Chapter 7 – Functions revisited

Solutions to Exercise 7A
1 a y 3 a y

(1, 1)
x
(−1, −1) 0
x
0 16
−1
Domain = R+ Domain = R
Range = (−1, ∞) Range = R
Neither odd nor even Odd

b y b y

x
−1 0 243
(1, 1)
x
0
Domain = R \ {0} Domain = R+ ∪ {0}
Range = R \ {−1} Range = R+ ∪ {0}
Neither odd nor even Neither

2 1
2 a 32 5 = (32 5 )2 = 4 4 a i Domain = R+ ; Range = R+ ;
Asymptotes: x = 0, y = 0
2 1
b (−32) 5 = (−32) 5 )2 = 4
ii y
3 1
c 32 5 = (32 5 )3 =8
3
d (−32) 5 = (−32) 5 )3 = −8
1
2
5 1 1
e (−8) 3 = ((−8) 3 )5 = −32
x
4 1 0 2 4
f (−27) 3 = ((−27) 3 )4 = 81
b i Domain = R; Range = R

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 ii y f i Domain = R; Range = R

2 ii y

x 2
−2 0 2
−2 x
−2 0 2
−2
c i Domain = R; Range = R

ii y
5 We can assume x , 0 in the this
2 question witout effecting the result.

x a
3
x 2 > x2
−2 0 2
−2 1 > x2− 2
3

1
1 > x2
d i Domain = R \ {0};
Range = R \ {0}; x<1
Asymptotes: x = 0, y = 0 ∴ x ∈ (0, 1)

ii y 3
b x 2 < x−2
3
4 x2+ 2 < 1
x 5
−8 −4−4 0 4 8 x2 < 1
x<1
∴ x ∈ (0, 1)
e i Domain = R \ {0};
Range = R \ {0}; 6 a Odd
Asymptotes: x = 0, y = 0
b Even
ii y
c Odd
6
d Odd
x
−6 0 6 e Even
−6
f Odd

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 Solutions to Exercise 7B
1 a h(x) = f ◦ g(x), f (x) = e x , g(x) = x3 b f ◦ g−1 (x) = x
2
b h(x) = f ◦ g(x), f (x) = sin x, ⇔ p3 =x
g(x) = 2x2 g−1 (x)
q
⇔ 2 = x g−1 (x)
3

c h(x) = f ◦ g(x), f (x) = xn ,

g(x) = x2 − 2x 8
⇔ g−1 (x) = 3
x
Therefore,
d h(x) = f ◦ g(x), f (x) = cos x, 8
g(x) = x2 g−1 : R \ {0} → R, g−1 (x) =
x3
6
√
e h(x) = f ◦ g(x), f (x) = x2 , c f ◦ g : R \ {0} → R, f ◦ g(x) = 4e
3
x
g(x) = cos x
2
d g ◦ f : R → R, g ◦ f (x) = √3
f h(x) = f ◦ g(x), f (x) = x , 4
4e3x
g(x) = x2 − 1
e Let h(x) = f ◦ g(x)
6
g h(x) = f ◦ g(x), f (x) = x2 , h(x) = 4e
√
3
x
g(x) = cos(2x)
h ◦ h−1 (x) = x
h h(x) = f ◦ g(x), f (x) = x3 − 2x, √
3
6

g(x) = x2 − 2x ⇔ 4e h−1 (x)

=x
√ 6
3 x
⇔e h−1 (x)
=
2 a f ◦ f (x) = x
−1 4
 
⇔ 4e f
−1
(x)
=x ⇔ √ 6
3 −1
= loge 4x
h (x)
−1 x 6 3
⇔ ef (x)
=

4 ⇔ h−1 (x) =
 x loge ( 4x )
⇔ f −1 (x) = loge Therefore,
4 ( f ◦ g)−1 : R+ → R,
Therefore,  6 3
1  x
( f ◦ g) (x) =
−1
f −1 : (0, ∞) → R, f −1 (x) = loge loge ( 4x )
3 4
1 2
f (g ◦ f )−1 : R+ → R, (g ◦ f )−1 (x) = loge 3
3 x

5
3 a f −1 : R+ ∪ {0} → R, f −1 (x) = x 2
Both f and f −1 are strictly increasing
5
b f −1 : R+ ∪ {0} → R, f −1 (x) = −x 2

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 Both f and f −1 are strictly decreasing ii ran( f ◦ g) = R,
2
dom( f ◦ g) = R \ {0},
c f −1 : R+ → R, f −1 (x) = x 5 ran(g ◦ f ) = [0, ∞),
Both f and f −1 are strictly increasing dom(g ◦ f ) = R+
g i f ◦ g(x) = loge (x2 − 1),
g ◦ f (x) = loge (x − 1) 2


