Imus Institute of Science and Technology

SCIENCE
DICTIONARY
Karl Andrei A. Gallonon
8 – Silver
Mrs. Anna Sarreal
 of small bodies of from 480 miles (775
A km) to less than one mile (1.6 km) in
diameter that revolve about the sun in
orbits lying mostly between those of
Active Faults – are areas along which all Mars and Jupiter
shallow earthquakes occurs.

Advisories – an official announcement, Astronomy – The branch of science that

typically a warning about bad weather deals with celestial obejects, space, and
conditions. the physical universe as a whole.
Aftershock-a small earthquake or tremor that
Archipelago- a group of islands. A sea or
follows a major earthquake.
stretch of water containing many islands
the effect, result, or repercussion of an event;
aftermath; consequence: Athens-Greek Athenai .A city in and the
capital of Greece, in the SE part.
Apollo-the ancient Greek and Roman god of
light, healing, music, poetry, prophecy, and Greater,a metropolitan area comprising
manly beauty; the son of Leto and brother of the city of Athens, Piraeus, and several
Artemis.
residential suburbs.
Asteroid belt-the region of space between the
orbits of Mars and Jupiter in which most
asteroids are located.

Asteroids-Also called minor planet.

Astronomy.any of the thousands of small
bodies of from 480 miles (775 km) to less than
one mile (1.6 km) in diameter that revolve
about the sun in orbits lying mostly between
those of Mars and Jupiter.

Asthenosphere-Also called minor

planet. Astronomy.any of the thousands
 where electricity and communication
lines were available.

Aurora- Meteorology.a radiant emission

from the upper atmosphere that occurs
C
sporadically over the middle and high
latitudes of both hemispheres in the
form of luminous bands, streamers, or
the like, caused by the bombardment of C Type Asteroid-C-type asteroids are
the atmosphere with charged solar carbonaceous asteroids. They are the
particles that are being guided along the most common variety, forming around
earth's magnetic lines of force. 75% of known asteroids. They are
Automated rain gauge-The automated distinguished by a very low albedo
rain gauge (ARG) gauging station is because their composition includes a
developed to gather and record the large amount of carbon, in addition to
amount of rainfall over a set of period of rocks and minerals.
time and automatically sends the data to Ceres-Ceres is the largest object in the
a central based station on a asteroid belt that lies between the orbits
predetermined interval basis. of Mars and Jupiter, slightly closer to
Automated weather station-An Mars' orbit. Its diameter is
automatic weather station (AWS) is an approximately 945 kilometers, making it
automated version of the traditional the largest of the minor planets within
weather station, either to save human the orbit of Neptune.
labour or to enable measurements from Climate Change-Climate change is a
remote areas. ... In the past, automatic change in the statistical distribution of
weather stations were often placed weather patterns when that change lasts
for an extended period of time (i.e., far outer solar system, sending them on
decades to millions of years). Climate a collision course with Earth.
change may refer to a change in average
weather conditions, or in the time
variation of weather within the context Continental Plates-The lithosphere,
of longer-term average conditions which is the rigid outermost shell of a
planet (the crust and upper mantle), is
Climatology – The scientific study of
broken into tectonic plates.
climate.
Coma-is a state of unconsciousness in
which a person cannot be awakened;
fails to respond normally to painful
stimuli, light, or sound; lacks a normal Core- core. (kôr) The central or
wake-sleep cycle; and does not initiate innermost portion of the Earth, lying
voluntary actions. below the mantle and probably
consisting of iron and nickel
Comets-A comet is an icy small Solar
System body that, when passing close to Coriolis force-In physics, the Coriolis
the Sun, warms and begins to release force is an inertial force that acts on
gases, a process called outgassing. This objects that are in motion relative to a
produces a visible atmosphere or coma, rotating reference frame.
and sometimes also a tail.
Coriolis effect-The rotation of the Earth
Companion star theory-Nemesis is a causes an interesting phenomena on
theoretical dwarf star thought to be a free moving objects on the Earth.
companion to our sun. "The theory was
Corona-A corona (Latin, 'crown') is an
postulated to explain a perceived cycle
aura of plasma that surrounds the Sun
of mass extinctions in Earth's history.
and other stars
Scientists speculated that such a star
could affect the orbit of objects in the
Crust-In geology, the crust is the (WSR) and Doppler weather radar, is a
outermost solid shell of a rocky planet, type of radar used to locate
dwarf planet, or natural satellite. precipitation, calculate its motion, and
estimate its type (rain, snow, hail etc.).
Climatological Conditions – scientifically
defined as weather conditions averaged
over a period time.
Cyclogenesis-is the development or
E
strengthening of cyclonic circulation in
the atmosphere (a low-pressure area).
Earth- Earth is the third planet from the
Cyclone-A system of winds rotating Sun and the only object in the Universe
inward to an area of low atmospheric known to harbor life.
preassure, with a counter clockwise.
Earthquake- a sudden and violent
shaking of the ground, sometimes
causing great destruction, as a result of
movements within the earth's crust or
D volcanic action.

