all roots or derivative verbal bases to which no

preposition is prefixed, e.g. the root da - datva (PM 31), kr - krtva

(PM 32), drs - drstva (PM 112), ji - jitva etc. When the root is

compounded with one or more prepositions or words prefixed to

verbs like prepositions, the Indeclinable participle is formed by

affixing 'ya' immediately to it; the 'ya' is changed to 'tya' after a short
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radical vowel, ex. 'da' with 'a', 'adaya' (PM 110), ' I ' with 'pra', 'pretya',

'ji' with 'para', 'parajitya', 'kr' with 'sam', 'samskrtya' etc.

05.03.02.02 the adverbial Indeclinable participle ^^:- The adverbial

Indeclinable participle having the same sense as that in tva, formed

with the affix 'am'.

nl - nayam, da - dayam (PM 98), bhu - bhavam (PM 20)

05.03.02.03 the infinitive :- The infinitive is formed by the affix 'tum'^^

kr - kartum (PM 17), bhu - bhavitum, gam - gantum (PM 110),

pac - paktum, cur - corayitum, nigad - nigaditum (PM 22), etc.

In short, the krt affixes are added to roots or to their modified

forms, to form nouns, adjectives and Indedinables. These are called

Krdantas or Primary Nominal Bases.

05.04 Use of Krdanta words by Narayanabhatta

Narayanabhatta adorns his prabandhas with apt Krdanta words.

The word pranayya from Rajasijyaprabandha is such a word. Being

enraged by the adoration of Krsna by the Pandavas Sisupala

addresses Krsna as pranayyah. Pranayyah is an irregularly formed

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word meaning asammati or disapproval. Panini directly gives the

irregular term pranayya with the sutra 'pranayyojsammatau'."

(pra + ni + nyat - pranayyah). Thus pranayya denotes utmost

contempt, disapproval or dislike. The regular form is 'praneya' with

the affix 'yat' by the sutra acoyat^^ (pra + ni + yat = praneyah). By

using the word pranayyah, Narayanabhatta reveals not only the

enmity of Sisupala towards Krsna, but also the detachment of Krsna

towards worldly desires, as asammati highlights the negation of

sammati which means desire also. Thus Melputtur both curses and

praises Krsna by the use of a single rare species of word with a

grammatical uniqueness.

The word nikayya is another example. The irregularly

formed word nikayya which means a habitation, is arrived at by the

suXxB,^ payyasannayyanikayyadhayyamanahavirnivasasamidhenfsu''^^.

ni + ci + nyat = ni + cai + nyat = ni + kay + ya = nikayyah

Sisupala ridicules Krsna as varidhinikayyah, a person who has a

habitation in the ocean. So by the irregular form nikayya, Sisupala

directly mocks at Krsna, but indirectly praises him as the master of

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the ocean city Dvaraka and as the dweller of the milky ocean. The

regular form is niceya by the affix yat using the sutra aco yat ^®

The verse from Rajasuya enumerates the examples of the sutra

^carmodarayoh pureh'y According to that sutra the krt affix namul is

introduced after the verbal stem 'pur' - fill up, co-occurring with the

nominal padas 'carman' - skin and 'udara' - stomach functioning as its

direct objects. Narayanabhatta gives the two examples of this sutra

in a single line of a verse.

somamiha carmapurarti sutamapinnudarapuramamaravarah (PM 16).

The following verse is a fine illustration for the vartika

^cahcaHpativadJnam va dvitvam acyakca hrasvasya'. ^^

supapacaih pavakarudhapatrika

calacalasvagrakaraiscaracaraih

mithojtisamyagracanavadavadai-

rjana rasambhodhipatapatah krtah. ^^

It is the description of the preparation of delicious food by

expert cooks. They efficient and famous cooks put the vessels in the
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pot, with moving fingers they mixed the different food materials and

made a good combination of items. The group of persons

experienced great tastes and they all fell down in the ocean of tastes.

