A REPORT

ON

“ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE LAYERS”

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for Research practice

Submitted by
ADARSH PURANIK 2018H1410082G

CHAITANYA MODAK 2018H1410083G

Under the Guidance of

DR. SANDEEP SINGH
 Acknowledgement

We would like to express our deep gratitude to all those who gave us the opportunity to
complete this report. We would like to thank especially Dr. Sandeep Singh, whose
contribution in suggestions and encouragement, helped us to write this report. We are very
grateful to him for his advice and constant supervision, as well as for providing the necessary
information on this report and also for his support.

ii
 Table of Contents

Title Page No.

Acknowledgment ii
Abstract 1
Introduction 2
Methodology 2
Bending of Long Rectangular Plates to a Cylindrical Surface 3
Pure Bending of Plates 4
Small Deflection of Laterally Loaded Plates 5
Simply Supported Rectangular Plate under Sinusoidal Load 5
Navier Solution for Simply Supported Rectangular Plate 6
An overview of Laminated Plates 8
Conclusion 10
References & Bibliography 11
 Table of Figures
Figure Figure Title Page No.
No.
1 Comparison between Theoretical and Approximate solution 3
2 MATLAB Surface output for pure bending with M1≠ M2 4
3 Coordinates of plate considered 5
4 Parameters considered for point load on plate 6
5 Geometry of the plate according to the assumption of FSDT
 Abstract
Composite materials find lots of applications in recent decade due to its superior properties over non-
composite material. This project aims at providing accurate deflection and behavior of composite plates
under different loading conditions. For this purpose different case of simply supported rectangular plate is
studied. Application Navier Solution is interpreted. Then Theories of composite plates like Classical
Laminated Plate Theory (CSDT) and Shear Deformation laminated Plate theory (FSDT) is studied. With
this knowledge application of Navier solution in simply supported composite plate is studied and
possibility of and higher order composite theory is analyzed.

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1. Introduction

1.1 Composite Materials

Composite materials are a combination of two or more materials on a macroscopic scale, so they
have improved technical properties than conventional materials. Properties that are improved by the
formation of a composite material are strength, stiffness, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, weight
reduction, fatigue life, and thermal properties. The widely used composite materials are made of two
materials: a base material called an inner matrix and a reinforcing material called a fiber. Composite
materials are manufactured in three different types: Compounds in particles that are composed of particles
of macromolecular material in the matrix of the other; fibrous composites that comprise fibers of one
material in a matrix of different materials; and laminated compounds that are made of layers of different
materials, including composite materials of the first two types.
1.2 Laminae and Laminates
The laminate or layer is a sheet of composite material. It is an essential element. A fiber-
reinforced layer made of many fibers implanted into Matrix, which may be non-metallic thermostable,
such as a metal or thermoplastic polymer or metal such as aluminum. Bonding agents (chemicals) and
fillers are often used to improve bonding between fibers and matrix material and assist in stubbornness.
The fibers are continuous or discontinuous, unidirectional, woven, bidirectional or randomly spaced.
Unidirectional fiber reinforced sheets have the highest strength and modulus in the direction of the fibers
but have a very low resistance and modulus in the direction perpendicular to the fibers. The weak bond
between the fiber and the matrix results in poor cross-sectional properties and portals in the form of fiber
abstraction, fiber struts, and fiber rupture. Fiber reinforced discontinuous composites have low strength
and modulus than continuous fiber reinforced composites. Laminate is a set of sheet sets to achieve the
desired thickness and stiffness. For example, unidirectional fiber reinforced sheets can be adjusted such
that the fibers in each sheet are arranged in the same or different directions. The order and order of
several orientations of a fiber-reinforced composite layer in a laminate is known as a lamination contour
or stacking order. The layers are joined together by the same matrix material as the sheet. If it has layers
with fibers oriented at 30 ° or 45 °, it may have a cutting load. The lamination scheme and the material
properties of each sheet give designers the flexibility to adjust the strength and rigidity of the laminate to
meet structural requirements for durability and rigidity.
.
2. Methodology:
To analyze the behavior of composite under different loading condition it is necessary to study
the behaviour of homogeneous plate. So we begin with the simpler cases of bending of rectangular plates.
Its results are validated and interpreted. Navier solution and its possible application in simply supported
plate is studied. Then we proceed to understand the Theories of laminated composite plate(Equivalent
single layer theory) on which Navier solution is applied to find its deflection under different condition.

