Collocations 1 Look at the pictures and discuss the questions in pairs. 1. Where do you think these photos were taken? 2 Which would you most like to visit? 2. (HERE Match the words in box A with those in Bto form collocations. Then listen to the recorded text to check your answers. A carbon climate drought endangered become forest fossil global habitat lting rainforest rising fuels emissions clearance warming fires change 3 Look at each picture again. Answer the questions using expressions from Exercise 2. 1. How important is this kind of area to the Earth's climate and wildlife? 2 Whatkind of dangers does it face, and what might happen if itis not protected? Exam tip > Make sure you know which extract you are listening to. ‘Quick steps to Listening Part 1 * Read each introduction and first line of the questions. * Think about who will be speaking, why, and about what * Don't choose an answer before hearing the wl 4 Look at the exam task and answer these questions. 1. Which extract relates to which picture? 2 Whowill you hear and what will they talk about? 3. What are the key words in each question? 5 FOREN Listen and do the exam task. BE uw 7 uistenivc Cunce You will hear three different extracts. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A, B or C) which fits best according to hat you hear. There are two questions for each extract. You overhear two colleagues talking about the man’s recent holiday. 1 What does the man complain about? A the cost of accommodation B the lack of snow C the large crowds 2. How does the woman react to what he soys? A She is concerned about the implications. B She is not convinced he is telling the truth. She is sympathetic about the problem he had. You hear two friends discussing a documentary programme about a topical rainforest. 3. They agree that ‘Atthe commentary was irritating at times. B the photography was of poor quality C the programme was too short. 4. The man says the programme seemed to have been made Ain Australia, B by amateurs. Con alow budget ‘You hear part of an interview with a woman called Anne Murphy, who is campaigning against the building of a new factory. 5. Anne is opposed to the plan because A tthere is no need for additional jobs in the district. B the river could become polluted by waste, C the infrastructure would have to be upgraded, 6 What would Anne prefer instead of the current plan? ‘Aturning the land into 2 leisure facility B leaving the fields exactly as they are now C building 2 smaller factory in the same placeInversion of subject and verb © rages 1 © Most of these sentences written by exam candidates are correct, but five contain errors. Correct any mistakes. ‘Then answer questions a-f about the expressions in bold. ‘Seldom have | seen such a determined person Little did the children know they were in for so many adventures together in the future. 3. Only when they start performing they will discover any hidden talents they might have. 4 Not until the 20th century did travelling become a widespread phenomenon 5 Never before Sonia had ever had such a feeling of freedom and strength. 6 Under no circumstances we can allow this kind of accident to happen again. vo 3. Make these sentences more emphatic by using inversion forms from Exercises 1 and 2. 1. This is the longest drought there has ever been. 2 We had little idea of what would happen when darkness fell. 3. There won't be any chance of rescuing survivors until the storm has passed 4. Visitors are not permitted to leave the designated footpaths, for any reason. 5. There are bears and also wolves in those hills 6 Wild flowers started to appear as soon as the rains come. Itjsrare to see fish in a river as polluted as this. The climbers set off for the summit and almost immediately it began to snow. 7 Onno account should we assume our planet will always 4 Imagine you have to do these writing tasks. For each task, provide us with enough food. 8 Hardly had he finished the sentence, when the ‘telephone rang, 9 At no time when she was in Paris was Carlota really aware of her true feelings. 40 No sooner did he finish his studies than he decided to become a wildlife photographer. 41 Nowhere else in the world will you find this strange- sounding but lovely bird. 412 Not only private cars contribute to this chaos in our Cities, they also pollute the air. 8) What kinds of adverbial expression require inversion of subject and verb? ) Where in the sentence do these expressions usually go? ©) How does inversion affect the way a sentence sounds? 4) How does the word order change when ther. auxiliary vero? @) What is added when there is no auxiliary verb? #) When would you use sentences lke these? 2 Rewrite the sentences by putting the words in italics at the beginning and making any other necessary changes. 1. Itwas only when we arrived in Kenya that we saw hippos and giraffes. 2 I'd hardly unpacked in my hotel room when my phone ra ‘Thatitaneressive: gus ello cotch toga hunters have never before seen such a spectacular waterfall ‘There are no longer any tigers in the northern region. The zebras had no sooner entered the water than hungry crocodiles appeared. Visitors to the forest must on no account light fires. = The local people are in no way to blame for the destruction of the forest oose write three sentences using the expressions given. 1. Alist of safely ules for people visting a safari park Onno account i Atno time Under no circumstances 2. Anarrative about an adventure you had. Hardly No sooner Litve 3. A description of a beautiful part of your country. Nowhere else Rarely Inno other country 4. An account of events in your country's history. Not until = Only when Not since " GRAMMAR UNIT 7 ExZlCompare the pictures using some of these expressions. commuters congestion fuelconsumption gridiock carhorns caroccupancy jams rush hour smog exhaust fumes Discuss these questions. 