Institute of Technology of Cambodia Differential Equations (2019-20)

I2-TD2
(CANONICAL FORMS)

1. Determine if the following mappings are linear transformations.

(a) L : R2 → R2 , L(x1 , x2 ) = (x1 − 2x2 , 3 + x1 + 3x2 )

(b) L : R3 → R2 , L (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 + 2x2 + x3 , x1 − x2 )
(c) L : R2 → R2 , L (x1 , x2 ) = (x1 + 2x2 , x1 x2 )
(d) Let A ∈ Rn×n and L : Rn → Rn , L (x) = Ax
(e) ϕ : C 2 (R) → C 0 (R) , ϕ (f ) = 2tf 00 (t) + cos tf 0 (t) − (t2 − 1)f (t).
Z 1
0
(f) ϕ : C (R) → R, ϕ(f ) = (f (x) + 3f 0 (x)) dx
0

2. Let L ∈ L(V, W ). Show that

(a) if v1 , v2 , . . . , vn span a vector space V , then L(v1 ), L(v2 ), . . . , L(vn ) span Im(L).
(b) if L(v1 ), L(v2 ), . . . , L(vn ) are linearly independent, then v1 , v2 , . . . , vn linearly indepen-
dent.

3. Let L ∈ L(V, W ). Show that

(a) Ker(L) is a subspace of V.

(b) Im(L) is a subspace of W.
(c) if dim V < ∞, then null(L) + rank(L) = dim V.

4. Let L ∈ L(V, W ).

(a) Show that L is one-to-one if and only if Ker(L) = {0}.

(b) Show that L is onto if and only if Im(L) = W .
(c) Suppose dim V = dim W < ∞. Show that L is one-to-one if and only if it is onto.

5. Let U, V and W be vector spaces over the same field. Let f be a linear transformation
from U to V and g be a linear transformation from V to W . Show that

(a) g ◦ f is also a linear transforation.

(b) rank(g ◦ f ) ≤ min{rank(f ); rank(g)}
(c) if f is surjective then rank(g ◦ f ) = rank(g)
(d) if g is injective then rank(g ◦ f ) = rank(f )

6. Let f : R3 → R3 , f (x, y, z) = (z, x − y, y + z). Show that f is an automorphism.

7. Let L : R4 → R3 be a linear transformation defined by

   
x1   x1
 x2  1 1 0 −1  x2 
L  =
   2 1 0 −1    x3  .

x3
1 1 1 −2
x4 x4

(a) Find the kernel of L and one of its bases. Is L one-to-one?

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(b) Find the range of L and one of its bases. Is L onto?

8. Let L : R2 → R3 be a linear transformation defined by
 
  1 1  
x1 x1
L =  1 −1  .
x2 x2
2 3
(a) Find the kernel of L and one of its bases. Is L one-to-one?
(b) Find the range of L and one of its bases. Is L onto?
9. Let L : R3 → R3 be a linear transformation defined by
    
x1 2 0 −1 x1
L  x 2
 =  1 1 0   x2  .
x3 2 −1 0 x3
(a) Find the kernel of L and one of its bases. Is L one-to-one?
(b) Find the range of L and one of its bases. Is L onto?
10. Let T be the mapping from R4 into R3 [X] defined by, for x = (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) ∈ R4 ,
T (x) = x1 + 2x2 + x3 + (x2 − x4 ) t + (x1 − 3x3 ) t2 + (x1 + x2 + x3 − x4 ) t3 .
(a) Determine a basis and the dimension of Ker (T ) and Im (T ).
(b) Is T an isomorphism from R4 into R3 [X]?
11. Let T : C 2 (R) → C 2 (R); T (f ) = 2f 00 − 5f 0 + 3f. Show that T is an endomorphism and
determine its kernel.
12. Let n ≥ 2 and f : Rn [X] → R2 [X] defined by
f (P ) = x2 P (0) + (x − 2)P (1)
(a) Show that f is linear.
(b) Find the kernel and image of f .
13. Let ϕ : Rn [X] → Rn [X] defined by
ϕ(P ) = P (x + 1) − P (x)
(a) Show that ϕ is an endomorphism.
(b) Find the kernel and image of ϕ.
14. Let f be an endomorphism on vector space V satisfies f 2 − 5f + 6Id = 0. Show that
V = Ker(f − 2Id) ⊕ Ker(f − 3Id). (Note: f 2 = f ◦ f )
15. Show that there is a unique linear transformation f such that f (1, 2) = 2 and f (−2, 1) = 5.
Find the nullity and image of f .
16. Let L ∈ L(R3 ) verifies
           
1 0 1 1 0 0
L −1
  = 1 ,
 L 1 = 1 ,
   L 0
  =  1 
0 2 1 0 1 1

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(a) Find the image of e1 = (1, 0, 0) under the linear transformation L.

