Section 2.

2 – Trigonometric Functions

Let (x, y) be a point on the terminal side of an angle  in standard position

The distance from the point to the origin is given by: r  x 2  y 2

Six Trigonometry Functions (x, y)

Opposite opp y
sin   Hypotenuse    a  cos B r y
hyp r c

Adjacent adj 
cos  Hypotenuse   x  b  sin B
hyp r c x
opp sin y a
tan   =    cot B
adj cos x b
B
adj cos
cot   = = 1  x = b  tan B
opp sin tan y a Hypotenuse Side opposite A
and Adjacent to B
hyp
sec  = 1  r  c  csc B c
adj cos x b a
hyp
csc  = 1  r = c  sec B
opp sin y a A
b C
Side opposite B
and Adjacent to A

Example
Find the six trigonometry functions of  if  is in the standard position and the point (8, 15) is on the
terminal side of .
Solution

 r  x 2  y 2  82  152  17
y 15 y 15
sin    cos   x  8 tan   
r 17 r 17 x 8

csc  r  17 sec  r  17 cot   x  8

y 15 x 8 y 15

2
Example
Which will be greater, tan 30 or tan 40? How large could tan be?
Solution
y
tan 30  1
x (x, y2)
y
tan 40  2
x (x, y1)
y y
Ratio : 2  1 40 30
x x
 tan 40> tan 30
No limit as to how large tan can be.

Function I II III IV
y = sin x + +  
y = cosx +   +
y = tan x +  + 
y = cot x +  + 
y = cscx + +  
y = sec x +   +

Example

If cos   3 , and  is QIV, find sin and tan .

2
Solution

cos   3  x  x  3, r  2
2 r

y  r 2  x2

 3
2
y  22   43 1 Since  is Q IV  y  1
y
sin   1
r 2
y 1
tan     1 3  3
x 3 3 3 3

3
Reciprocal Identities
csc  1 sin  1 cot   1
sin csc tan 

sec  1 cos  1 tan   1

cos sec cot 

Ratio Identities
tan   sin  cot   cos
cos sin 

Pythagorean Identities
x2  y 2  r 2
2
x2  y  1
r2 r2


2
x 2  y  1
 
r r

 cos 2  sin 2  1  cos2   sin2   1

Solving for cos

cos2   sin 2   1

cos2   1  sin 2 

cos    1  sin 2 
cos2   sin 2   1

Solving for sin cos   1  sin 2 

sin 2   1  cos2   sin    1  cos2  sin    1  cos2 

1  tan 2   sec2 
cos2   sin 2   1
1  cot 2   csc2 
cos2   sin 2   1
cos2  cos2 
cos2   sin 2   1
cos2  cos2  cos2 

cos    cos  
 cos  cos 
2 2 2
  sin   1

1  tan 2   sec2 

4
Example
Write tan in terms of sin.
Solution

tan  sin 
cos
 sin 
 1  sin 2 
  sin 
1  sin 2 

Example

If cos  1 and  terminated in QIV, find the remaining trigonometric ratios for .
2
Solution

sec  1  1 2
sin    1  cos2  cos 1/ 2

2
2
  1 1 csc  1  1   2
sin   3 / 2 3
  1 1
4
tan  sin    3 / 2   3
 3 cos 1/ 2
4

 3 cot   1
2 3

Example

Simplify the expression x 2  9 as much as possible after substituting 3tan  for x

Solution
x  3tan 

x2  9  (3tan  )2  9

 9 tan 2   9


 9 tan 2   1 
 3 sec2 
 3sec

5
Example
Triangle ABC is a right triangle with C = 90. If a = 6 and c = 10, find the six trigonometric functions
of A.
Solution

b  c2  a 2  102  62  8

sin A  a  6  3 cos A  b  8  4 tan A  a  6  3

c 10 5 c 10 5 b 8 4

csc A  c  10 5 sec A  c  10  5 cot A  b  8  4

a 6 3 b 8 4 a 6 3

sin A  cos B

if A  B  90  sec A  csc B
 tan A  cot B


Cofunction Theorem
A trigonometric function of an angle is always equal to the cofunction of the complement of the angle.