05.05 An analysis of the words with Krt pratyayas from

Rajasuya, IMiranunasiica and Subhadraharana

Narayanabhatta used numerous Krdanta words which are

having strong situational meanings. To make the prabandhas

beautiful he enumerates various Krdanta words, which are most apt

for the situation. A list of Krdanta words from Rajasuya,

Niranunasika, and Subhadraharana prabandhas are enlisted below.

1) kartavya (PM 3), niguhanlyam (PM 102), prastavyam (PM

101), lobhanlyam (PM 107) - tavyattavyaniyarah ^° :- The suffixes

'tavyat', 'tavya' and 'anlyar' come after verbal roots.

halantyamiti lupyete svararthavantimau halau

tarau lacau napau ceti svararthah pratyayesu sat. ^^

The difference between the pratyayas 'tavya' and 'tavyat' is the

difference in accents.
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kr + tavyat (sarvadhatukardhadhatukayoh) = kar+tavya = kartavyam

ni guh + anlyar = niguhanlyam

2) khadyam (PM 8), peyam (PM 8) aco yat ^^ :- The suffix

Vat' comes after a root that ends in a vowel.

pa + yat = peya = peyam

3) punyalabhyam (Pl^ 19) - poradupadhat" :- The suffix

'yat' comes after a root, which ends in a labial letter preceded by a

short 'a'.

labh + yat = labhyam = to be acquired.

4) sakyam (PM 95) sakisahosca ^^ :- The suffix 'yat' comes

after the root sakir 'to be able', sakyam = possible.

5) ajyam (PM 8), prajyam (PM 5), sajyam (PM 5) ajaryam

saiigatam ^^ :- The verb afjj 'to anoint' preceded by the preposition

'ah' takes the suffix 'kyap' when used as an appellative.

a+ afjj + kyap = ajyam = clarified butter

6) bhrtyah (PM 30) bhrrjofsamjrjayam ^® :- The suffix 'kyap'

is employed after the verb 'bhri]', to bear when not used as a name.
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bhr + kyap = bhrtyah = those who ought to be supported = servants

7) rajasuyah (PM 10), suryah (PM 3) rajasuyasuryamrsodya-

rucyakupyakrstapacyavyathyah ^^ :- The word rajasuya is irregularly

formed by the addition of the suffix 'kyap'.

raja + su + kyap = rajasuyah = Rajasuya or coronation sacrifice

sr/sG + kyap = suryah = the sun

8) krtyam (PM 6) vibhasa krvrsoh ^^ :- After the verb 'krfj' -

to do, the suffix 'kyap' is optionally employed.

krii + kyap = krtyam = an act to be done

9) amavasya (PM 12) amavasyadanyatarasyam ^®:-

Optionally the word amavasya is irregularly formed. The word 'ama'

means 'along' or 'together', 'ama' in composition with the root 'vas',

to dwell, takes the suffix 'nyat' in the sense of location of time.

Optionally the 'vrddhi' is not substituted in such a case. The time or

the day on which the sun and the moon dwell together in the same

constellation is called 'amavasya' or 'amavasya'

ama, vas + nyat = amavasya = new moon

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10) karyani (PM 9, 21), vakyam (PM 14) rhalornyat ^°:- The

suffix 'nyat' comes after a verb that ends in Y', or in a consonant.

kr + nyat = karyam = to be made

vac + nyat = vakyam = to be spoken

11) pranayyah (PM 20) pranayyofsammatau ^^ :- The word

pranayyah is irregularly formed when meaning asammati or

disapproval. The word asammati is the antonym and antithesis of

sammati and means non-agreement, disrespect and some other

negative qualities. Narayanabhatta in his Prakriyasarvasva says,

'asammanyah niskamascasammatih.^^ Thus the meanings of dusta

and yati are assigned to this word.

12) nikayyah (PM 20) payyasannayyanikayyadhayyamana-

havirnivasasamidhenfsu ^^:- The word nikayya is irregularly formed,

meaning a dwelling.

ni + ci + nyat = ni+cai+ya = ni+caya+ya = nikayyah = a dwelling.