1. Is traffic getting better or worse where you live? Why? In which parts of the world do you think itis getting much worse? Why? 3. The amount of traffic in some cities is actually reducing. What reasons can you think of for this? Quick steps to Reading and Use of English Part 7 + Flin any gaps you are sure about first. + Don't leave any gaps blank * At the end, make sure the option lft over does not fiany of the gaps. Look at the exam task. Quickly read the title, the main text and options A-G, then answer these questions. 1. What does motormania mean? Look at the introduction for a phrase that means the same. 2 Which of the reasons you discussed in Exercise 2 question 3 are mentioned? 3 What kind of text is it? What kind of clues, therefore, should you look for to do the task? Do the exam task. Use these clues to help you. 1. For questions 1, 3, 4 & 6, find reference words and phrases with similar meanings. 2. For question 2, look for the previous explanation(s) 3. For question 3, also look for an addition link. 4 For question 5, find an addition link and a contrast link UNIT 7 You are going to read a newspaper article about changes in car usage. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap (1-6), There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to ‘The end of the road for motormania Something unexpected is happening to our car-crazy culture. What are the forces driving us out of motoring? Is the west falling out of love with the ear? For environmentalists it seems an impossible dream, but it ishappening. While baby boomers and those with young families may carry on using four wheels, a combination of our ageing societies and a new attitude among the young seems tobe breaking our 20th-century car addiction. Somewhere along the road, we reached the high point of the ear and are now cruising down the other side. a ‘The phenomenon was first recognised in The Road... Less Traveled, & 2008 report by the Brookings Institution in ‘Washington DC, but had been going on largely unnoticed for years. Japan reached it in the 1990s, They talk there of “demotorisation’. The west had its tipping point in 2004. ‘That year the US, UK, Germany, France, Australia and Sweden all saw the start of a decline in the number of kilometres the average person travelled in a car that continues today.2 Demographics are another possible explanation. Itis surely no accident that ‘peak car’ happened first in Japan, which has the world’s oldest population. Pensioners do not drive to work, and many don't drive at all. There is also the rise of “virtual, commuters” who work from home via the Internet. 3 Social scientists detect a new ‘culture of urbanism. The stylish way to live these days is in inner-city apartments, not the suburbs. Richard Florida, an urban studies theorist, at the University of Toronto in Canada, points out that the young shop online, telecommute, live in walkable city neighbourhoods near public transport and rely more on social ‘media and less on face-to-face visiting. Given those changes, they can think of better ways to spend their money than buyinga car. 4 ‘The industrialised world still has plenty ofless-green trends too. Falling car occupancy is one. In the US, the average car on. the average journey carries 1.7 people, half « person less than {in 1970, So even if we individually travel less, our cars may travel just as much, 5 But the good news is that those straight lines on the planners graphs predicting ever rising car-kilometres and ever- ‘worsening carbon emissions from internal combustion engines are being proved wrong. Meanwhile, the use of everything else, from bikes and buses to trains and trams, is unexpectedly going up. 6 Some think car use will revive ifand when economies recover. Buti looks like something more profound is going on. Florida calls ita “great reset” in society that will have profound ‘consequences ~ not least for the environment, Even our most ‘treasured consumer aspirations can have a peak. Enough can ‘be enough. highlight the language links you find so that you don’t ime looking for them again. | | A. Ofcourse, environmentalists shouldn't get carried away ‘with all this. In the developing world, the car boom is only now getting under way, despite gridlock in cities from | Shanghaito Sio Paulo, That trend makes any claim of an impending global peak in car usage far-fetched. | B_ What could be drivingus offthe road? Fuel costs and rising insurance premiums may be a factor. And urban gridlock, combined with an absence of parking places ‘and congestion charging, makes an increasing number of uslook on the car as a dumb way to move around in cit | where there are public transport alternatives. © Planners need to take note of these miscalculations. And, ifthey have any sense, they will start to reinforce these trends with improved publie transport, an end to urban ‘sprawl and more investment in inner cities. D_ Inthe US, similarly the decline of the car among the youngis most dramatic not in the gridlocked city centres ‘but in the car-dependent suburbs. In sprawling cities like Atlanta and Houston where the automobile is king, driving is down by more than ten per cent. | | E. Likewise, by insisting on driving bigger and more powerful cars we are wiping out the gains from more fuel-efficient vehicles. And sometimes we simply replace driving with flying. | | F That peaktakes several forms, Sales of new cars have almost halved in the US, down from nearly 11 million in || 1985 to about 5.5 million now. We shouldn't take much notice of that, though. Cars last longer these days, and sales go up and down with the economy. But we have hit peak car ownership, too. And, more to the point, peal per-capita travel. G Besides these new employment patterns, leisure lifestyles are also changing. The biggest fall in car use in the US is || among people under 35. The fraction of American 17-year- || olds with a driver's licence has fallen from about three- || quarters to about half since 1998. Twenty-somethings hhave recently gone from driving more than the average to driving less. | 5. Use the context to work out the meanings of these phrasal verbs. What other meaning can each have? 4 look on (option 8) 5 insist on (option £) 1. carry on (ist paragraph) 2. goon (2nd paragraph) 3. rely on (ath paragraph) READING AND USE OF ENGLISH UNIT 7 EX