4 a i f ◦ g(x) = 3 sin(2x2 ),
g ◦ f (x) = g(3 sin 2x)2 = 9 sin2 (2x)
ii ran( f ◦ g) = R,
ii ran( f ◦ g) = [−3, 3], dom( f ◦ g) = R \ [−1, 1],
dom( f ◦ g) = R, ran(g ◦ f ) = [0, ∞),
ran(g ◦ f ) = [0, 9], dom(g ◦ f ) = R dom(g ◦ f ) = (1, ∞)
b i f ◦ g(x) = −2 cos(2x2 ), h i f ◦ g(x) = − loge (x2 ),
g ◦ f (x) = g(−2 cos 2x) = g ◦ f (x) = (loge x)2
4 cos2 (2x)
ii ran( f ◦ g) = R,
ii ran( f ◦ g) = [−2, 2], dom( f ◦ g) = R \ {0},
dom( f ◦ g) = R, ran(g ◦ f ) = [0, ∞),
ran(g ◦ f ) = [0, 4], dom(g ◦ f ) = R dom(g ◦ f ) = R+
2
c i f ◦ g(x) = e x , g ◦ f (x) = e2x
π   π
5 a g ◦ f (x) = g 2x − = sin 2x −
ii ran( f ◦ g) = (1, ∞), 3 3
dom( f ◦ g) = R, π
b (x, y) → (2x0 − , y0 )
ran(g ◦ f ) = (0, ∞), 3
dom(g ◦ f ) = R x + π3 1 π
∴x =0
= x + and y0 = y
d
2
i f ◦ g(x) = e2x − 1, 2 2 6
Dilation of factor 12 from the y-axis,
g ◦ f (x) = (e2x − 1)2
then translation π6 units to the right
ii ran( f ◦ g) = [0, ∞),
dom( f ◦ g) = R, 6 a g ◦ f : ( 13 , ∞) → R,
ran(g ◦ f ) = [0, ∞), g ◦ f (x) = g(3x − 2)
dom(g ◦ f ) = R
2 = loge (3x − 2 + 1)
e i f ◦ g(x) = −2e x − 1,
g ◦ f (x) = (2e x + 1)2 = loge (3x − 1)

b Write y0 = loge (3x0 − 1) and

ii ran( f ◦ g) = (−∞, −3],
y = loge (x + 1)
dom( f ◦ g) = R,
Then choose,
ran(g ◦ f ) = (1, ∞),
y0 = y and 3x0 − 1 = x + 1
dom(g ◦ f ) = R x+2
f i f ◦ g(x) = loge (2x2 ), That is y0 = y and x0 =
3
g ◦ f (x) = loge (2x) 2

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 −1
7 a [g(x)]2 − 7g(x) + 12 = 0 a x = e−2 f (x)

(g(x) − 3)(g(x) − 4) = 0 ln x = −2 f −1 (x)

∴ g(x) = 3 or g(x) = 4 −1
f −1 (x) = ln x
2
b [g(x)]2 − 7xg(x) + 12x2 = 0 x = (g−1 (x))3 + 1
(g(x) − 3x)(g(x) − 4x) = 0 x − 1 = (g−1 (x))3
∴ g(x) = 3x or g(x) = 4x 1
g−1 (x) = (x − 1) 3

b f ◦ g(x) = e−2(x +1)

3
8 eg(x) = 2x − 1
3
g(x) = loge (2x − 1) = e−2x −2
range ( f ◦ g) = R+
∴ g(x) = 3x or g(x) = 4x
since range (−2x3 − 2) = R
and range (e x ) = R+
√
9 f (x) = e4x , g(x) = 2 x g ◦ f (x) = (e−2x )3 + 1
√ 1
= e−6x + 1
a g( f (x)) = 2 e4x = 2(e4x ) 2 range (g ◦ f ) = (1, ∞)
= 2e2x
1
2(g◦ f )−1 (x) 11 a f : (−1, ∞) → R, f (x) =
b x = 2e x+1
x domain (f) = (−1, ∞),
ln = 2(g ◦ f )−1 (x)
2 ∴ range ( f ) = R+
1 x
(g ◦ f )−1 (x) = ln 1
2 2 x=
f −1 (x) +1
q
c x = 2 g−1 (x) 1
f −1 (x) + 1 =
x
x
q
= g−1 (x) 1
f −1 (x) = − 1
2 x
x2
g−1 (x) = range ( f ) = (−1, ∞),
−1
4
x2
!
domain ( f −1 ) = R+
4 4
( f ◦ g−1 )(x) = e ∴ f −1 : R+ → R, f −1 (x) =
1
−1
2 x
= ex

10 f (x) = e−2x , g(x) = x3 + 1

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 !
b f (x) = f 1 (x) = x 13 f ◦ g(x) = In
1
x
f (x) = x
1 = −ln(x)
=x
x+1 f (x) + f ◦ g(x) = ln x − ln x = 0
(x + 1)x = 1
x2 + x − 1 = 0
s
(5x2 + 3) − 3
√ 14 h(g(x)) =
−1 ± 1 + 4 5
x=
2 s
but x > 0, (domain(
√ f −1 )) 5x2
=
−1 + 5 5
∴ x= √
2
√ = x2
5−1
x= = |x|
2