Example
Write each function in terms of its cofunction
a) cos52

Solution

cos52  sin  90  52  sin 38

b) tan 71

Solution

tan 71  cot  90  71  cot19

c) sec 24

Solution

sec 24  csc  90  24  csc66

6
The 30 - 60 - 90 Triangle

30 30 30

h 2t 2t
h

60 60 60

t t t

t 2  h2  (2t )2
t 2  h2  4t 2
h2  4t 2  t 2
h2  3t 2
ht 3

30 30

2t 2
t 3  3
1 1  sin 60  3
2
60 60
t 1

The 45 - 45 - 90Triangle

45
hypotenuse2  t 2  t 2

hypotenuse  2t 2 t

hypotenuse  t 2
45
t

45 45
t 2 2
t t 1
 cos 45  1
2
45 45
t Angle
Reference 1

7
Definition
The reference angle or related angle for any angle  in standard position ifs the positive acute angle
between the terminal side of  and the x-axis, and it is denoted ˆ

f   QI then ˆ      ˆ

f   QII then ˆ  180      180  ˆ

f   QIII then ˆ    180    ˆ  180

f   QIV then ˆ  360      360  ˆ

Example
Find the exact value of sin 240
Solution

ˆ  240  180  60  240  QIII

sin 240  sin60

 3
2
Approximation- Simply using calculator

8
 sin 250  0.9397

cos 250  0.3420

tan 250  2.7475

csc 250  1  1.0642

sin 250

To find the angle by using the inverse trigonometry functions, always enter a positive value.

Example
Find  if sin   0.5592 and  terminates in QIII with 0    360 .
Solution

ˆ  sin 1 0.5592  34

 QIII
   180  34  214

Example
Find  to the nearest degree if cot   1.6003 and  terminates in QII with 0    360 .
Solution

cot   1.6003  1
tan 

tan   1
1.6003

ˆ  tan 1 1
1.6003
 32

  QII    180  32  148

9
Exercise Section 2.2 – Trigonometric Functions

1. Find the six trigonometry functions of  if  is in the standard position and the point (2, 3) is on
the terminal side of .

2. Find the six trigonometry functions of  if  is in the standard position and the point (3, 4) is
on the terminal side of .

3. Find the six trigonometry functions of  in standard position with terminal side through the point
 3, 0  .
4. Find the six trigonometry functions of  if is in the standard position and the point (12, 5) is
on the terminal side of .

5. Find the values of the six trigonometric functions for an angle of 90.

6. Indicate the two quadrants  could terminate in if cos   1

2
7. Indicate the two quadrants  could terminate in if csc  2.45

8. Find the remaining trigonometric function of  if sin   12 and  terminates in QI.

13
9. Find the remaining trigonometric function of  if cot   2 and  terminates in QII.

10. Find the remaining trigonometric function of  if tan   3 and  terminates in QIII.
4

11. Find the remaining trigonometric function of  if cos   24 and  terminates in QIV.
25

12. Find the remaining trigonometric functions of  if cos   3 and  is terminates in QIV.
2
13. Find the remaining trigonometric functions of  if tan    1 and cos   0 .
2
14. If sin    5 , and  is QIII, find cos and tan .
13

15. If cos   3 , and  is QIV, find sin and tan .

5

16. Use the reciprocal identities if cos   3 find sec

2

17. Find cos  , given that sec   5

3

18. Find sin  , given that csc    12

2

10
19. Use a ratio identity to find tan  if sin   3 and cos    4
5 5

20. If cos    1 and  terminates in QII, find sin 

2

21. If sin  3 and  terminated in QII, find cos and tan.

5

22. Find tan  if sin   1 and  terminates in QI

3

23. Find the remaining trigonometric ratios of , if sec  3 and   QIII

24. Using the calculator and rounding your answer to the nearest hundredth, find the remaining
trigonometric ratios of  if csc  2.45 and   QIII

25. Write sec  in terms of sin and cos, and then simplify if possible.
csc 
26. Write cot   csc in terms of sin and cos, and then simplify if possible.