Easterly winds- The trade winds are the

prevailing pattern of easterly surface
winds found in the tropics, within the
Diastrophism- Diastrophism refers to lower portion of the Earth's atmosphere,
deformation of the Earth's crust, and in the lower section of the troposphere
more especially to folding and faulting. near the Earth's equator.

Dip – Slip Faults – are inclined fractures Economy – The wealth and resources of
where the blocks have mostly shifted a country or region, especially in terms
vertically. of the production and consumption of
Dopper weather radar- Weather radar, goods and services.
also called weather surveillance radar
Electrical Conductivity - The degree to kilometers across that constantly form a
which a specified material conducts dissipate over timescales of several
electricity, calculated as the ratio of the minutes.
current density in the material to to the
electric field that causes the flow of Fault- In geology, a fault is a planar
current. fracture or discontinuity in a volume of
rock, across which there has been
Epicenter- The epicenter is the point on significant displacement as a result of
the earth's surface vertically above the rock mass movement.
hypocenter (or focus), point in the crust
where a seismic rupture begins. Flood - an overflowing of a large
amount of water beyond its normal
Epicentrum- it is another term for confines, especially over what is
epicenter. normally dry land.

Equator – an imaginary line drawn

around the earth equally distant from Flood Warnings – is a sudden, violent
both poles, dividing the earth into flood after a heavy rain or occasionally
northern southern hemispheres and after a dam break.
consistitutating the parallel of latitude 0
degrees.
Foci- The degree of clarity with which an
Explosion – a violent and destructive eye or optical instrument produces an
shattering or blowing apart of image. See focal point.
something, as is caused by a bomb.
F Focus- The focus of an earthquake is the
point where the rocks start to
fracture. ... The epicenter is the point on
land directly above the focus.
Facula- are bright spots that form in the
canyons between solar granules, short-
lived convection cells several thousands
Foreshock- a mild tremor preceding the Geologist- A geologist is a scientist who
violent shaking movement of an studies the solid and liquid matter that
earthquake. constitutes the Earth as well as the
processes that shape it.

Granules- In cell biology, a granule is a

small particle. It can be any structure
barely visible by light microscopy

Gravity- Gravity, or gravitation, is a

natural phenomenon by which all things
with mass are brought toward (or
gravitate toward) one another, including
objects ranging from atoms and
photons.

H
G Heavy rainfall- heavy rain. noun.
precipitation falling with an intensity in
excess of 0.30 inches (0.76 cm) per hour.
Gas giants planets- A gas giant is a giant Short periods of intense rainfall can
planet composed mainly of hydrogen cause flash flooding, longer periods of
and helium and as a result are widespread heavy rain can cause rivers
sometimes known as a failed star since it to overflow.
contains the same basic elements as a
star. Humidity- Humidity is the amount of
water vapor present in the air.
Hurricane- A tropical cyclone is a rapidly It is believed to be a reservoir for short-
rotating storm system characterized by a period comets (comets that make one
low-pressure center, a closed low-level complete orbit of the Sun in less than
200 years).
atmospheric circulation, strong winds,
and a spiral arrangement of
thunderstorms that produce heavy rain.
L

Landslide- A landslide, also known as a

I landslip or Mudslide, is a form of mass
wasting that includes a wide range of
Intensity- In physics, intensity is the ground movements, such as rockfalls,
power transferred per unit area, where deep failure of slopes, and shallow
the area is measured on the plane debris flows.
perpendicular to the direction of Log –is the logarithm to the base 10, E is
propagation of the energy. In the SI the energy released in ergs, and M
system, it has units watts per square refers to the Magnitude.
metre (W/m2).
Lithosphere- A lithosphere is the rigid,
Inactive Faults – Are structure along
outermost shell of a terrestrial-type
which we expect displacement to occur.
planet or natural satellite that is defined
by its rigid mechanical properties.

K Love waves- A Love wave is a surface

wave having a horizontal motion that is
transverse (or perpendicular) to the
Kuiper belt - A disk-shaped region in the direction the wave is traveling.
outer solar system lying beyond the
M
orbit of Neptune and containing
thousands of small, icy celestial bodies.
 Mercalli scale- The Modified Mercalli
Intensity Scale. The effect of an
M type asteroid- M-type asteroids were earthquake on the Earth's surface is
once known as metallic asteroids. called the intensity.