12 a f (x) = ln(x + 1) 15 a f (g(x)) = (x2 − 4 − 4)(x2 − 4 − 6)

x = ln( f −1 (x) + 1)
= (x2 − 8)(x2 − 10)
e x = f −1 (x) + 1
f −1 (x) = e x − 1 f (g(x)) = x4 − 18x2 + 80
f −1 : R → R, f −1 (x) = e x − 1 g( f (x)) = ((x − 4)(x − 6))2 − 4
g(x) = x2 + 2x, domain(g) = (−1, ∞)
= (x2 − 10x + 24)2 − 4
range (g) = (g(−1), ∞)
= (−1, ∞) = x4 − 20x3 + 48x2 + 100x2
x = (g−1 (x))2 + 2g−1 (x) − 480x + 576 − 4
(g−1 (x))2 + 2(g−1 (x)) − x = 0
g( f (x)) = x4 − 20x3 + 148x2
(g−1 (x)2 + 1)2 − x − 1 = 0
√ − 480x + 572
g−1 (x) + 1 = ± √(x + 1)
g−1 (x) + 1 = ± √ x + 1
b g( f (x)) − f (g(x)) = 158
g−1 (x) = −1 ± x + 1
x4 − 20x3 + 148x2 − 480x + 572
but g−1 (x) > −1 √ −x4 + 18x2 − 80 = 158
∴ g−1 (x) = −1 + x + 1
−20x3 + 166x2 − 480x + 334 = 0
g−1 : (−1, ∞) → R, g−1 (x) =
√ 10x3 − 88x2 + 240x − 167 = 0
(x + 1) − 1
CAS calculator gives x = 1 as a
b f ◦ g(x) = ln(x2 + 2x + 1) solution
⇒ (x − 1)(10x2 −√73x + 167) = 0
= ln((x + 1)2 ) 73 ± 5329 − 6680
x = 1, x =
= 2 ln(x + 1) √ 20
73 ± −1351
(S ince domain g = (−1, ∞)) x = 1,
20
⇓

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 no real solutions 1 1
∴a= and b = −
∴ x=1 6 2

f −1 (x) + 2
16 a f (x) = 4 − x2 19 =x
f −1 (x) − 1
f ( f (x)) = 4 − (4 − x2 )2
f −1 (x) + 2 = x( f −1 (x) − 1)
= 4 − (16 − 8x2 + x4 )
f −1 (x)(1 − x) = −2 − x
= −12 + 8x2 − x4 x+2
f −1 (x) =
f ( f (x)) = 0 x−1
⇒ x4 − 8x2 + 12 = 0
(x2 )2 − 8x2 + 12 = 0 20 ln(g(x)) = ax + b
(x2 − 6)(x2 − 2) = 0 g(x) = eax+b
x2 = 2, 6 g(0) = 1
√ √
x = ± 2, ± 6 ∴ 1 = eb
∴ b=0
17 f (x) = e x − e−x g(x) = eax
g(1) = e6
a LHS = e(−x) − e−(−x)
e6 = ea
= e−x − e x
a=6
RHS = −e x + e−x
g(x) = e6x
= e−x − e x
= LHS QED
21 Let y = f −1 (x)
b RHS = e3x − e−3x − 3e x + 3e−x
ey + e−y
a =x
= e − 3e + 3e
3x x −x
−e −3x
2
LHS = (e x − e−x )3 ey + e−y = 2x
= e3x − 3e x + 3e−x − e−3x e2y + 1 = 2xey
= RHS QED e2 y − 2xey + 1 = 0
1 √
ey = (2x ± 4x2 − 4)
18 Consider, 2
√
a f −1 (x) + b = x y = loge (x ± x2 − 1)
∴ f −1 (x) = −
x b But Range of f −1 = Domain of
a a f = [0, ∞)
If f −1 (x) = 6x + 3 and Domain of f −1 = Range of
1 b f = [1, ∞) ∴ f −1 : [1, ∞) → R,
a = and − = 3
6 a

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 √
f −1 (x) = loge (x + x2 − 1) If x > y then g(x) > g(y)
Hence x > y ⇒ f (x) > f (y) ⇒
b g−1 : R →√R, g−1 (x) = g( f (x)) > g( f (y)).
loge (x + x2 + 1)
b If x > y then f (x) < f (y) and
c Yes If x > y then g(x) < g(y)
Hence if x > y ⇒ f (x) < f (y) ⇒
d Yes
g( f (x)) > g( f (y)).

22 a If x > y then f (x) > f (y) and c The composite function will be
strictly decreasing.