13) agnicitya (PM 14) ciiyagnicitye ca^'^ \- The irregular form

'agnicitya' derived with 'krtya' suffix 'ya' 's introduced to denote the
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name of certain ritual fires. The suffix 'ya' indicated liere is not

among primary affixes listed in AstadhyayT, but mentioned in the

Vrtti' to explain the irregularity in accent.

agni, cin + ya = agni, cin + tuk + ya = agni, cit + ya = agnicitya

14) karta (PM 3) nvultrcau ^^ :- The suffix 'trc' is placed after

all verbal roots, expressing the agent.

kr + trc = kar + tr = kartr = karta

15) tapah (PM 17), nandanah (PM 115), madanah (PM 102),

nandigrahipacadibhyo lyuninyacah ^^ :- After the verbs classed as

'nanda' to be happy 'graha' to take and 'pac' to cook, there are the

suffixes Myu', 'nini', and 'ac' respectively.

tap + ac = tapah

nand + lyu = nand + ana = nandanah

mad + lyu = mad + ana = madanah

16) jriah(PM 16), budhah(PM 22) igupadhajnapnkirah kah ^^:-

After a verb ending in a consonant but preceded by i, u, or r and

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after the verbs 'jfja' to know, 'prT' to please and 'kr' to scatter comes

the suffix ka.

jfja + ka = jn + a = jfjah

budh + ka = budh + a = budhah

17) govindah (PM 1) anupasargallimpavindadhariparivedyu-

dejicetisatisahibhyasca '® :- The suffix 'sa' is employed after Vinda'

when compounded with the word 'go', when the word to be formed

is a proper noun.

go + vind + sa = govind + a = govindah = protector of cows

18) grahah (PM 99), grahah (PM 31) vibhasa grahah^^:- The

suffix 'na' is optionally employed after the verb 'grab' to seize. This

debars the suffix 'ac', which comes in the alternative.

grab + na = grab + a = grahah = seizing or a crocodile

grab + ac = grahah = a planet

The option allowed by this is a vyavasthita vibhasa or definite

option, that is to say, the suffix 'na' is always used when the word to

be formed means a water animal, such as a crocodile, shark etc and

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in that sense the word is graha. But not so when heavenly

luminaries are meant, there the word is graha.

19) grham (PM 12) gehe kah "^^ :- The suffix 'ka' is employed

after the verb 'graha' when the agent so expressed denotes 'a

house'. The Ya' is changed into V' by the rule of samprasarana. ^^

grah + ka = grh + a = grham = a house.

20) harsapradah (PM 101) pre dajfjah '^\- The suffix 'ka'

comes after a root having the form of 'da' to give etc., when taking

the preposition 'pra' and in composition with a word in the accusative

case.

harsam, pra, da + ka = harsa, pra, d + a = harsapradah

21) pGjarhah (PM 17), sarvarhah (PM 18) arhah "^^ :- The

suffix 'ac' comes after the verb 'arh' to respect, when the object is in

composition with it.

pujam, arh +ac = puja, arh +a = pujarhah

sarvam, arh + ac = sarva + arh + a = sarvarhah

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22) sahkarah (PM 7) sami dhatoh samjrjayam ^ :- The suffix

'ac' is employed after the verbal roots, when 'sam', well is in

composition and the word to be formed denotes a name.

sam + kr + ac = sam + kar + ac = sahkarah = one who does well.