(b) Find the linear transformation L.

17. Consider L ∈ L(R3 ), L(x, y, z) = (x + y + z; x − y, 2z). Let

B1 = {(1, 1, 1); (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0)} and B2 = {(−1, 0, 1); (0, 1, 0), (1, 2, 3)}

(a) Find the matrix representation L relative to the standard basis.

(b) Find the transition matrix from B2 to B1 , denoted by S.
(c) Find the matrix representation L relative to bases B1 and B2 .
(d) Verify that [L]B1 [v]B1 = [L(v)]B1 for any vector v ∈ R3 .
(e) Verify that [L]B2 = S −1 [L]B1 S.

18. Let T be a linear transformation from R4 into R3 defined by, for x = (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ),

T (x) = (x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 , 2x1 + 3x2 − x3 + 3x4 , x1 + 2x2 − 2x3 + 2x4 ).

(a) Let B1 and B2 be the standard basis for R4 and R3 , respectively. Find the matrix
representation of T with respect to the bases B1 and B2 .
(b) Let B3 = {(1, 1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 1, 3), (1, 1, 1, 2), (1, 3, 2, 2)} be a subset of R4 and B4 =
{(1, 1, 2), (0, 1, 2), (1, 1, 3)} be a subset of R3 . Show that B3 is a basis for R4 and B4
is a basis for R3 . Find the matrix representation of T with respect to the bases B3
and B4 .
(c) Verify that for any v ∈ R4 , we have [T ]B
B3 [v]B4 = [T (v)]B3 .
4

19. The set S = {e2t , te2t , t2 e2t } is a basis of a vector space V of functions f : R → R. Let D
be the differential operator on V ; that is D(f ) = df /dt. Find the matrix representation of
D relative to the basis S.
 
a b
20. Let L : M2 (R) → R1 [X], L = (a + d)x + b + c.
c d

(a) Show that L is a linear transformation.

(b) Determine the matrix represents L in the canonical bases of M2 (R) and R1 [X].
(c) Find Ker(L) and Im(L).

21. Let f : Rn [X] → Rn [X]; f (P ) = xP 0 − P .

(a) Show that f ∈ L (Rn [X])

(b) Determine the matrix represents f in the canonical bases of Rn [X].
(c) Find Ker(f ) and Im(f ).

22. Let T : R3 [X] → R3 [X] defined by T (f ) = xf 00 − 2xf 0 + f. Show that T is a linear

transformation and then find the matrix represents T with respect to the standard basis
of R3 [X].
 0
2 2
23. Let f : Rn [X] → Rn+1 [X]; f (P ) = ex P e−x .

(a) Show that f ∈ L (Rn [X], Rn+1 [X])

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(b) Determine the matrix represents f in the canonical bases of Rn [X] and Rn+1 [X].
(c) Find Ker(f ) and Im(f ).

24. Let A(x) = x4 + 1 and B(x) = x4 + x. Let f : R3 [X] → R3 [X], f (P ) = the remainder of
division AP by B.

(a) Show that f is linear.

(b) Find the matrix represents f in the canonical basis of R3 [X].
(c) Find the kernel and image of f .

25. The following are the Jordan Canonical Form of linear transformations. Find the charac-
teristic polynomial, minimal polynomials, the algebraic multiplicity, geometric multiplicity
and the index of each of the eigenvalues of L
   
2 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 0 2 0 0  0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
(a)  0 0 1 0 
 
0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 

 
0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 
 
  (e)  0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0
2 1 0 0 
0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 

 0 2 0 0   
(b)  0 0 3 0 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 
 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 
0 0 0 3
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
0 1 0 0  
 0 0 0 0  0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(c)   0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 
 0 0 0 1   
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
0 0 0 0 
0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 

   
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 
(f)  
 0 1 1 0 0  0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 
   
 0 0 1 0 0 
(d)   0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 
 
 0 0 0 1 0  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

26. Find the characteristics and the minimal polynomial of the following matrices over R, then
deduce the their corresponding Jordan Canonical Form J.
     
1 −1 −1 2 −1 −1 2 1 1 0 0
(a)  0 0 −1   0 1 −1 2  −1 −1 1 0 
(b) 
 2 −5 −1 6 
 (c)  
0 1 2  0 1 1 0
1 −3 −2 6 −1 −1 1 1

27. Determine all possible Jordan canonical forms for a linear operator L whose characteristic
polynomial is p(λ) = (λ − 3)3 (λ − 4)2 .