Mercury- Mercury is the smallest and

innermost planet in the Solar System. Its
orbital period around the Sun of 88 days
is the shortest of all the planets in the
Magnetic field- A magnetic field is a Solar System.
force field that is created by moving
Meteorites- A meteorite is a solid piece
electric charges and magnetic dipoles,
of debris from an object, such as a
and exerts a force on other nearby
comet, asteroid, or meteoroid, that
moving charges and magnetic dipoles.
originates in outer space and survives its
Magnitude- In astronomy, magnitude is passage through the atmosphere to
a logarithmic measure of the brightness reach the surface of a planet or moon.
of an object in a defined passband, often
Meteoroids- A meteoroid is a small
in the visible or infrared spectrum, but
rocky or metallic body in outer space.
sometimes across all wavelengths.
Meteoroids are significantly smaller than
Mainshock- The mainshock is the largest asteroids, and range in size from small
earthquake in a sequence, sometimes grains to one-meter-wide objects.
preceded by one or more foreshocks,
Meteorology - The branch of science
and almost always followed by many concerned with the processes and
aftershocks. phenomena of the atmosphere,
especially as a means of forecasting the
Mars- Mars is the fourth planet from the
weather.
Sun and the second-smallest planet in
the Solar System after Mercury. Meteors- A meteor is a bright streak of
light in the sky (a "shooting star" or a
"falling star") produced by the entry of a Normal Faults – occur where two blocks
small meteoroid into the Earth's of rock are pulles apart, as by tension.
atmosphere.

Monsoon Through- is a portion of the O

ICZ, as depicted by a line on a weather
map showing the locations of inimum Oceanic plate- In areas of collision
sea level preassure, and as such, is a between oceanic and continental
convergence zone between the wind lithospheric plates such as the circum-
pattens of the southern and northern
Pacific region, the denser oceanic plate
hemispheres.
is subducted (carried into Earth's
mantle) beneath the more buoyant
N continental lithosphere.

Oort cloud- The Oort cloud, named after

the Dutch astronomer Jan Oort,
Nami – means “waves”
sometimes called the Öpik–Oort cloud,
Nebular hypothesis- The nebular is a theoretical cloud of predominantly
hypothesis is the most widely accepted icy planetesimals proposed to surround
model in the field of cosmogony to the Sun to as far as somewhere between
explain the formation and evolution of 50,000 and 200,000 AU
the Solar System.

Neptune- Neptune is the eighth and

farthest known planet from the Sun in Old Frontal Boundary – Fragments of a
the Solar System. polar front can become lines of
convection and sometimes generate a
No Waters – A typhoon will drastically tropical cyclone.
deteriotate once its eye moves over the
land.

P
Photosphere- The photosphere is the
R
visible surface of the Sun that we are
most familiar with. Rayleigh waves- an undulating wave
Planetesimal Theory- A widely accepted that travels over the surface of a solid,
theory of planet formation, the so-called especially of the ground in an
planetesimal hypotheses, the earthquake, with a speed independent
Chamberlin–Moulton planetesimal of wavelength, the motion of the
hypothesis and that of Viktor Safronov, particles being in ellipses.
states that planets form out of cosmic Reverse Fault – occur where two blocks
dust grains that collide and stick to form of rockare foced together by
larger and larger bodies. compression.

Richter Scale- The Richter magnitude

Plate Bounderies- There are three kinds scale assigns a magnitude number to
of plate tectonic boundaries: divergent, quantify the size of an earthquake.
convergent, and transform plate
boundaries.