23) girisah (PM 28) adhikarane seteh ^^ :- The suffix 'dac'

comes after the verb 'si' when in composition with the word 'giri' in

the locative, girau sete girisah. The letter 'da' of 'dac' is indicatory

denoting that there is elision of the final vowel with that there is

elision of the final vowel with what follows it.

girau, sT + da = giri + s + a = girisah =one who lies on the mountain

24) agratahsarah (PM 27), agresarah (PM 17), purahsarah

(PM 124) purofgratofgresu sarteh '^^:- The suffix 'ta' comes after the

verb 'sr' to move, when the words in composition with it, are 'purah',

'agratah', and 'agre' all meaning in front of or before.

agratah, sr + ta = agratah, sar + a = agratahsarah = going in front

agre, sr + ta = agre, sar + a = agresarah = going in front, a leader

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purah, sr + ta = purah, sar + a = purahsarah = one who goes in

front, a harbinger

25) stanandhayah (PM 100) nasikastanayordhmadhetoh "^^ :-

The krt suffix 'khas' is introduced after the verbal stem 'dhet' to drink

co-occurring with the nominal pada 'stana', breast.

stanam, dhet + khas = stana, dhe + a = stana + dhaya

= stanandhayah = an infant sucking the breast of the mother

26) priyamvadah (PM 104) priyavase vadah khac ^^ :- The

'krt' suffix 'khac' is introduced after the verbal stem Vad', speak, co-

occurring with the nominal pada 'priya', pleasant.

priyam, vad + khac = priyam, vad + a = priyamvadah

27) purandarah (PM 23) puh sarvayordarisahoh "^^ :- The 'krt'

suffix 'khac' is introduced after the verbal stem 'dari' to destroy, co-

occurring with 'pur', city fort.

puram, dari -f- khac = puram, dari + a = puramdar + a = purandarah

= destroyer of city forts

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28) kulahkasah (PM 2), sarvarikasah (PM 10) sarvakulabhra-

kansesu kasah ^° :- The suffix 'khac' comes after the verb 'kas', to

rub when the words 'sarva', all 'kula', bank etc. are in composition

with it as object.

kulam, kas + khac = kulam, kas + a = kulahkasah

sarvam, kas + khac = sarvam, kas + a = sarvahkasah

29) aikyamanl (PM 21), bhupalamanin (PM 28) manah ^^ :-

The suffix 'nini' comes after the verb 'man', to think when there is a

word with a case-affix in composition with it. The verb man

belonging to the 4^^ conjugation is taken here and not that belonging

to the 8*^ conjugation.

aikyaman + nini = aikyaman + ini = aikyamanl

bhupalaman + nini = bhupalaman + ini = bhupalamanl

On sambodhana bhupalaman! becomes bhupalamanin.

30) surimmanyataman (PM 20) atmamane khasca " : - The

suffix 'khas' comes after the verb 'man', to think when the word in

composition with it is a word with a case-affix, and when it is

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employed to signify thought, whereof the object is self (the sense of

the affix being thinking himself as such). The word atmamana

means thinking of one's own self. By the word 'ca' it is meant that

the suffix 'nini' may be employed in the same sense. This rule

applies where the agent, indicated by the sense of the affix, thinks

himself possessed of the qualities of 'handsomeness' etc denoted by

the upapada.

surim, man + khas = surimman + syan+ a = surimmanyah = who

thinks himself learned.

surimmanyah in the superlative becomes surimmanyataman.

31) ambujam (PM 119), karajam (PM 253), sarojam (PM 255)

saptamyam janerdah " : - The suffix 'da' comes after the verb 'jan' to

be produced, with a past signification, when the word in composition

with it, is in the locative case.

ambuni, jan + da = ambu, j + a = ambujam

kare, jan + da = kara, j + a = karajam

sarasi, jan + da = saro, j + a = sarojam

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32) drupadaja (PM 21), dharmajah (PM 21), sarikalpajah

(PM 104) parjcamyamajatau ^'*:- The suffix 'da' comes after the verb

'jan', with a past signification, when the word in composition with it,

is in the ablative case, which does not denote a genus.

drupadat + jan + da = drupada + ja = drupadaja

dharmat + jan + da = dharma + ja = dharmajah

sahl<alpat + jan + da = sahl<alpa + ja = sahl<alpajah

33) anujah (PM 19) upasarge ca samjfjayam ^^ :- The suffix

'da' comes after the verb 'jan', when the root takes the preposition.

anu + jan + da = anu + j + a = anujaii

34) dvijah (PM 5) anyesvapi drsyate ^^ :- The suffix 'da' is

seen to come after the verb 'jan' with a past signification, though it

be in composition with other nouns.

dvi + jan + da = dvi + j + a = dvijah = dvih jatah = twice-born

35) krtesu (PM 15), apakrtavan (PM 27) nistha " :- The

affixes called 'nistha' come after a verbal root employed with the

sense of past time.