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3. Bending of long rectangular plates to a cylindrical surface:
Theory of bending of plates is studied from a simple problem of bending of a long rectangular
plate that is subjected to a uniformly load along the length with Simply Supported Edges. The deflected
surface of a portion of such a plate at a considerable distance from the ends can be assumed cylindrical
with the axis of the cylinder parallel to the length of the plate. We can therefore restrict ourselves to the
investigation of the bending of an elemental strip cut from the plate by two planes perpendicular to the
length of the plate and a unit distance apart. The deflection of this strip is given by a differential equation
which is similar to the deflection equation of a bent beam.
The equation for deflection curve of the elemental strip for the present case is derived to be:
d 2 w Sw qlx qx 2
   
dx 2 D 2D 2D
(1)

Where
Eh 2
D
12(1  v 2 ) (2)

S- Axial force to prevent the ends from moving along the x axis.
l- Width of the plate
q- Uniformly distributed load
w- Deflection of the plate
By soling above differential equation analytically we get,
   2x   
4  cosh  u  1  l    2
ql       ql x
w  1  2 (1  x )
16u 2 D  cosh  u   8u D
 
  (3)

The above solution is compared with approximate solution by assuming values for constants. Galerkin method is
used to find approximate solution (in terms of sine) in is compared with exact solution using MATLAB software.

Figure 1: Comparison between Theoretical and approximate solution

Conclusions of comparison:
1. 4 sine terms in approximate solution are sufficient to get an accuracy of 9.6e-4(difference between exact
and approximate solution.
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 2. It was also observed that the values of approximate solution deviated from exact solution after mid
width(i.e., l/2)

4. Pure bending of plates:

After studying cylindrical bending of plate, pure bending of plates was studied to understand the
deflection of plate under pure moment. It is concluded by Timoshenko that pure bending is always
produced if along the edges of the plate Bending moment is Mn are distributed in the manner given by
h
2
Mn  
h
n zdz  M z cos 2   M y sin 2 
2
(4)
In general case, Mx will be different from My. Hence we take Mx=M1 and My=M2.
We have,
1 1  2w 2w 
M x  D   v   D  2  v 2 
r ry   x y 
 x (5a)

1 1  2w 2w 
M x  D   v   D  2  v 2 
r rx   y x 
 y (5b)

From Eq(5a) and Eq(5b) we find

2w M 2  vM 1  2 w M  vM 2
  ; 2  1
y 2
D (1  v ) x
2
D (1  v 2 ) (5c)

2w
0
xy (5c)

After integrating and applying boundary conditions we get

M 1  vM 2 2 M 2  vM 1 2
w x  y
2 D(1  v 2 ) 2 D(1  v 2 ) (6)

This will result in paraboloid of revolution.

Figure 2: MATLAB surface output for pure bending with M1 ≠ M2

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5. Small Deflection of Laterally Loaded plates:
The governing equation for of small deflection of plates is given by
2w 4w 2w q
 2  
x 2 x 2y 2 y 2 D (7)

Different boundary conditions that can be applied to plates are

1. Built-in Edge
2. Free Edge
3. Simply Supported

6. Simply supported rectangular plate under Sinusoidal load:

Let us consider the case of simply supported plate for solving above differential equation. The deflection at the
fixed end i.e., at the boundary the deflection w=0 . Taking the coordinate axes as shown in fig(3), we assume
that the load is distributed over the plate given by the expression,
x   y 
q  q0 sin   sin  
 a   b  (8)

Figure 3: Coordinates of plate considered

where q0 represents the intensity of the load at the center of the plate. Now substituting (8) in equation (7)
we get ,
2w 4w  2 w q0 x   y 
 2 2 2  2  sin   sin  
x 2
x y y D  a   b  (9)
The boundary conditions for simply supported edge are
2w
 0;  w
2
0
y 2
x 2
(10)

After solving and applying boundary condition, we get deflection as

q0 x   y 
w 2
sin   sin  
 1 1  a   b 
 D 2  2 
4

a b  (11)
Similarly for a sinusoidal load distribution given by,

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  m x   n y 
q  q0 sin   sin  
 a   b  (12)
Will give deflection of
q0  m x   n y 
w 2
sin   sin  
 m2 n2   a   b 
 D 2  2 
4

a b  (13)
where m and n are integer number.