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 Solutions to Exercise 7C
 πx 
1 f (x) = e−2x , g(x) = −2x a i ( f + g)(x) = sin − 2x
2
a i ( f + g)(x) = e−2x − 2x  πx 
ii ( f g)(x) = −2x sin
2
ii ( f g)(x) = −2xe −2x
π
−1
! b i ( f + g)(1) = sin −2
b i ( f + g) = e−1 + 1 2
2 =1−2
= −1
!
−1
ii ( f g) = 1 × e−1
2 π
= e−1 ii ( f g)(1) = −2 sin
2
= −2
2 y
 πx 
5 f (x) = cos , g(x) = e x
2 2
y = −2x  πx 
1 a i ( f + g)(x) = cos + ex
y = e−2x 2
x  πx 
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 ii ( f g)(x) = e x cos
2
−1
b i ( f + g)(0) = cos(0) + e0
=1+1
3 y =2

ii ( f g)(0) = 1 × 1
6 y = 2e2x
=1
4
y=x+2
2 f (x) + f (−x)
6 Let g(x) = and
2
x f (x) − f (−x)
−2 0 2 h(x) =
2
We have, g(−x) = g(x). That is g(x) is
even.
 πx 
We have, h(−x) = −h(x). That is h(x) is
4 f (x) = sin , g(x) = −2x
2 odd.
f (x) = h(x) + g(x)

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 Solutions to Exercise 7D
1 a f (x − y) = 2(x − y) 7 f (x) = x3
= 2x − 2y f (x + y) = (x + y)3
= f (x) − f (y) f (x) + f (y) = x3 + y3
Let x = 1, y = 1
b f (x − y) = (x − y − 3)
f (x + y) = 8
, f (x) − f (y)
f (x) + f (y) = 2

2 f (x − y) = k(x − y)
8 f (x) = sin x
= kx − ky
LHS = f (x + y) = sin(x + y)
= f (x) − f (y)
RHS = f (x) + f (y) = sin x + sin y
π π
3 f (x + y) = 2(x + y) + 3 let x = , y =
2 2
= 2x + 2y + 3 LHS = sin(π) = 0
= 2x + 3 + 2y + 3 − 3 π π
RHS = sin + sin = 2 , LHS QED
2 2
= f (x) + f (y) − 3 (any non zero numbers would work)
a = −3
1
9 f (x) =
x2
3 3
4 f (x) + f (y) = + LHS = f (x) + f (y)
x y
3(x + y) =
1 1
+ 2
= x 2 y
xy
= (x + y) f (xy) y2 x2
= +
x2 y2 x2 y2
1
5 (g(x))2 = g(x) = (x2 + y2 ) 2 2
xy
(g(x))2 − g(x) = 0 1
= (x2 + y2 )
g(x)(g(x) − 1) = 0 (xy)2

g(x) = 0, 1 = (x2 + y2 ) f (xy)

= RHS QED
1
6 = g(x)
g(x) 10 h(x) = x2
(g(x))2 = 1
g(x) = ±1

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 a Let x = 1, y = 1 let x = 1, y=1
LHS = (1 + 1)2 = 4 (any non zero numbers would work)
f (xy) = axy = a
RHS = (1)2 + (1)2 = 2 , LHS QED
(any non zero numbers would work) f (x) f (y) = a2 xy = a2
i f f (x) f (y) = f (xy)
b LHS = (x + y)2
a2 = a
= x + 2xy + y
2 2
a2 − a = 0
RHS = (x) + (y)
2 2
a = 0, 1
= x2 + y2 but a , 0, 1
LHS = RHS + 2xy ∴ f (x) f (y) , f (xy)
for the case shown
∴ given LHS = RHS
2xy = 0 1
i.e., x = 0 or y = 0 QED 14 f : R\{−1} → R, f (x) = .
x+1
1 1
f ( f (x)) = f ( )= =
x+1 1
11 g(x) = 23x +1
x+1
LHS = 23(x+y) x+1
x+2
= 23x+3y 1
f (x + 1) =
= 23x × 23y x+2
x+1 1
= g(x) × g(y) ∴ f ( f (x)) + f (x + 1) = +
x+2 x+2
= RHS QED x+2
=
x+2
=1
12 f (x) = xn
f (xy) = (xy)n = xn yn
(by the indices laws) 15 Let f (x) = x2 , g(x) = 2, h(x) = 3
= f (x)! f (y) !QED f ◦ (g + h)(x) = f (5) = 25
n
x x xn f ◦ g(x) + f ◦ h(x) = f (2) + f (3) = 13
f = = n
y y y
(by the indices laws)
=
f (x)
QED 16 g + h ◦ f (x) = (g + h) f (x)
f (y)
= g( f (x) + h( f (x))
= g ◦ f (x) + h ◦ f (x)
13 f (x) = ax, a ∈ R\{0, 1}
f (xy) = axy
= f (x) f (y) = ax × ay
= a2 xy

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 17 For x > 0 g( f (x) g(loge x)
=
f (g(x)) − f (x) = f (xe x ) − loge x f (x) loge x