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kr + kta = kr + ta = krta = krtesu

apa, kr + ktavat = apa, kr + tavat = apakrtavan

36) bhusnu (PM 28) glajisthasca ksnuh ^^ :- The suffix 'ksnu'

comes after 'bhu' to be.

bhu + ksnu = bhusnu

37) pramathT (PM 28) pre lapasrdrumathavadavasah ^^:- The

suffix 'ghinun' comes after the verb 'math' when compounded with

the preposition 'pra'.

pra + math + ghinun = pra + math + in = pramathT

38) bhahgura (PM 113) bharyabhasamido ghurac ^°:- When

'ghurac' is suffixed to the root 'bhafjj', the resultant stem 'bhahgura'

is obtained. Here two operations have taken place, velarization

(kutva) and oxytonisation (antodatta), when 'ura' is suffixed to the

root 'bhafjj'.

bhafij + ghurac = bhang + ura = bhahgura

39) ajasram (PM 2), kampre (PM 22) namikampismyajasa-

kamahimsadJpo rah ®^ :- The suffix Va' comes in the sense of the

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agent having such a habit etc., after the verbs 'kamp', to shake,

'ajas' not to cease.

ajas + ra = ajasra = ajasram

kamp + ra = kampra = kampre

40) bhiksu (PM 109) sanasamsabhiksa uh " :- The suffix 'u'

comes after roots that have taken the suffixes 'san', 'asamsa' and

^bhiks'

bhiks + u = bhiksu = almsman, mendicant, monk

41) bhlru (Pi^l 117) bhiyah kruklukanau " :- The suffix 'kru' is

introduced after the verbal stem 'bhl' fear to denote the agent's

habitual disposition.

bhi + kru = bhlru = timid, timorous

42) devesvara (PM 119), bhuvanesvara (PM 119), sthavara

(PM 20) sthesabhasapisakaso varac ^ :- The 'krt' suffix Varac' is

introduced after the verbal stems 'stha', stand, remain, 'is', rule, to

denote the agent's habitual disposition, duty or excellence.

Is + varac = Tsvara = ruler, lord, master

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stha + varac = sthavara = stationary, immovable

43) bhasamanam (PM 16), vidyut (PM 101), vibiiraja (PM 28)

bhrajabhasadhurvidyutorjiprjugravastuvah kvip ^^ :- The 'l<rt' suffix

'l^vip' is introduced after the verbal stems 'bhraj', shine, 'bhas' shine,

'dyut' shine, to denote the agents habitual disposition, duty or

excellence.

bhasa + kvip = bhasa = bhasamanam

vi, dyut + kvip = vidyut

vi, bhraja + kvip = vibhraja

44) sambhu (PM 19) viprasambhyo dvasamjrjayam ®® :- The

'krt' suffix 'du' is introduced after the verbal stem 'bhu' co occurring

with the pre-verbs Vi', 'pra', 'sam' when not denoting a name.

sam + bhu + du = sambhu

45) pavitra (PM 11) puvah samjrjayam ®^ :- The 'krt' suffix

Mtra' is introduced after the verbal stem 'pu', purify to denote an

instrument to derive a name, pavate/punati anena iti pavitra.

pu + itra = pavitra
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46) tustah (PM 30), dlksitah (PM 1), viditah (PM 105)

matibuddhipujarthebhyasca ^ :- After the roots denoting inclination,

understanding, or respect, the suffix 'Icta' is employed with the force

of the present.