Plate Tectonic Theory- There are three Rocks- Rock or stone is a natural
substance, a solid aggregate of one or
kinds of plate tectonic boundaries:
more minerals or mineraloids.
divergent, convergent, and transform
plate boundaries. S
Primary waves- Primary waves are
alternatingly compressional and
S Type Asteriod- S-type asteroids, or
extensional, and cause the rocks they
silicaceous asteroids, are of a stony
pass through to change in volume.
composition, hence the name.
Saturn- Saturn is the sixth planet from ground, caused by, for example, an
the Sun and the second-largest in the earthquake, a volcanic eruption, or the
Solar System, after Jupiter. It is a gas use of explosives.
giant with an average radius about nine
Seismologist- Seismology is the scientific
times that of Earth.
study of earthquakes and the
Scientist – A person who is studying or propagation of elastic waves through
has expert knowledge of one or more of the Earth or through other planet-like
the natural or physical sciences. bodies.
Seafloor- The seabed is the bottom of
the ocean. Seismology – The branch of science
concerned with earthquakes and
Secondary waves- Secondary waves related phenomena.
cause the rocks they pass through to
change in shape. Seismometer – another term for
seismograph
Seismic waves- Seismic waves are waves
of energy that travel through the Earth's
Shooting star- a small, rapidly moving
layers, and are a result of earthquakes,
meteor burning up on entering the
volcanic eruptions, magma movement,
earth's atmosphere.
large landslides and large man-made
explosions that give out low-frequency Solar Prominence- A solar prominence
acoustic energy. (also known as a filament when viewed
against the solar disk) is a large, bright
Seismo- of an earthquake; relating to
feature extending outward from the
earthquakes.
Sun's surface.
Seismogram - A record produced by a
Solar System- The Solar System is the
seismograph.
gravitationally bound system comprising
Seismograph- A seismometer is an the Sun and the objects that orbit it,
instrument that measures motion of the either directly or indirectly.
Solar flare- A solar flare is a sudden flash Subduction zone- Subduction is a
of increased Sun's brightness, usually geological process that takes place at
observed near its surface. convergent boundaries of tectonic
plates where one plate moves under
Strike slip Faults – A fault in which rock
strata are displaced mainly in a another and is forced or sinks due to
horizontal direction, parallel to the line gravity into the mantle.
of the fault.
Submarine Earthquake – commonly
known known as under water
Storm surge- A storm surge, storm flood
earthquakes.
or storm tide is a coastal flood or Sunspot- Sunspots are temporary
tsunami-like phenomenon of rising phenomena on the Sun's photosphere
water commonly associated with low that appear as spots darker than the
pressure weather systems (such as surrounding areas.
tropical cyclones and strong
extratropical cyclones), the severity of Surface waves- A seismic wave that
which is affected by the shallowness and travels across the surface of the Earth as
orientation of the water body relative to opposed to through it. Surface waves
storm path, as well as the timing of usually have larger amplitudes and
tides. longer wavelengths than body waves,
and they travel more slowly than body
Strong winds- Strong winds are the most waves do. Love waves and Rayleigh
common means of destruction waves are kinds of surface waves.
associated with hurricanes. Their
sometimes continuous barrage can
uproot trees, knock over buildings and
homes, fling potentially deadly debris
around, sink or ground boats, and flip
cars. T
Terrestrial Planets- A terrestrial planet, Tremors - is the shaking of the surface of
telluric planet, or rocky planet is a planet the Earth, resulting from the sudden
that is composed primarily of silicate release of energy in the Earth's
lithosphere that creates seismic waves.
rocks or metals. Within the Solar
System, the terrestrial planets are the
inner planets closest to the Sun, i.e. Trojan- In computing, a Trojan horse, or
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Trojan, is any malicious computer
program which misleads users of its true
Tsu – means “harbor”
intent
Thrust Fault - Tropical - Our planet’s tropical regions,
is a break in the Earth's crust, across located just north and south of the
which younger rocks are pushed above equator, are known for being warm and
older rocks. humid. Some people think tropical areas
Thunder storm- A thunderstorm, also make ideal vacation spots.
known as an electrical storm, lightning
storm, or thundershower, is a storm
characterized by the presence of Tropical Cyclone- A tropical cyclone is a
lightning and its acoustic effect on the rapidly rotating storm system
Earth's atmosphere, known as thunder. characterized by a low-pressure center,
a closed low-level atmospheric
Tornadoes- A tornado is a rapidly
circulation, strong winds, and a spiral
rotating column of air that is in contact
arrangement of thunderstorms that
with both the surface of the Earth and a
produce heavy rain.
cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases,
the base of a cumulus cloud.
Tropical Cyclogenesis - is the
Transform Faults - a strike-slip fault development and strengthening of
occurring at the boundary between two a tropical cyclone in the atmosphere.
plates of the earth's crust.
Tropical Depression - an atmospheric
low-pressure system originating in the V
tropics, specifically, a tropical cyclone in
which the maximum sustained wind
speed is 38 miles per hour (62
kilometers per hour) or less. Venus- Venus is the second planet from
the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth
Tropical Storm - a localized, very intense days.
low-pressure wind system, forming over
tropical oceans and with winds of Vesta- Vesta is the virgin goddess of the
hurricane force. hearth, home, and family in Roman
religion.
Troposphere- The troposphere is the
Volcano- A volcano is a rupture in the
lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, and
crust of a planetary-mass object, such as
is also where nearly all weather
Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash,
conditions take place.
and gases to escape from a magma
Tsunami- A tsunami or tidal wave, also chamber below the surface.
known as a seismic sea wave, is a series
Volcanology- Volcanology (also spelled
of waves in a water body caused by the
vulcanology) is the study of volcanoes,
displacement of a large volume of water, lava, magma, and related geological,
generally in an ocean or a large lake. geophysical and geochemical
phenomena. The term volcanology is
Typhoon- A typhoon is a mature tropical
derived from the Latin word vulcan.
cyclone that develops between 180° and
Vulcan was the ancient Roman god of
100°E in the Northern Hemisphere. fire.

Typhoon Belt - is an area where there is

a propensity of tropical cyclones. W
Wind Shear -  A change in wind direction
and speed between slightly different
altitudes, especially a sudden downdraft.