= loge (xe x ) − loge x loge x × eloge x

=
loge x
= loge x + loge (e x ) − loge x
x loge x
= loge (e x ) =
loge x
=x =x

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 Solutions to Exercise 7E
1 f (x) = mx − 4, m ∈ R\{0} 2 f (x) = −2x + c

a 0 = mx − 4 a 0 = −2x + c
mx = 4 −c = −2x
4 c
x= x=
m 2
4 c
b ≤1 b ≤1
m 2
c≤2
∴ 4 ≤ m, m<0
c x = −2 f −1 (x) + c
c x = m f −1 (x) − 4
x − c = −2 f −1 (x)
x + 4 = m f (x)
−1
c−x
f −1 (x) = , domain = R
x+4 2
f −1 (x) = , domain = R
m
d x = −2x + c
d x = mx − 4 3x = c
(m − 1)x − 4 = 0 c
x=
4 3
x=
m−1 y=x
 4  4m c c
check f = −4 co − ords = ,
m−1 m−1 3 3
4m − 4m + 4
= e y = ax + b
m−1
(0, c)
4
= ⇒ b=c
 4 m− 1
4 
co-ordinates , , y = ax + c
m−1 m−1 normal line
m ∈ R\{0, 1} −1
⇒ a=
−2
e y = ax + b 1
a=
−1 2
a= (normalline) x
m y= +c
−x 2
y= +b
m
(0, −4) 3 y = x2 − bx
⇒ −4 = b
−x
y= −4
m

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 a x2 − bx = 0 5 a (1 + h)2 = 8
√
x(x − b) = 0 1 + h = ±2 2
√
x = 0, b h = −1 ± 2 2

b2 b2 b (a + 1)2 = 8
b x2 − bx + − =0
4 4
!2 a2 = 8
b b2 √
x− − =0
2 4 ! a = ±2 2
b −b2
co − ords: , c a = ax2 + bx
2 4
!
b
c i −x = x2 − bx y=a x + x 2
a
x2 − (b − 1)x = 0 b b2
!
b2
=a x + x+ 2 −
2
x(x − (b − 1)) = 0 a 4a 4a
!2
x = 0, b − 1 b b2
=a x+ −
y = −x = 0, 1 − b 2a 4a
vertex (1,8)
co − ords: (0, 0), (b − 1, 1 − b)
−b b2
(1) = 1, (2) − =8
ii b − 1 = 0, 2a 4a
(2) b
⇒ =8
b=1 (1) 2
b = 16
iii b − 1 , 0, −16
Sub in (1) ⇒ =1
b,1 2a
−8
b ∈ R\{1} =1
a
a = −8
4 y = ax2 + bx + c check
When x = −1, y = 6 −(16)2
⇒ (2) ⇒ ∗ =8
When x = 1, y = 4 4 −8
256
6 = a − b + c . . . (1) =8
32
2
4 = a + b + c . . . (2) = 23 correct
25
Equation (1) − Equation (2) a = −8, b = 16
2 = −2b
√
b = −1 6 f (x) = 2a − x

Substitute in (1)6 = a + 1 + c a 2a − x ≥ 0
a=5−c 2a ≥ x, so domain = (−∞, 2a]

y = (5 − c)x2 − x + c

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 √
b x= 2a − x 7 f (x) = (x2 − ax)2
x2 = 2a − x
a 0 = (x2 − ax)2
x2 + x − 2a = 0
√ 0 =x(x − a)
−1 ± 1 + 8a x = 0, a
x=
2 co − ords = (0, 0), (a, 0)
but y > 0, ∴ x > 0
√ b f (0) = (0 − 0)2
−1 ± 1 + 8a
∴ x=
2 =0
y = x, co − ords = (0, 0)
∴ co√− ords = √
 −1 + 1 + 8a −1 + 1 + 8a 
 
c x ∈ [0, a]
 , 
2 2 f (x) = (ax − x2 )2
√ !2
−1 + 1 + 8a a2 a2
!
c =1 = − x − ax + 2
+
2 4 4
√
−1 + 1 + 8a = 2 a 2 a2
2
 !
√ = − x− +
1 + 8a = 3 2 4
a4
1 + 8a = 9 maximum value is
16
8a = 8
d f (−1) = 16
a=1
16 = ((−1)2 − a(−1))2
√
−1 + 1 + 8a ±4 = 1 + a
d =2
2 1 + a = ±4
√
1 + 8a = 5
a = −1 ± 4
1 + 8a = 25
a = −5, 3
8a = 24
a=3
8 a −aebx + c = 0
√ c
−1 + 1 + 8a ebx =
e =c a
2 c
√ bx = ln
1 + 8a = 2c + 1 a
1 + 8a = 4c2 + 4c + 1 1 c
x= ln
b a
8a = 4c2 + 4c
c2 + c
a=
2