28. Determine all possible Jordan canonical forms J for a matrix of order 6 whose minimal
polynomial is m(λ) = (λ − 1)3 (λ − 3)2 .

29. Find all possible Jordan canonical forms for those matrices whose characteristics polynomial
p(λ) and minimal polynomial m(λ) are as follows:

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(a) p(λ) = (λ − 3)4 (λ − 2)2 and m(λ) = (λ − 3)2 (λ − 2)2

(b) p(λ) = (λ − 5)7 and m(λ) = (λ − 5)2
(c) p(λ) = (λ − 3)4 (λ − 2)4 and m(λ) = (λ − 3)2 (λ − 2)2

30. Let A ∈ Mn (R) and mA (λ) be its minimal polynomial. Let f be a polynomial satisfies
f (A) = 0. Show that f (λ) is divisible by mA (λ).

31. Let A ∈ M6 (R) be an invertible matrix satisfies A3 − 4A2 + 3A = 0 and tr(A) = 8. Find
the characteristics polynomial of A.

32. Let A ∈ Mn (R) and λ1 , λ2 , . . . , λn (no need distinct) be eigenvalues of A. Show that
n
X n
Y
(a) λi = tr(A). (b) λi = |A|.
i=1 i=1

33. Let A ∈ M3 (R) with tr(A) = 9. Suppose that λ = 2 is an eigenvalue of A and E2 spanned
by (1, 0, 1) and (−1, 1, 3). Find |A|.

34. Find A ∈ Mn (R) such that

A3 − 4A2 + 4A = 0 and tr(A) = 0.

 
4 −2 1
35. Let A be a square matrix defined by A =  2 0 1 . Find the minimal polynomial
2 −2 3
4 −1
of A. Then express A and A in terms of A and I.
 
0 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 
 
36. Let A =  0 0 0 0 0 . One can show that A2 6= 0 and A3 = 0. Find the nilpotent
 
0 0 0 0 0 
0 0 0 0 0
matrix M in canonical form which is similar to A.
 
0 a a2
37. Let a ∈ R∗ and A = a−1 0 a .
a−2 a−1 0

(a) Show that A2 = A + 2I.

(b) Deduce that A is diagonalizable.

38. Determine the value of a so that λ = 2 is an eigenvalue of

 
1 −1 0
A= a 1 1 
0 1+a 3

then show that A is diagonalizable and diagonalize it.

 
a b
39. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix defined by A = . Show that A is diagonalizable if
c d
(a − d)2 + 4bc 6= 0.

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3 2
40. Let A be a square matrix defined by A = .
3 −2
(a) Find the characteristic polynomial of A.
(b) Show that A is diagonalizable then diagonalize it.
(c) Write An in term of n.
 
2 −3 1
41. Let A be a square matrix defined by A =  1 −2 1 .
1 −3 2
(a) Find the characteristic polynomial of A.
(b) Show that A is diagonalizable then diagonalize it.
(c) Write An in term of n.
 
−1 3 −1
42. Let A be a square matrix defined by A =  −3 5 −1 .
−3 3 1
(a) Find the characteristic polynomial of A.
(b) Show that A is diagonalizable then diagonalize it.
(c) Write An in term of n.
 
−8 −3 −6
43. Let A be a square matrix defined by A =  4 0 4 .
4 2 2
(a) Find the characteristic polynomial of A.
(b) Find the eigenvalues and eigenspaces of A.
(c) Show that A is not diagonalizable, but it is triangularizable, then triangularize A.
(d) Write An in terms of I, A, A2 and n.
 
−2 −1 −5
44. Let A be a square matrix defined by A =  2 2 3 .
4 2 6
(a) Find the characteristic polynomial of A.
(b) Find the eigenvalues and eigenspaces of A.
(c) Show that A is not diagonalizable, but it is triangularizable, then triangularize A.
(d) Find the three real sequences (a)n , (b)n , (c)n satisfying

an+1 = −2an − bn − 5cn , a0 = 1

bn+1 = 2an + 2bn + 3cn , b0 = 0

cn+1 = 4an + 2bn + 6cn , c0 = 1

 
−1 −2 −1 3
 −6 −5 1 6 
45. Let A be a square matrix defined by A =   −6 −4
 and its characteristics
0 6 
−6 −7 1 8
polynomial p(λ) = (λ + 1)2 (λ − 2)2 .