tus + kta = tus + ta = tusta = tustah = satisfied

dTks+ kta = dlks + i + ta = dlksita = dlksitah

vid+ kta = vid + i + ta = vidita = viditah

47) vayu (PM 3) unadayo bahulam ®^:- The class of 'krt'

suffixes beginning with 'un' is introduced after verbal stems when the

action refers to the present time variously. The word 'bahulam' here

implies that a) these affixes are introduced after some verbal bases

other than those specified and b) affixes not specified are inferred

from actual usage.

va + un = va + yuk + u = vayu

48) karah (PM 119), sarah (PM 28) rdorap ^° :- After a root

ending in short V' or long Y short 'u' or long 'u' there is the suffix 'ap'

kr + ap = kar + a = kara = karah

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sr + ap = sar + a = sara = sarah

49) varah (PM 22), darah (PM 2) grahavrdrniscigamasca ^^ :-

The suffix 'ap' comes after the verbs Vr, dr' etc. This debars 'ghafj'.

As Varah', a boon, 'darah', tearing a cave.

50) rana (PM 27) vasiranyorupasamkhyanam ^^ :- The suffix

'ap' comes after the root Van'.

ran + ap = rana = battle.

51) ninadah (PM 15) nau gadanadapathasvanah ^^ :- The

suffix 'ap' comes optionally after the verb 'nad' to sound, when the

upasarga is in composition with them.

ni, nad + ap = ninad + a = ninada = ninadah

52) svapna (PM 2) svapo nan ^^•.- The 'krt' suffix 'nan' is

introduced after the verbal stem 'svap' lie down, sleep.

svap + nan = svapna = a dream

53) didrksa (PM 5), bubhuksa (PM 5) a pratyayat ^^:- After

the verbs that end in an affix, there is the affix 'a', the word being

feminine. The verbs that end in an affix are derivative roots, such as
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desiderative, causatives, intensives, and denominatives. Though

taking affixes, they are called dhatus/® after these verbs, the affix 'a'

is used in forming the feminine noun.

54) katha(PM 27), puja(PM 17) cintipujikathikumbicarcasca''''

The suffix 'ah' comes after the following verbs, forming feminine

words 'puj' to worship and 'kath' to narrate.

kath + ah = katha

puj + ah = puja

55) avatarah (PM 26) ave trstrorgharj ^^:- The suffix 'ghafj'

comes after the root 'tr' to cross, when the upasarga 'ava' is in

composition with them and when the word so formed is an

appellative related to the verb as an instrument or as a location.

ava + tr + ghafj = ava + tar + a = avatara = avatarah = the

descent or incarnation of a deity

56) durdarsanam (PM 30), duryodhanah (PM 22) anyebhyofpi

drsyate ^® :- In the modern Sanskrit, the sufl'ix 'yuc' comes afl:er the

verbs 'yudh', 'drs' etc.

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dur, drs + yuc = dur, dars + ana = durdarsana = durdarsanam

dur, yudh + yuc = dur, yudh + ana = duryodhana = duryodhanah

57) dayarti dayam, vasarti vasam, snayaiti snayam (PM 98)

abhJksnye namul^^\- The 'krt' suffix 'ktva' and 'namul' are introduced

when that action is repeated.

58) svaduhkaram (PM 16) svadumi namul ^^:- When the

actions, signified by the verbs 'kr' and another, and have the same

agent, the suffix 'namul' is added to the verb 'kr' (which is concerned

about a time anterior to that of the other), provided that a word

signifying sweet is in composition, svaduhkaram apiban = he drinks

having made that sweet.

svadum, kr + namul = svadum, kar + am = svaduhkaram

59) itthahkaram (PM 27) anyathaivamkathamitthamsu siddha-

prayogascet " :- When the word 'anyatha', 'evam', 'katham', or

'ittham' is compounded with the verb, 'kr', 'namul' suffix is added to

the verb 'kr', and 'namul' can be validated, even if the meaning is not

mentioned and such omission would be unobjectionable.