27. Write sin   1 in terms of sin and/or cos, and then simplify if possible.
cos  sin 
28. Write sin  cot   cos  in terms of sin and cos, and then simplify if possible.
29. Multiply (1  cos  )(1  cos  )
30. Multiply (sin   2)(sin   5)

31. Simplify the expression 25  x 2 as much as possible after substituting 5 sin  for x.

32. Simplify the expression 4 x 2  16 as much as possible after substituting 2 tan for x

33. Simplify by using the table. 5 sin 2 30

2 2
34. Simplify by using the table sin 60  cos 60

35. Simplify by using the table tan 45  tan 602

36. Find the exact value of csc300

37. Find  if sin    1 and  terminates in QIII with 0    360 .

2
38. Find  to the nearest degree if sec  3.8637 and  terminates in QIV with 0    360 .
39. Find the exact value of cos 225
40. Find the exact value of tan 315
41. Find the exact value of cos 420
42. Find the exact value of cot 480
43. Use the calculator to find the value of csc166.7

11
44. Use the calculator to find the value of sec590.9
45. Use the calculator to find the value of tan195 10
46. Use the calculator to find  to the nearest degree if sin   0.3090 with   QIV with
0    360
47. Use the calculator to find  to the nearest degree if cos  0.7660 with   QIII with
0    360
48. Use the calculator to find  to the nearest degree if sec  3.4159 with   QII with
0    360
49. Find  to the nearest tenth of a degree if tan   0.8541 and  terminates in QIV with
0    360
50. Use the calculator to find  to the nearest degree if sin   0.49368329 with   QII with
0    360

12
Solution Section 2.2 – Trigonometric Functions

Exercise
Find the six trigonometry functions of  if  is in the standard position and the point (2, 3) is on the
terminal side of .
Solution

 r  x 2  y 2  (2)2  32  13

y y sec  1  r   13
sin    3 tan   3 cos x 2
r 13 x 2

cos   x   2 cot   x   2 csc  1  r  13

r 13 y 3 sin y 3

Exercise
Find the six trigonometry functions of  if  is in the standard position and the point (3, 4) is on the
terminal side of .
Solution

r  x2  y 2  (3)2  (4)2  5

sin    4 tan   4  4 csc   5

5 3 3 4

cos    3 cot   3 sec   5

5 4 3

Exercise
Find the six trigonometry functions of  in standard position with terminal side through the point (3, 0).
Solution

r  x2  y 2  (3)2  02  3

sin   0  0 tan   0  0 csc  1  

3 3 0

cos   3  1 cot   1  
0
sec  1  1
1
3

8
Exercise
Find the six trigonometry functions of  if is in the standard position and the point (12, 5) is on the
terminal side of .
Solution

r  x2  y 2  122   5  13
2

sin    5 tan    5 csc    13

13 12 5

cos   12 cot    12 sec   13

13 5 12

Exercise
Find the values of the six trigonometric functions for an angle of 90.
Solution
sin 90  1 tan 90   csc 90  1

cos90  0 cot 90  0 sec 90  

Exercise
Indicate the two quadrants  could terminate in if cos   1
2
Solution

cos   1  QI & QIV

2

Exercise
Indicate the two quadrants  could terminate in if csc  2.45
Solution

csc  2.45  1  QIII & QIV

sin 

9
Exercise
Find the remaining trigonometric function of  if sin   12 and  terminates in QI
13
Solution

x  132  12 2  5
y y 12
sin   12  tan    csc  13
13 r x 5 12

cos   x  5 cot   x  5 sec   13

r 13 y 12 5

Exercise
Find the remaining trigonometric function of  if cot   2 and  terminates in QII.
Solution

cot   2  x
y
  QII   x  2, y  1

r  x2  y 2   22  12  5

y
sin    1 , cos   x   2
r 5 r 5
y
tan     1 , sec   r   5 , csc   r  5
x 2 x 2 y

