FOUNDATION PRACTICAL

EXPERIMENT 1 Chemistry Class 10

Aim : To find the pH of the following samples by using pH paper / universal indicator.
Apparatus Required
Dropper pH strip Test Tube Universal Indicator
Chemical required
1. Dilute hydrochloric acid.
2. Dilute NaOH solution.
3. Dilute ethanoic acid solution.
4. Lemon juice.
5. Water.
6. Dilute sodium bicarbonate solution

Procedures

1. Take six strips pH paper and place them on a glazed tile. Mark them 1 to 6.
2. Take the test solutions in separate test tubes. Dissolve the solid substance by adding
distilled water to it. Label the test tubes.
3. Now, place a drop of the test solution on one strip of the pH paper with the help of a fine
dropper or glass rod. Use a fresh dropper for each test solution.
4. Observe the colour produced and match it with the different colour shades of the standard
colour pH chart.
5. Note down the colour of the pH from the colour chart that matches most closely with the
colour produced on the pH paper.
6. Similarly, find the pH value of the remaining samples by using a fresh strip of pH paper and
a separate glass rod or fine dropper for each one.

Observations:

Colour produced on pH Approximate

Sl.No Sample solution Inference
paper pH
1 Dil.HCl
2 Dil. NaOH
3 Dil. Ethanoic acid
4 Lemon juice
5 Water
Dil. Sodium bicarbonate
6
sol.

Precautions:

1. Use only the standard colour chart supplied with the pH paper for assessing the ph value.
2. Keep the pH strips away from chemical fumes.
3. Either use fresh fine dropper or glass rod for each different sample, or wash the dropper or
rod well with water every time.
BY DEEPAK YADAV
FOUNDATION PRACTICAL
2. Waft gases emitted from ferrous sulphate on heating gently towards your nose holding the
test tube at a distance. The gases SO2 and SO3 are very harmful, so do not take a deep
breath when smelling the odour of the gases.
3. Always use a test tube holder while heating the test tube.

EXPERIMENT 5

Aim: To study the properties of acids and bases (HCl and NaOH) by their reaction with:

 Litmus solution (blue/Red)

 Zinc metal
 Solid sodium carbonate

Apparatus Required:

Flat Bottom Flask Test Tubes Thistle Funnel Watch Glass Pieces Of Zinc Metal
Solid Sodium Carbonate Phenolphthalein Dropper Cork Stand with Clamp
Blue & Red Litmus NaOH / HCl Distilled Water Beaker Lime Water GlassTube Burner

Procedure:

Action of litmus solution with acid and base.

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a little amount of blue and red
litmus solutions separately in two HCl is an acid having pH
Blue litmus turns red.
test tubes. Add few drops of HCl to value below 7.
each test tube using a dropper.

Take a little amount of blue and red

litmus solutions separately in two NaOH is an alkali having pH
Red litmus turns blue.
test tubes. Add few drops of NaOH value more than 7.
to each test tube using a dropper.

The evolution of hydrogen gas can be seen by conducting the following experiments.

Experiment Observation Inference

Take some pieces of zinc A gas is evolved.
metal in a boiling tube. It extinguishes
Add few drops of HCl into the burning The gas evolved is hydrogen which burns
the boiling tube using a matchstick and with mild explosion.
dropper. Then place a burns itself with
dropper with a fine jet on mild explosion
the mouth of the tube. and produces a
BY DEEPAK YADAV
FOUNDATION PRACTICAL
Heat the boiling tube. popping sound.
Bring a burning
matchstick near the
mouth of the fine jet.