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ittham, kr + namul = ittham, kar + am = itthahkaram

60) yavadvedam (PM 16) yavati vindajJvoh ^^ :- The suffix

'namul' comes after the verb Vid' to get, when the word 'yavat' is

combined with them.

yavad, vid + namul = yavad, ved + am = yavadvedam

61) udarapuramapiban (PM 16), carmapuramapiban (PM 16)

carmodayoh pureh ^^ :- The suffix 'namul' comes after the verb 'pur'

to fill, when the words 'carman' and 'udar' are compounded with it as

object.

udara, pur + namul = udara, pur + am = udarapuram

udarapuramapiban = he drank so as to fill his belly

carma, pur + namul = carma, pur + am = carmapuram

carmapuramapiban = he drank out of the full leather bag

05.06 Recapitulation

Krt pratyayas are defined and described. Panini gives 128 krt

pratyayas in the krt section. Krdanta words are of two kinds; those
 308

which express an action, and those which express a karaka with an

underlying action.

Participles concurrent with the tense of the main verb, present

participles - satr and sanac, past participles kta and ktavat, passive

potentials tavya, anlyar, yat and Declinable and Indeclinable

participles are discussed in detail. The six declinable participles

namely participles of the present tense, participles of the perfect,

past passive participles, past active participles, participles of the

future tense, and potential participles and verbal adjectives are

discussed. The three types of indeclinable participles namely

indeclinable past participles, the adverbial Indeclinable participle, and

the infinitive are discussed. Narayanabhatta's excellent use of

Krdanta words is also discussed.

Around one hundred and thirty five words from RajasGya,

Niranunasika and Subhadraharana have been illustrated to analyze

around seventy Paninlya sutras and vartikas on different rules on Krt.

 05.07 REFERENCES

1. A 3/1/96
2. A 3/1/97
3. SKAPV, page 65-67
4. A 3/4/10
5. A 3/4/15
6. A 3/4/11
7. A 3/4/10
8. AHSG, page 416
9. Ibid, page 432
10. Ibid, page 440
11. Ibid, page 446
12. Ibid, page 450
13. A 3/1/128
14. A 3/1/97
15. A 3/1/129
16. A 3/1/97
17. A 3/4/31
18. Vartika on A 3/1/134; PS, page 61
19. PIM, page 7, sloka 28
20. A 3/1/96
21. PS, page 42
22. A 3/1/97
23.- A 3/1/98
24. A 3/1/99
25. A 3/1/105
26. A 3/1/112
27. A 3/1/114
 310

28. A 3/1/120
29. A3/1/122
30. A 3/1/124
31. A 3/1/128
32. PS, page 52
33. A 3/1/129
34. A 3/1/132
35. A 3/1/133
36. A3/1/134
37. A3/1/135
38. A 3/1/138
39. A 3/1/143
40. A 3/1/144
41. grahijyavayi\7adhivastivicativrscatiprcchatibhrjjatTnarh liiti ca
A 6/1/16
42. A 3/2/6
43. A 3/2/12
44. A 3/2/14
45. A 3/2/15
46. A 3/2/18
47. A 3/2/29
48. A 3/2/38
49. A 3/2/41
50. A 3/2/42
51. A 3/2/82
52. A 3/2/83
53. A 3/2/97
54. A 3/2/98
55. A 3/2/99
56. A 3/2/101
 311

57. A 3/2/102
58. A 3/2/139
59. A 3/2/145
60. A 3/2/161
61. A 3/2/167
62. A 3/2/168
63. A 3/2/174
64. A 3/2/175
65. A 3/2/177
66. A 3/2/180
67. A 3/2/185
68. A3/2/188
69. A 3/3/1
70. A 3/3/57
71. A 3/3/58
72. Vartika on A 3/3/58
73. A 3/3/64
74. A 3/3/91
75. A 3/3/102
76. sanadyanta dhatavah A 3/1/32
77. A 3/3/105
78. A 3/3/120
79. A 3/3/130
80. A 3/4/22
81. A 3/4/26
82. A 3/4/27
83. A 3/4/30
84. A 3/4/31