Exercise
Find the remaining trigonometric function of  if tan   3 and  terminates in QIII.
4
Solution
y
tan   3 
4 x
  QIII   x  4, y  3

r  x2  y 2   42   32 5

y
sin     3 , cos   x   4
r 5 r 5

cot   x  4 , sec   r   5 , csc   r   5

y 3 x 4 y 3

10
Exercise
Find the remaining trigonometric function of  if cos   24 and  terminates in QIV.
25
Solution

cos   24  x
25 r
  QIV   x  24

y   r 2  x2    252   242  7

y
sin    7
r 25
y
tan     7 , cot   x   24
x 24 y 7

sec   r  25 , csc   r   25
x 24 y 7

Exercise
Find the remaining trigonometric functions of  if cos   3 and  is terminates in QIV.
2
Solution

3 x
cos     x  3, r  2
2 r
x2  y2  r 2
y 2  r 2  x2

y   r 2  x2
2
Since  is QIV  y   2 2  3
  43
 1
y
sin   1
r 2
y 1 3
tan     cot    3
x 3 3

2 3 csc  r  2  2
sec  r  2 
x 3 3 y 1

11
Exercise

Find the remaining trigonometric functions of  if tan    1 and cos   0 .

2
Solution

tan  sin   0 & cos   0  sin   0   in QIV

cos
y
tan    1 
2 x

 y  1, x  2  r  12  22  5

y
sin    1 cos   x  2
r 5 r 5
cot   2

5 csc  r  2  2
sec  r 
x 1 y 1

Exercise
If sin    5 , and  is QIII, find cos and tan .
13
Solution
y
sin    5   y  5, r  13
13 r
r 2  x2  y 2

 x2  r 2  y 2

 x  r 2  y2

 x  132  52  12 Since  is Q III  x  12

cos   x   12
r 13

tan    5  5
y
x 12 12

12
Exercise
If cos   3 , and  is QIV, find sin and tan .
5
Solution

cos   3  x
5 r
  QIV   x3 y  4

sin    4 , tan   4
5 3

Exercise
Use the reciprocal identities if cos   3 find sec
2
Solution

sec  1
cos 
 2
3

2 3
3

Exercise

Find cos  , given that sec   5

3
Solution

cos   1
sec 

1
5
3

3
5

13
Exercise

Find sin  , given that csc    12

2
Solution

sin   1
csc 
  2 12
12 12

  2 12
12

  12
6

Exercise

Use a ratio identity to find tan  if sin   3 and cos    4

5 5
Solution

tan   sin 
cos 
3
 5
4
5
3
4

Exercise

If cos    1 and  terminates in QII, find sin 

2
Solution

sin   1  cos2 

 1 1
4

 3
4

 3
2

14
Exercise

If sin  3 and  terminated in QII, find cos and tan.

5

Solution

cos    1  sin 2 

5
2
  1 3

  1 9
25

  16
25
4
5

tan   sin 
cos
 3/5
4/5
3
4

Exercise

Find tan  if sin   1 and  terminates in QI

3
Solution

cos   1  sin 2 

 1 1
9

 8
9

2 2
3

tan   sin 
cos 
1
 3
2 2
3
 1
2 2

 2
4
15
Exercise
Find the remaining trigonometric ratios of , if sec  3 and   QIII

Solution

sec  1  3  cos    1
cos  3

sin    1  cos 2    1  1   8   2 2
9 9 3

2 2

tan   3  2 2 2 2
1 1
3

cot   1  2
2 2 4

csc  1   3  3 2
sin  2 2 4

Exercise
Using the calculator and rounding your answer to the nearest hundredth, find the remaining trigonometric
ratios of  if csc  2.45 and   QIII

Solution

sin   1  1  .41
csc  2.45

cos    1  sin 2    1  .412  .91

tan   sin    .41  .45

cos   .91

cot   1  1  2.22
tan  .45

sec  1  1  1.1
cos  .91

16
Exercise

Write sec  in terms of sin and cos, and then simplify if possible.
csc 
Solution
1
sec   cos 
csc  1
sin 

 1 sin 
cos  1

 sin 
cos 

Exercise
Write cot   csc in terms of sin and cos, and then simplify if possible.
Solution

cot   csc   cos   1

sin sin

 cos   1
sin 

Exercise

Write sin   1 in terms of sin and/or cos, and then simplify if possible.
cos  sin 
Solution
sin   1  sin 2   cos 
cos  sin  cos  sin 

