Chapter 1 Physics and Measurement

m
P1.3 Let V represent the volume of the model, the same in ρ = for both. Then
V
m gold
ρiron = 9.35 kg V and ρgold = . Next,
V
ρgold m gold ⎛ 19.3 × 103 kg/m 3 ⎞
= and m gold = 9.35 kg ⎜ = 23.0 kg .
ρiron 9.35 kg ⎝ 7.86 × 10 kg/m ⎟⎠
3 3

4 4
P1.5 For either sphere the volume is V = π r 3 and the mass is m = ρV = ρ π r 3 . We divide
3 3
this equation for the larger sphere by the same equation for the smaller:

ml ρ 4π rl 3 3 rl 3
= = =5.
ms ρ 4π rs3 3 rs3

Then rl = rs 3 5 = 4.50 cm(1.71)= 7.69 cm .

P1.9 Inserting the proper units for everything except G,

⎡ kg m ⎤ G [kg ]
2

⎢ s2 ⎥ = .
⎦ [m ]
2
⎣
m3
Multiply both sides by [m ] and divide by [kg ] ; the units of G are
2 2
.
kg⋅s 2

P1.10 Apply the following conversion factors:

1 in = 2.54 cm , 1 d = 86 400 s , 100 cm = 1 m , and 109 nm = 1 m

⎛ 1
in day
(
⎞ (2.54 cm in ) 10 m cm 10 nm m
−2 9
)(
= 9.19 nm s .
)
⎜⎝ 32 ⎟⎠ 86 400 s day

This means the proteins are assembled at a rate of many layers of atoms each second!

P1.12 (a) V = (40.0 m )(20.0 m )(12.0 m )= 9.60 × 103 m 3

V = 9.60 × 103 m3 (3.28 ft 1 m ) = 3.39 × 105 ft 3
3

(b) The mass of the air is

( )( )
m = ρairV = 1.20 kg m 3 9.60 × 103 m 3 = 1.15 × 10 4 kg .

The student must look up weight in the index to find

( )( )
Fg = mg = 1.15 × 10 4 kg 9.80 m s 2 = 1.13 × 10 5 N .

Converting to pounds, ( )
Fg = 1.13 × 10 5 N (1 lb 4.45 N )= 2.54 × 10 4 lb .
*P1.13 The area of the four walls is (3.6 + 3.8 + 3.6 + 3.8)m (2.5 m) = 37 m2. Each sheet in the

book has area

(0.21 m) (0.28 m) = 0.059 m2. The number of sheets required for wallpaper is

37 m2/0.059 m2 = 629 sheets = 629 sheets(2 pages/1 sheet) = 1260 pages.

The pages from volume one are inadequate, but the full version has enough pages.

⎛ 8 × 1012 $ ⎞ ⎛ 1 h ⎞ ⎛ 1 day ⎞ ⎛ 1 yr ⎞
P1.17 (a) = 250 years
⎜⎝ 1000 $ s ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 600 s ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 24 h ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 365 days ⎟⎠
( )
(b) The circumference of the Earth at the equator is 2π 6.378 × 10 3 m = 4.01 × 107 m . The
length of one dollar bill is 0.155 m so that the length of 8 trillion bills
is 1.24 × 1012 m . Thus, the 8 trillion dollars would encircle the Earth
1.24 × 1012 m
= 3.09 × 10 4 times
4.01× 107 m

P1.19 ( )
Fg = (2.50 tons block ) 2.00 × 106 blocks (2 000 lb ton )= 1.00 × 1010 lbs

P1.26 A reasonable guess for the diameter of a tire might be 2.5 ft, with a circumference of
about 8 ft. Thus, the tire would
make (50 000 mi )(5 280 ft mi )(1 rev 8 ft )= 3 × 107 rev~ 107 rev .

P1.30 METHOD ONE

We treat the best value with its uncertainty as a binomial (21.3 ± 0.2 ) cm (9.8 ± 0.1) cm ,
A = ⎡⎣ 21.3(9.8 )± 21.3(0.1)± 0.2 (9.8 )± (0.2 )(0.1)⎤⎦ cm 2 .

The first term gives the best value of the area. The cross terms add together to give the
uncertainty and the fourth term is negligible.
A = 209 cm 2 ± 4 cm 2 .

METHOD TWO We add the fractional uncertainties in the data.

⎛ 0.2 0.1 ⎞
A = (21.3 cm )(9.8 cm )± ⎜ + = 209 cm 2 ± 2% = 209 cm 2 ± 4 cm 2
⎝ 21.3 9.8 ⎟⎠

P1.33 (a) 756.??

37.2?
0.83
+ 2.5?
796. /5/3 = 797

(b) 0.003 2 (2 s.f.)× 356.3(4 s.f.)= 1.140 16 = (2 s.f.) 1.1

(c) 5.620(4 s.f.)× π (>4 s.f.)= 17.656= (4 s.f.) 17.66

 *P1.50 The rate of volume increase is
dV d 4 3 4 dr dr
= π r = π 3r 2 = 4π r 2 .
dt dt 3 3 dt dt

(a) dV/dt = 4 π(6.5 cm)2(0.9 cm/s) = 478 cm3/s

dr dV /dt 478 cm 3 /s
(b) = = = 0.225 cm 3 /s
dt 4π r 2 4π (13 cm)2

(c) When the balloon radius is twice as large, its surface area is four times larger. The
new volume added in one second in the inflation process is equal to this larger area
times an extra radial thickness that is one-fourth as large as it was when the balloon
was smaller.

P1.53 2π r = 15.0 m
r = 2.39 m
h
= tan 55.0°
r
h
h = (2.39 m )tan(55.0° ) = 3.41 m

55°
r

FIG. P1.53

P1.55 The actual number of seconds in a year is

(86 400 s day )(365.25 day yr )= 31 557 600 s yr .
The percent error in the approximation is
(π × 10 7
)
s yr − (31 557 600 s yr )
× 100% = 0.449% .
31 557 600 s yr

P1.57 (a) The speed of rise may be found from

v=
(Vol rate of flow )= 16.5 cm 3 s = 0.529 cm s .
(Area: π D2 /4) π (6.30 cm )2 /4

(b) Likewise, at a 1.35 cm diameter,

16.5 cm 3 s
v= = 11.5 cm s .
π (1.35 cm ) /4
2