Take some pieces of zinc A gas is evolved.

metal in a boiling tube. It extinguishes
Add few drops of NaOH the burning
into the boiling tube using matchstick and
a dropper. Then place a burns itself with
The gas evolved is hydrogen which burns
dropper with a fine jet on mild explosion
with mild explosion.
the mouth of the tube. and produces a
Heat the boiling tube. popping sound.
Bring a burning
matchstick near the
mouth of the fine jet.
Action of HCl on solid sodium carbonate

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a small
quantity of solid
sodium carbonate
in a flask. Then add
distilled water into
it. Cork the flask
with a double bore
cork and insert a
thistle funnel into
the flask. Then
place a beaker
A gas is evolved
containing lime The gas produced is carbon dioxide due to the
which turns lime
water near the action of HCl on Na2CO3, which turns lime water
water turns
flask. Then insert milky.
milky.
one end of the
delivery tube into
the flask and the
other end into the
beaker. Now add
HCl into the flask
through the thistle
funnel and observe
the change in
colour of the lime
water.
Action of NaOH on solid sodium carbonate

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a small The solution Both NaOH and Na2CO3 are alkali so they do not react
quantity of solid in the test but form alkaline solution. Phenolphthalein gives pink

BY DEEPAK YADAV
FOUNDATION PRACTICAL
sodium carbonate tube turns colour in an alkaline medium.
in a test tube and pink.
add a little of
NaOH solution into
it. Then shake the
test tube well.
Then add few
drops of
phenolphthalein
into the test tube.

Precautions:

1. Take small quantities of zinc, HCl and NaOH for their reaction, otherwise large amount of
hydrogen produced may cause explosion.
2. To hydrogen burning take a fine jet.
3. Add HCl to Na2CO3, only when apparatus is made carefully airtight.
4. NaOH and HCl are injurious, handle these chemicals carefully.

EXPERIMENT 6

Aim: To perform a double displacement reaction using sodium sulphate and barium chloride
solutions.

Apparatus Required:
Sodium Sulphate solution Dil. HCl Barium Chloride Solution
Conical Flask Test Tube Glass Rod

Procedure:

 Take 2ml of sodium sulphate solution in a test tube.

 Take 1ml of barium chloride solution in another test tube.
 Add barium chloride solution to sodium sulphate solution.
 Observe the change.

Observation:

 A white precipitate appears that is insoluble in dilute HCl.

Inference:

 When sodium sulphate chemically reacts with barium chloride in the form of their aqueous
solutions, white precipitate of barium sulphate appears. This confirms the presence of
sulphate (SO42-) ions.

BY DEEPAK YADAV
FOUNDATION PRACTICAL
Then place a boiling tube containing lime water NaHCO3, which turns
near the tube containing NaHCO3 solution. Insert lime water milky.
one end of the delivery tube into the tube
containing NaHCO3 solution and the other end
into the tube containing lime water. Now, add
acetic acid into NaHCO3 solution through the
thistle funnel and observe the change in colour of
the lime water.

Precautions:

1. Never smell acetic acid directly.

2. Keep the mouth of the test tube away from you and your classmates' face.
3. Use the chemicals judiciously.

EXPERIMENT 8

Aim: To observe the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the following salt solutions:
 ZnSO4 (aq)
 FeSO4 (aq)
 CuSO4 (aq)
 Al2(SO4)3 (aq)

Arrange Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals in the decreasing order of reactivity based on the above results
Apparatus Required:
Zinc Metal Copper Metal Aluminium Metal Iron Metal Zinc Sulphate Solution
Copper Sulphate Aluminium Sulphate Ferrous Sulphate Four 100ml Beaker

Procedure:

 Select four 100ml beakers and label them as zinc sulphate, copper sulphate, aluminium
sulphate and ferrous sulphate.
 Add 20ml of 1M solution of ZnSO4, CuSO4, Al2(SO4)3 and FeSO4 in the labeled beaker
respectively.
 Take a strip of cleaned zinc metal and cut it into small pieces of suitable size.
 Add two pieces into each beaker containing CuSO4, Al2(SO4)3 and FeSO4.
 Keep the beakers undisturbed for about 1 hour.
 After about an hour, note the change in colour of solutions, appearance of metal surface or
any other change.
 Repeat the similar procedure by adding-
 Copper strips to ZnSO4, Al2(SO4)3 and FeSO4 solutions.
 Aluminium strips to ZnSO4, CuSO4, and FeSO4 solutions.
 Iron strips to ZnSO4, CuSO4 and Al2(SO4)3 solutions.