Exercise
Write sin  cot   cos  in terms of sin and cos, and then simplify if possible.
Solution

sin  cot   cos   sin  cos   cos 

sin 
 cos   cos 
 2 cos 

17
Exercise
Multiply (1  cos  )(1  cos  )

Solution

(1  cos  )(1  cos  )  1  cos 2 

 sin 2 

Exercise
Multiply (sin   2)(sin   5)
Solution
(sin   2)(sin   5)  sin2   3sin   10

Exercise
Simplify the expression 25  x 2 as much as possible after substituting 5 sin  for x.
Solution

25  x 2  25  (5 sin  ) 2

 25  25 sin 2 

 25(1  sin 2  )

 25 cos 2 
 5 cos 

Exercise
Simplify the expression 4 x 2  16 as much as possible after substituting 2 tan for x
Solution

4 x 2  16  4(2 tan  ) 2  16

 16 tan 2   16

 16(tan 2   1)

 4 tan 2   1

 4 sec 2 
 4sec

18
Exercise

Simplify by using the table. 5 sin 2 30

Solution
2
5 sin 2 30  5 1   5
2 4

Exercise

Simplify by using the table. sin 2 60  cos2 60

Solution


2
  2
sin 2 60  cos2 60   3   1
 2  2

 31
4 4
1

Exercise

Simplify by using the table. tan 45  tan 602

Solution

 tan 45  tan 602  1  

2
3

 1 3  2 3
 42 3

Exercise
Find the exact value of csc300
Solution

ˆ  360  300  60  300  QIV

csc300   1  1  2
sin 60 3 3
2

19
Exercise
Find  if sin    1 and  terminates in QIII with 0    360 .
2
Solution

ˆ  sin 1 1
2
 30

  QIII
   180  30
 210

Exercise
Find  to the nearest degree if sec  3.8637 and  terminates in QIV with 0    360 .
Solution

sec  3.8637  1
cos
cos   1
3.8637

ˆ  cos1 1 Calculator : cos1(1/ 3.8637)

3.8637
 75

  QIV
   360  75
 285

Exercise
Find the exact value of cos 225
Solution

ˆ  225  180  45

 225  QIII

cos 225   cos 45

 2
2

20
Exercise
Find the exact value of tan 315
Solution

ˆ  360  315  45  315  QIV

tan315   tan 45  1

Exercise
Find the exact value of cos 420
Solution

ˆ  420  360  60  420  QI

cos 420  cos 60 1

2

Exercise
Find the exact value of cot 480
Solution

ˆ  480  360  120

ˆ  180  120  60  480  QII

cot 480   cos 60

sin 60

  1/ 2
3/2

 1
3

Exercise
Use the calculator to find the value of csc166.7
Solution
1
csc166.7 
sin166.7
 4.3469

21
Exercise
Use the calculator to find the value of sec590.9
Solution
1
sec590.9 
cos590.9
 1.5856

Exercise
Use the calculator to find the value of tan195 10
Solution


tan 195 10   tan 195  10
60 
 tan195.1667
 .271

Exercise
Use the calculator to find  to the nearest degree if sin   0.3090 with   QIV with 0    360
Solution

ˆ  sin 1(0.3090)  18.0

Since   QIV
  180  40.0
 220.0

Exercise
Use the calculator to find  to the nearest degree if cos  0.7660 with   QIII with 0    360
Solution

ˆ  cos1(0.7660)  40.0 Since   QIII

  180  40.0
 220.0

22
Exercise
Use the calculator to find  to the nearest degree if sec  3.4159 with   QII with 0    360
Solution
sec  3.4159
1
cos   
3.4159

 1 
ˆ  cos1    73.0 Since   QII
 3.4159 
  180  73.0
 107.0

Exercise
Find  to the nearest tenth of a degree if tan   0.8541 and  terminates in QIV with 0    360 .
Solution

ˆ  tan 1 0.8541  40.5

  QIV
   360  40.5
 319.5

Exercise
Use the calculator to find  to the nearest degree if sin   0.49368329 with   QII with 0    360
Solution

ˆ  sin 1 0.49368329  29.6

  QII
   180  29.6
 150.4

23