7. Navier Solution for simply Supported Rectangular plate:

Navier found that any kind of loading q=f(x,y) on a simply supported rectangular plate can be
approximated to a combination of sinusoidal load distribution and deflection can be found accordingly.
For this purpose we represent the function f(x,y) in the form of a double trigonometric series:

 
 m x   n y 
f ( x, y )   amn sin   sin  
m 1 n 1  a   b  (14)

Hence the total deflection will be obtained by

1   amn  m x   n y 
w  4  sin  sin
 D m 1 n 1  m n   a   b 
2 2

 2  2
a b 
(15)
Where amn is given by
 m ' x   n ' y 
a b
4
am ' n '   
ab 0 0
f ( x, y ) sin   sin 
 a   b 
dxdy
(16)

Now let us understand the usage of the same by taking the case of a load uniformly distributed over the
plate surface.
In such case f(x,y)=q0,
Where q0 is the intensity of the uniformly distributed load From formula Eq(16) we get

 m x   n y 
a b
4q 16q0
amn  0
ab   sin   sin 
a   b 
dxdy  2
 mn
0 0 (17)
If m or n or both are even number amn=0.
Hence we get

16q0   1  m x   n y 
w 
 6 D m 1 n 1
sin 
2  sin 
 a   b 

 m2 n2 
mn  2  2 
a b  (18)

Where m and n are odd numbers

Maximum deflection is obtained at the center of the plate and is found by substituting x=a/2 ,y=b/2 , v
=0.3 and taking first term of the equation we get
q0 a 4
wmax  0.0454
Eh3
(19)
The values given by Timoshenko is verified and compared with values obtained from Matlab and it was
6
found that by taking first 3 terms of the series percentage error is almost zero.

Further application for Navier Solution is understood by studying the deflection of simply supported plate
under a single load P uniformly distributed over the area of the rectangle as shown in the figure.

Figure 4: Parameters considered for point load on plate

Timshenko derived the maximum deflection to be (considering first 4 terms of the series)
pa 4
wmax  0.01121
D (20)
The same is verified in MATLAB and number for actual terms required to match the solution with exact
solution as mentioned by Timoshenko is found out.

Till now we have studied and observed the deflection of homogeneous and isotropic rectangular plate
under different loading condition, and application of Navier solution to find deflection in rectangular
plate. This knowledge is extended to study composite plate deflection. But before that, theories are
governing equation of Laminated Composite plate is studied.

7
7. An overview of laminated plates:
Equivalent single layer (ESL) theories are most commonly used theories to analyze the composite
plates (in 2D). These theories are basically developed from 3-D elasticity theory by making suitable
assumption regarding kinematics of deflection. In these Theories heterogeneous laminated plate is treated
as a equivalent to single layer having a complex constitutive behavior. The ESL theories are developed by
assuming form of displacement field as linear combination of unknown function and thickness
coordinates. Two types of theories come under ESL theories:
1. Classical Laminated Plate Theory (CSDT)
2. Shear Deformation laminated Plate theory (FSDT)

7.1. Classical laminated Plate Theory:

Classical laminated plate theory assumes that Kirchoff’s hypothesis holds good. That is transverse
displacement is independent of transverse coordinate and transverse normal strain and shear strain is zero.
By the Kirchhoff assumptions, a material point occupying the position (x,y,z) in the unreformed laminate
moves to the position (x+u,y+v,z+w) in the deformed laminte,where (u,v,w) are the components of the
total displacement vector along the (x,y,z)coordinates. The Kirchhoff hypothesis requires the
displacement (u,v,w) to be such that,
w
u ( x, y , z , t )  u 0 ( x , y , t )  z 0
x
w0
v( x, y, z , t )  v0 ( x, y , t )  z
y
w( x, y , z, t )  w0 ( x, y , t ) (21)
Where (u0,v0,w0) are the displacement along the coordinate lines (x axis axis and z axis) at midplane.
Using midplane displacements, the displacement of any arbitrary point (x, y, z) in the 3-D continuum can
be determined using 3.3.2 (above equation).
The strain associated with the displacement field is determined from non-linear relation by JN Reddy as
 xx   xx0   1xx 
   0   1 
 yy    yy    yy 
   0  1 
 xy   xy   xy  (22)