Observations:

BY DEEPAK YADAV
FOUNDATION PRACTICAL
Salt solution Colour change of Appearance of Inference
Metal in which solution metal surface
added
Zinc CuSO4 Blue color of Changes Zn can displace Cu
CuSO4 disappears and from CuSO4 solution.
red-brown copper Zn + CuSO4 --->
particles settle down at ZnSO4 + Cu
the bottom of the
beaker.
Al2(SO4)3 Solution remains No change Zn cannot displace Al
colorless. from
Al2(SO4)3 solution.
FeSO4 Green colour of ferrous Changes Zn can displace Fe
sulphate disappears. from FeSO4 solution.
Iron metal is settling Zn + FeSO4 --->
down at the bottom of ZnSO4 + Fe
the beaker.
Copper ZnSO4 Solution remains No change Cu cannot displace Zn
colorless. from ZnSO4 solution.
Al2(SO4)3 Solution remains No change Cu cannot displace Al
colorless. from
Al2(SO4)3 solution.
FeSO4 Solution remains No change Cu cannot displace Fe
colorless. from FeSO4 solution.
Aluminium ZnSO4 Solution remains Changes Al can displace Zn
colorless. Zinc metal is from ZnSO4 solution.
settling down at the 2Al + 3ZnSO4 --->
bottom of the beaker. 3Zn + Al2(SO4)3
CuSO4 Blue colour of Changes Al can displace Cu
CuSO4 disappears. from CuSO4 solution.
The brown colored 2Al + 3CuSO4 ---> 3Cu
copper particles settle + Al2(SO4)3
down at the bottom of
the beaker.
FeSO4 Green colour of Changes Al can displace Fe
FeSO4 disappears. from FeSO4 solution.
Iron metal is settling 2Al + 3FeSO4---> 3Fe
down at the bottom of + Al2(SO4)3
the beaker.

Iron ZnSO4 Solution remains No change Fe cannot displace Zn

colorless. from ZnSO4 solution
CuSO4 Blue colour of Changes Fe can displace Cu
CuSO4 changes to light from CuSO4 solution.
green colored FeSO4. Fe+ CuSO4 ----> Cu
Copper metal is formed + FeSO4
in the beaker.
Al2(SO4)3 Solution remains No change Fe cannot displace Al

BY DEEPAK YADAV
FOUNDATION PRACTICAL
 Measuring scale
 Cloth pieces (5 cm x 5 cm )
 Ink
 Dropper

Procedure:

 Take three beakers and label them as A, B and C.

 In beaker A, put 20ml of distilled water using a measuring cylinder.
 In beaker B, put 20 ml of water obtained from a well using another measuring cylinder.
 In beaker C, add 20 ml of distilled water. To this, add 2 g of calcium chloride and stir with a
glass rod till it dissolves.
 Take three soap pieces, each weighing 1g.
 Add one soap piece to each beaker A, B and C.
 Stir the contents in the beakers with separate glass rods to ensure that soap has dissolved.
 In case the soap does not dissolve completely, heat the beaker gently on a Bunsen flame
with constant stirring.
 In beaker A, the soap solution formed is almost clear, in beaker B, some turbidity is
observed and in beaker C scum is formed.
 Take three test tubes and label them as A, B and C and place them in a test tube rack.
 Pour 10 ml of soap solution from beaker A into test tube A and 10 ml of soap solution from
beaker B into test tube B and 10 ml of soap solution from beaker C into test tube C, using
separate measuring cylinders.
 Measure the initial length of each soap solution with a measuring scale.
 Hold the test tube A by hand.
 Close its mouth with the thumb and shake it thoroughly 10 times in upward-downward
direction.
 It is observed that lather has formed in the test tube.
 Measure the length of foam and the final length of the soap solution with the measuring
scale.
 Repeat the above four steps for test tubes B and C.