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 b c ln(x + a) = b a y=0−b
b y = −b
ln(x + a) =
c
b b 0 = e x−1 − b
x+a= ec x − 1 = ln b
b x = ln b + 1
x = ec − a
co − ords = (ln b + 1, 0)
c ln(cx − a) = 0
c i ln b + 1 = 0
ln(cx − a) = 1
ln b = −1
cx = 1 + a
b = e−1
1+a
x= 1
c b= .
e
d eax+b = c
ii ln b + 1 < 0
ax + b = ln c
ln b < −1
ln c − b
x= b < e−1
a
1
b<
9 f (x) = c ln(x − a) e
but b > 0 as given, else there is no
intercept
a x−a=0 1
∴ 0<b<
x=a e

b x−a=1 11 y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

x=1+a (−1, 6)
⇒ 1 6 = −a + b − c + d
co − ords = (1 + a, 0)
(1, −2)
c 1 = c ln(x − a) ⇒ 2 −2=a+b+c+d
1 2 +
1 4 = 2b + 2d
x − a = ec
b=2−d
1
x=a+ ec (2,4)
1 ⇒ 3 4 = 8a + 4b + 2c + d
co − ords = (a + e e , 0)
2 − 1 ⇒ 2a + 2c = −8

d 1 = c ln(2 − a) a + c = −4
1
c= a = −4 − c
ln(2 − a)

10 f (x) = e x−1 − b

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 Sub in
3 ⇒ becomes linear
4 = 8(−4 − c) + 4(2 − d) + 2c + d ∴ c < 8, or √ √
8 < c < 28 − 8 6 or c > 28 + 8 6
4 = −32 − 8c + 8 − 4d + 2c + d
4 = −24 − 6c − 3d
13 a y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
6c + 3d = −28 (−2, 8)
6c = −28 − 3d ⇒ 1 8 = −8a + 4b − 2c + d
−28 − 3d (1,1)
c= ⇒ 2 1=a+b+c+d
6
(3,4)
a = −4 − c
⇒ 3 4 = 27a + 9b
a=4−c
+ 3c + d
−24 + 28 + 3d
a=
3 − 3
2 ⇒
4 1 = 24a + 6b − 2d
6
3d + 4 3 + 3
2 1 ⇒
5 32 = 30a + 30b + 5d
a=
6 32

5 ⇒ = 6a + 6b + d
! ! 5
c−8 2 20 − 3c 32
12 y = x + x+c
4 − 5 ⇒ 1− = 18a − 3d
2 2 5
b2 − 4ac 9
− = 6a − d
!2 ! 5
20 − 3c c−8 5d − 9
= −4 c a=
2 2 30
32 5d − 9
400 − 120c + 9c2 Sub in
5 ⇒ = + 6b + d
= − 2c2 + 16c 5 5
4
9 32 = 5d − 9 + 30b + 5d
= 100 − 30c + c2 − 2c2 + 4c
4 30b = 41 − 10d
1
= c2 − 14c + 100 b=
41 − 10d
4 30
5d − 9 41 − 10d
a b2 − 4ac = 0 2 ⇒1=
Sub in + +c+d
30 30
c2 − 56c + 400 = 0 30d = 5d − 9 + 41 − 10d
√
56 ± 1536 + 30c + 30d
c=
2
√ −2 = 30c + 25d
c = 28 ± 8 6
−2 − 25d
c=
b b2 − 4ac > 0 30
c2 − 56c + √400 > 0 √
c < 28 − 8 6 or c > 28 + 8 6 14 a AX + C = X 0
but c , 8 (since i f c = 8, the function

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  k   2 

 det(A) 0 


 det(A) 0 

A−1 =   A−1 =  
−4  −4 
0 0
   
det(A) det(A)
 1   2 
0   −8 0 
  
=  −4 = 
 
 0 1  −4 

0

k −8
 1   1 
" #  0  "
 x0 − 3
#
x  −4 0 
 −4  
=   
= 
1  y0 − 2

y 
1 
0

0

k 2
 x0 − 3   1 
" #  
x  −4  " # 
x 0  "
 x0 − a
#
=  0
 −4
= 

y  y − 2  1  y0 + 2
 

y
0

k 2
 x0 − a 
1
y=
" #  
b x  −4 
x =  0
 y + 2 

y0 − 2 1 y
= 0 ! (from (a)) 2
k x −3
−4 b
−4k y = 2x
y0 − 2 = 0
x −3 y0 + 2 x0 −a
 

−4k =2 4
y0 = 0 +2 2
x −3 
x0 −a
+1


y +2=2
0 4
−4k
c 0= +2 
x0 +4−a

(x0 −a)
0−3 y =2
0 4 −2=2× 2 4 −2
4
k = −2 
0+4−a

3 −2
c 0=2 4
−6 −3
k= = 
4−a

4 2 2=2 4

4−a
15 a =1
4
AX + C = X 0
4−a=4
X = A−1 (X 0 − C)
" # " 0 # " #! −a = 0
x −1 x a
=A 0 − a=0
y y −2
" #
−4 0
= det(A) = −4 × 2 = −8
0 2