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  u0 1  w0 2 
   
 x 2  x  
 xx 
0

   v 1  w  2 

 0   yy0    0   0  
 0   y 2  y  
 xy   v0 u0 w0 w0 
   
 x y x y 

   w0  
2

  2  
x  
 xx   
1
 
     w  
2
 1   1yy     20  
 1    y  
 xy  
 2 
2   w0  
  xy  
 0 , 0 , 0 1 , 1 , 1
Where ( xx yy xy ) are the membrane strain and ( xx yy xy ) are the flexural strain

The linear constitutive relation for the kth orthotropic lamina in the principal material coordinates of a
lamina are
(k )
 xx   Q11 Q12 0  ( k )  1   xx    0 0 e31  ( k ) 1 
            
 yy   Q12 Q22 0    2    yy T    0 0 e32   2 
   0 0 Q66    6  0   0 0 0   3 
 xy          (23)
Where Qij are the plane stress-reduced stiffness defined as
E1 v E v E
Q11  , Q12  12 2  21 1
1  v12v21 1  v v
12 21 1  v12v21
E1
Q22  , Q66  G12
1  v12v21
7.2. Shear Deformation laminated Plate theory /First-order Laminated Plate Theory (FSDT):
In FSDT the Kirchoff hypothesis is relaxed and transverse shear strain is included. Hence the
displacement field of FSDT is of the form
u ( x, y, z, t )  u0 ( x, y, t )  zx ( x, y, t )
v ( x, y, z , t )  v0 ( x, y, t )  z y ( x, y, t )
w( x, y, z , t )  w0 ( x, y, t ) (24)
y
As before (u0,v0,w0) denote the displacements of a point z=0, x and are the rotation of a transverse
normal about y- and x- axes respectively(fig5).

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 Figure 5: Geometry of the plate according to the assumption of FSDT
Using nonlinear strain-displacement relation we get
 u0 1  w0  2 
       
 x 2  x    x 
 2   x 
 xx   xx   xx   0
0 1 v 1  w    
   0   1   y  2  y 
0

       y

 yy   yy   yy     y
   0   1   w0   
 yz    yz   z  yz     y   z 0 
   0   1   y  0 
 xz   xz   xz   w   
   0   1   0  x   x  y 
 xy   xy   xy   x    
 v0 u0 w0 w0   y x 
 x  y  x y   
 
  (25)
Hence Equivalent plate theory in context of composite plate is studied.
8. Conclusion:
In order to study the defection of composite plate we began study of the behavior of normal
homogeneous plate under different conditions. From the study of bending of large plates to cylindrical
surface and pure bending of plates we could find out the optimal number of terms to be considered in
approximate solution (Galerkin Method). The study of small deflection of laterally loaded plates helped
us to derive the analytical solution to simply supported rectangular plates. Navier solution to simply
supported plate was applied to different cases and validated using MATLAB. With this complete
understanding of behavior of homogeneous plate and application of Navier solution on plates, theories of
laminate was studied. The Strain-displacement equations of classical laminated plate theory and First-
order laminated plate shall be extended to understand the deflection of laminated plates. Further Navier
solution of laminated plate shall be analyzed to get the deflection of composite plates under different
condition. Then as a future scope these studies help in formulating a higher order theory which gives
accurate analysis if composite plate.

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11
9. References Bibliography:
 Ghugal YM, Shimpi RP. “A review of refined shear deformation theories for isotropic and
anisotropic laminated beams.”,2001
 Stephen P. Timoshenko, S. Woinowsky-Krieger, “Theory of Plates and Shells”, McGraw-Hill
International, Second edition 1959.

 Reddy J. N. “Mechanics of laminated composite plates and shells”, Second editio