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(a) Find the minimal polynomial of A.

(b) Deduce that A is not diagonalizable, but it is triangularizable, then triangularize A.
(c) Write An in terms of n.
 
6 2 3
46. Let A be a square matrix defined by A =  −3 −1 −1  and L be a map from R3 into
−5 −2 −2
3
R by L (v) = Av.

(a) Show that L is a linear operator on R3 .

(b) Find the characteristic polynomial of L with respect to standard basis for R3 . Derive
the determinant of L then deduce that L is invertible.
(c) Find the eigenvalues and eigenspaces of L.
(d) Show that L is not diagonalizable, but it is triangularizable, then triangularize L.
(e) Write Ln in term of n, where Ln = L(L(. . . (L) . . .)), the n compositions of L.

47. Let B1 = {(2, 1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 2, 1)} and B2 = {(2, 1, 2, 2)} be two subsets of R4 , E1
be a subspace spanned by B1 , E2 be a subspace spanned by B2 , and L be a linear operator
on R4 defined by

L(v) = (−w + 4x − y + z, −w + 3x, −w + 2x + y, −w + 2x + z), v = (w, x, y, z).

(a) Show that B1 is a basis for E1 and B2 is a basis for E2 .

(b) Show that E1 and E2 are L-invariant. Find the matrices A1 = [LE1 ]B1 and A2 = [LE2 ]B2
(c) Show that R4 is a direct sum of E1 and E2 .
(d) Find the characteristic and minimal polynomials of A1 and A2 .
(e) Let A be the matrix representation of L with respect to the standard basis for R4 .
Show that A is similar to a block diagonal matrix to be specified.
(f) Deduce the characteristic and minimal polynomials of L.

48. Let T ∈ L(R3 ) defined by T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (−4x1 − x2 − 2x3 , 4x1 + x2 + 3x3 , −x2 − x3 )

(a) Find the characteristic polynomial of A.

(b) Find the eigenvalues of A. Show that A is not diagonalizable over R.
(c) Show that A is diagonalizable over C. Find the eigenspaces. Diagonalize A.
(d) Express T n in the form of an T 2 + bn T + cn I where an , bn and cn are real sequences to
be specified, and T n = T (T (. . . (T ) . . .)), the n compositions of T .
 
−3 −1 −3
49. Let A be a square matrix defined by A =  5 2 5 .
−1 −1 −1

(a) Find the characteristic polynomial of A.

(b) Find the eigenvalues of A. Show that A is not diagonalizable over R.
(c) Show that A is diagonalizable over C. Find the eigenspaces. Diagonalize A.

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(d) Express An in the form of an A2 +bn A+cn In where (an ), (bn ) and (cn ) are real sequences
to be specified.
 
1 −1 0
50. Let A be a symmetric matrix defined by A =  −1 2 −1  and S be the surface
0 −1 1

x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 − 2xy − 2yz + 2x + y = 1.

(a) Find the characteristic polynomial of A.

(b) Find the eigenvalues and eigenspaces of A. Show that A is diagonalizable over R.
(c) Find an orthogonal matrix P such that P −1 AP is a diagonal matrix.
(d) Does the surface S have a center? If any, specify its coordinates.
(e) Determine the type of the surface S.
 
2 1 −1
51. Let A be a symmetric matrix defined by A =  1 3 2  and S be the surface of
−1 2 3

2x2 + 3y 2 + 3z 2 + 2xy + 4yz − 2xz + 2x + 14y = 2.

(a) Find the characteristic polynomial of A.

(b) Find the eigenvalues and eigenspaces of A. Show that A is diagonalizable over R.
(c) Find an orthogonal matrix P such that P −1 AP is a diagonal matrix.
(d) Does the surface S have a center? If any, specify its coordinates.
(e) Determine the type of the surface S.

52. Determine the nature of the surface (S)

(S) : (x − y)2 + (y − z)2 + (z − x)2 = λ, λ ∈ R.

53. Given the following matrices and their corresponding characteristics polynomials, Jordanize
them over C.
 
5 4 −5
(a) 3 6 −5 and p(λ) = −λ3 + 4λ2 − 6λ + 4
5 8 −7
 
3 2 2 −4
 3 4 2 −5  2 2
 −2 7 7 −9  and p(λ) = (λ − 4λ + 5)
(b)  

1 5 4 −6
 
3 1 2 −3
 4 1 1 −2  2 2
 −2 6 7 −8  and p(λ) = (λ − 4λ + 5)
(c)  

2 2 3 −3

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