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 Solutions to Technology-free questions
1 a y

10

6
4

1
x
04 8 12
Domain = R+
Range = (1, ∞)
Neither

b y Domain = R \ {0}
Range = R \ {−2}

4 Neither
2
x
−2 −2 0 2
−4

2
2 a 243 5 = 32 = 9
2
b (−243) 5 = (−3)2 = 9
3
c 243 5 = 33 = 27
2
d (−243) 5 = (−3)2 = 9
5
e (−27) 3 = (−3)5 = −243
4
f (−125) 3 = (−5)4 = 625

3 a i f ◦ g(x) = 3 cos(2x2 ), g ◦ f (x) = 9 cos2 (2x)

ii dom( f ◦ g) = R, ran( f ◦ g) = [−3, 3], dom(g ◦ f ) = R, ran(g ◦ f ) = [0, 9]

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 b i f ◦ g(x) = loge (3x2 ), g ◦ f (x) = (loge (3x))2

ii dom( f ◦ g) = R \ {0}, ran( f ◦ g) = R, dom(g ◦ f ) = R+ , ran(g ◦ f ) = [0, ∞)

c i f ◦ g(x) = loge (2 − x2 ), g ◦ f (x) = (loge (2 − x))2

√ √
ii dom( f ◦ g) = (− 2, 2), ran( f ◦ g) = (−∞, loge 2), dom(g ◦ f ) = (−∞, 2),
ran(g ◦ f ) = [0, ∞)

d i f ◦ g(x) = − loge (2x2 ), g ◦ f (x) = (loge (2x))2

ii dom( f ◦ g) = R \ {0}, ran( f ◦ g) = R, dom(g ◦ f ) = (0, ∞), ran(g ◦ f ) = [0, ∞)

4 a h(x) = f ◦ g(x), g(x) = x2 , f (x) = cos x (Note: answer not unique)

b h(x) = f ◦ g(x), g(x) = x2 − x, f (x) = xn (Note: answer not unique)

c h(x) = f ◦ g(x), g(x) = sin x, f (x) = loge x (Note: answer not unique)

d h(x) = f ◦ g(x), g(x) = sin(2x), f (x) = −2x2 (Note: answer not unique)

e h(x) = f ◦ g(x), g(x) = x2 − 3x, f (x) = x4 − 2x2 (Note: answer not unique)

 πx 
5 a i ( f + g)(x) = 2 cos + e−x
2
 πx 
ii ( f g)(x) = 2e−x cos
2

b i ( f + g)(0) = 3

ii ( f g)(0) = 2

6 f : [a, ∞) → R, f (x) = −(3x − 2)2 + 3

2
Turning point at ( , 3)
3
2
a
3
b (−∞, 3]

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 c y

2, 3
3

x
0 2 + √3
3

d f ( f −1 (x)) = x
−3( f −1 (x) − 2)2 + 3 = x
x−3
( f −1 (x) − 2)2 = −
3
r
x−3
f −1 (x) = 2 ± −
3
Because of domain √ and range of f
2+ 3−x
f −1 (x) = , ran = [ 23 , ∞), dom = (−∞, 3]
3
e y

2, 3
2 + √3 3
3 3, 2
3
x
0 2 + √3
3

7 f (x) = c loge (x − a)

a x=a

b c loge (x − a) = 0 ⇒ x − a = e0 ⇒ x = a + 1
Therefore cooordinates of the x-axis intercept are (a + 1, 0)

c c loge (x − a) = c ⇒ loge (x − a) = 1 ⇒ x = a + e1
Therefore cooordinates of the point where the curve crosses the line y = c is (e + a, c)

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 d f ( f −1 (x)) = x
c loge ( f −1 (x) − a) = x
x
loge ( f −1 (x) − a) =
c
x
f −1 (x) = e c + a

e (a, ∞)

f f −1 (1) = 2 ⇒ f (2) = 1
f −1 (2) = 4 ⇒ f (4) = 2
c loge (2 − a) = 1 . . . (1)
c loge (4 − a) = 2 . . . (2)
Equation (2) ÷ Equation (2)
loge (4 − a)
=2
loge (2 − a)
loge (4 − a) = 2 loge (2 − a)
4 − a = (2 − a)2
4 − a = 4 − 4a + a2
a2 − 3a = 0
a(a − 3) = 0
a = 0 or a = 3
But a = 3 does not satisfy our equations
1
∴c= ,a=0
loge 2

8 Consider,
a f −1 (x) + b = x
x b
∴ f −1 (x) = −
a a
If f −1 (x) = 4x − 6
1 b
a = and − = −6
4 a
1 3
∴ a = and b = −
4 2

 x − 1 3
9 a f (x) = −1
3

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  x + 2 3
b f (x) =−1
4
1 1 
c f −1 (x) = (x − 4) 3 + 2
3
3 − x1
3
d f (x) =−1
2

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 Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 B
x4 + 2
h(x) =
x2
Split h(x) into two separate fractions:
2
h(x) = x2 + 2
x
2
∴ f (x) = x2 , g(x) = 2
x
2 E The graph of
f : R → R, f (x) = cos(x)
Is not a one to one function.