Observations:

BY DEEPAK YADAV
FOUNDATION PRACTICAL
 Use the same sample and same weight of soap for the beakers A, B and C.
 While stirring the soap solution, do not spill any solution out of the beaker.
 In case the soap does not dissolve completely, heat the beaker gently with constant stirring
on a Bunsen flame. Place the wire gauze on the tripod stand, to ensure heating is gentle
and evaporation of water is avoided. Evaporation will reduce the volume of the water.
 Carefully measure the same quantity of soap solution from the beakers A, B and C to put in
the experimental test tubes A, B and C.
 Give equal number of shakes to the test tubes A, B and C in the same way, without spilling
any soap solution.
 Immediately measure the length of foam produced.
 The quantity of ink put on each piece of cloth should be equal.

EXPERIMENT 10

Aim: To study the saponification reaction for preparation of soap.

Apparatus Required:

 Vegetable oil (castor oil, olive oil, coconut oil or palm oil)
 20% sodium hydroxide solution Common salt
 Measuring cylinders
 Glass beaker (250 ml) Blue and red litmus papers Glass rod
 Bunsen burner Wire gauze
 Tripod stand Filter funnel and Filter paper Spatula Knife

Procedure:

 Take 25 ml of coconut oil in a measuring cylinder and pour it into a 250 ml glass beaker.
 Measure 30 ml of 20% NaOH solution in another measuring cylinder and add it into the
beaker containing vegetable oil.
 Vigorously stir the mixture using a glass rod.
 Touch the beaker from outside. It is observed that the beaker is warm.
 Place the beaker on a wire gauze placed over a tripod stand.
 Heat the beaker using a Bunsen burner till the mixture become a whitish paste.
 Remove the beaker from the flame and allow it to cool.
 Dip a red litmus paper in the suspension formed.
 When dipped in the suspension, the red litmus paper changes its colour to blue.
 Dip a blue litmus paper in the suspension.
 The colour of blue litmus paper remains the same.
 To the above suspension, add 15g of common salt and stir it well with a glass rod.
 After adding common salt, soap in the suspension gets precipitated out as solid.
 Take a filter funnel and place a filter paper in it and fix it in a stand.
 Place a beaker below the funnel.

BY DEEPAK YADAV
FOUNDATION PRACTICAL
 Pour the contents of the beaker into the funnel over a glass rod and filter the contents of the
beaker.
 After filtration, soap is left behind in the filter paper.
 Transfer the soap into another filter paper using a spatula and dry it by pressing with
another filter paper.
 Then, cut it into desired shape with a knife.

Observations:

 When 20% NaOH solution was added to the beaker containing vegetable oil, it was
observed that the beaker was warm when touched from the outside.
 A whitish suspension was formed by heating the mixture of vegetable oil and 20% NaOH
solution.
 Red litmus paper changed colour to blue when dipped in suspension. Blue litmus paper
was not affected by the suspension.
 After adding common salt, the soap in suspension form precipitated out as solid.

Conclusions:

 The reaction between vegetable oil and sodium hydroxide solution is exothermic in nature
because heat is liberated during the reaction.
 The white suspension formed is made up of soap and glycerol. The process of formation of
soap is called saponification.
 Test using red and blue litmus papers shows that soap suspension is basic in nature and
not acidic in nature.
 The process of precipitation of soap from the suspension is called salting out.

Precautions:

 Do not touch the NaOH solution with bare hands as it may burn the skin.
 Do not breathe the fumes of NaOH or let the fumes get in your eyes. Keep the windows of
the laboratory open.
 The mixture of oil and alkali should be stirred thoroughly.
 It is necessary to stir the soap solution after adding common salt to it, in order to precipitate
out the soap in solid form.

BY DEEPAK YADAV