3 E
A: e x+y = e x × ey , so A is true.
B: loge xy = loge x + logye , so B is true.
C: loge xy = y loge x, so C is true.
D: f −1 (1) = loge 1 = 0, true for any x, y.

4 D f (x) = cos x
g(x) = 3x2
g( f (x)) = 3(cos x)2
  π   π 2
g f = 3 cos
3 3
  π  1
!
g f =3
3 4
  π  3
g f =
3 4
5 E
f : R → R, f (x) = (x − 2)2 is not an even function as it is a parabola that has been
translated 2 units right, so it is not symmetrical about the y-axis.

6 E
y = 2ax + cos 2x
When x = π, y = 0
0 = 2πa + cos 2π
−1 = 2πa
1
a=−
2π

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 7 B x > 5, g(x) = loge (x − 5)
2[g(x)] = g( f (x))
2[g(x)] = loge (x − 5)2
loge (x − 5)2 = loge ( f (x) − 5)
(x − 5)2 = f (x) − 5
x2 − 10x + 25 = f (x) − 5
f (x) = x2 − 10x + 30

8 C

9 D

10 C Domain of ( f + g) = (−∞, 3) ∩ [2, ∞) = [2, 3)

y0 − 2  π
11 B = sin 3x0 −
−4 3
1 π
∴ choose y0 = −4y + 2 and x0 = x +
3 9
y+3  π y+3 1 3 π
12 D = sin 2x − to y0 = sin x0 ∴ choose y0 = = y + and x0 = 2x −
2 4 2 2 2 4

13 E

14 B

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 Solutions to extended-response questions
1 a The range of f : R+ → R, f (x) = e−x is (0,1)
1
The range of g: (−∞, 0) → R, g(x) = is R−
x−1
b domain of f −1 = range of f = (0, 1)
domain of g−1 = range of g = R+
To determine the rule for f −1 consider
x = e−y
loge x = −y
−loge x = y
Therefore f −1 (x) = −loge x
To determine the rule for g−1 consider
1
x=
y−1
Taking the reciprocal of both sides
1
y−1=
x
1
and y = + 1
x
1
g−1 (x) = + 1
x
c i g ◦ f (x) is defined as range of f ⊆ domain of g
1 ex
g ◦ f (x) = g( f (x)) = g(e−x ) = −x =
e − 1 1 − ex
ii y

0 x
y = −1

ex 1
g ◦ f (x) = = −1 +
1 − ex 1 − ex
ex
d i g ◦ f (x) = with domain = R+ For the inverse consider
1 − ex
ey
=x
1 − ey
Solve for y

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 x(1 − ey ) = ey
x − xey = ey
Therefore ey (1 + x) = x
x
and ey =
1+x
 x 
Therefore y = loge
 x  1+x
(g ◦ f ) (x) = loge
−1
and domain of (g ◦ f )−1 = range of g ◦ f = (−∞, −1)
1+x
ii y

x
0

x = −1
√
2 a i f : [5, ∞) → R, f (x) = x−3

(5,√2)
x
0

√
ii range of = [ 2, ∞)

iii For the inverse rule consider x = y − 3

p

Square both sides and make y the subject.

y = x2 + 3 √
and f −1 (x) = x2 + 3. The domain of the inverse function is [ 2, ∞)
√
b i h: [4, ∞) → R, h(x) = x − p
The inverse function has domain [1, ∞) .
The function h is increasing and therefore 4 − p = 1
p

Therefore p = 3.

ii Proceeding as above the rule is h−1 (x) = x2 + 3.

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 iii y
y=x

(1, 4)

(4, 1)
x
0

3 f : (0, π) → R, f (x) = sin x

1
g: [1, ∞) → R, g(x) =
x
a range of f = (0, 1)

b range of g = (0, 1]

c f ◦ g is defined as the range

! of g ⊆ domain
! of f as 1 < π
1 1
f ◦ g(x) = f (g(x)) = f = sin
x x

d g ◦ f is not defined as the range of f 1 domain of g

e Consider
1
x = and solve for y.
y
1
Therefore g−1 (x) =
x
The domain of g−1 = range of g = (0, 1]
The range of g−1 = domain of g = [1, ∞)

f Range of f = (0, 1) ⊆ (0, 1] = domain of g−1 .

Therefore g−1 of is defined and
1
g−1 ◦ f (x) = g−1 ( f (x)) = g−1 (sin x) =
sin x
The domain of g−1 ◦ f = domain of f = (0, π)
The range of g−1 ◦ f = [1, ∞)

4 a a=2

b c = 2 − k loge (2)

10
c k= d+2

loge 2

d k = 10

308

Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
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