BASIC CHEMISTRY AND  Metalloids – elements that have properties both

of a metal and non-metal.

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING  Elements 84 and above are very unstable thus
making it radioactive.
Chemistry – is a branch of science that deals with the
Examples: Radium, Uranium, Plutonium
study of composition and structure of matter - its
 Elements on the rightmost side are called the
properties and energy transformations.
noble gases for their non-reactive property
Branches of Chemistry during chemical reactions. However, recent
studies showed the reactivity of Xenon in a
 Inorganic Chemistry – study of inorganic matter chemical reaction by the formation of a
or matter without any carbon. compound: XeF6
 Organic Chemistry – study of carbon-containing  H, O, Cl, Br, F, I, N exist as diatomic molecules.
matter (alcohols, ethers, esters, aldehydes,
ketones, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes) - with Changes in Matter
exceptions to CO2 and CO.
Physical Change – any change is the physical structure of
 Analytical Chemistry – studies the chemistry of
matter without changing its chemical composition.
matter by using appropriate instruments.
 Physical Chemistry – makes use of physics’ Chemical Change – any change in the chemical make-up
applications to chemistry of matter noted by the following occurrences:
 Nuclear Chemistry – study of radioactive
substances and the changes they undergo.  Formation of new substances
 Biochemistry – study of chemistry in living  Emission of heat and/or light
organisms.  Change in color, odor, and phase

Matter & Mixtures States of Matter

Matter – is anything that has mass and occupies space.  Solid

 Liquid
 Substances – matter that has definite  Gas
composition and properties. It cannot be further  Plasma
broken down into simpler components by  Bose-Einstein Condensate
physical means.  Superfluid
o Element – it consists of one type of atom
having a distinct number of protons and Density
neutrons which holds its chemical
identity.  Defined as the mass of a matter per unit volume.
o Compound – it consists of two or more
elements which are in proportion to one
another.
 Units: g/mL, kg/m3, lbm/ft3
 Mixtures – it is composed of two or more
substances that are not chemically bonded nor  Density of water = 1000 kg/m3
producing a new chemical compound. It can be
broken down by physical means.  Density of air = 1.205kg/m3
o Homogenous Mixture – is a mixture with
Specific Gravity
single phase or with uniform composition
throughout the sample.  Specific Gravity is the ratio of the density of a
o Heterogeneous Mixture – is a mixture of substance and of water (4°C) or of air (20°C, 1
two or more substances. The composition atm).
varies throughout the sample.

Periodic Table of Elements

 Elements on the left side of the table are more Specific Weight
basic-forming.
 It is defined as the weight of a substance per unit
Examples: NaOH, Ca(OH)2, LiOH
volume.
 Elements on the right side of the table are more
 Units: dynes/ mL, N/m3, lbf/ft3
acid-forming.
Examples: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3

Prepared by: Carl Cesar H. Bibat IEdeas Review & Training Center 2013-06-22
  Specific weight of water at 5°C: 9807 N/m3 or of times the element occurs. Formula weight is
62.43 lbf/ft3 commonly named for ionic compounds.

Specific Volume  i.e formula weight of NaCl = 1(23 amu) + 1(35.45)

= 58.45 amu
 It is defined as the volume of the substance per
unit mass. Molecular weight
 It is the inverse of density.
 It is the sum of atomic weights named for non-
ionic substances.

Composition Stoichiometry  i.e. molecular weight of water: H2O = 2(1amu) +

1(16 amu) = 18 amu
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Empirical & Molecular Formula
 All element is composed of extremely small,
indivisible particles called atoms. Empirical Formula

 All atoms of a given element have identical  Also called simplest formula, it is the smallest
properties that differ from those of other whole number ratio of atoms present.
elements.
Molecular formula
 Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or
 It indicates the actual number of atoms present in
transformed into atoms of another element.
a molecule for a compound.
 The relative numbers and kinds of atoms are Example: HO is the simplest formula for H 2O2 – a
constant in a given compound. molecular formula of hydrogen peroxide.
Atoms Methods of Expressing Concentrations & Purity of
 These are the basic building blocks of matter. It is Samples
further broken down into its sub-atomic particles: Molarity
electrons, protons, and neutrons.
 A = no. of protons + no. of neutrons  It is defined as the amount of substance per Liter
 Z = no. of protons = no. of electrons of solution.

Molecules  For dilution of solution: V1M1 = V2M2

 It is the smallest particle of an element or

compound that can have a stable independent
existence. Most of the molecules is a combination
Molality
of two or more elements that are electrically
neutral.  Molality (m) of a solute in solution is the number
of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
The Mole Concept

 The SI unit for the amount of a substance is Mole

(mol). It is defined as the amount of a substance
that contains as many entities (atoms, molecules, Normality
ions, or other particles) as there are atoms in
exactly 0.012 kg of pure carbon-12 atoms.  The normality of a solution is defined as the
number of equivalent weights, or simply
 Avogadro’s number: 1 mole = 6.0221367x1023 equivalents (eq), of solute per Liter of solution.
particles
 Equivalent weight of acid = formula weight / no.
Formula & Molecular Weights of H+

Formula weight  Equivalent weight of base = formula weight / no.

of OH- or no. of H+ that will react to the base
 It is the sum of the atomic weights of the
elements in the formula, each taken the number

Prepared by: Carl Cesar H. Bibat IEdeas Review & Training Center 2013-06-22
Parts per Total Expressions Hg
Ag Decreasing
Pt activity
Au

Limiting Reactant

 When 2 or more reactants are combined in non-

stoichiometric ratios, the amount of product
produced is limited by the reactant that is not in
excess (limiting reactant).

Neutralization Reactions

 Titration is the process in which a solution of one

reactant, the titrant, is carefully added to a
solution of another reactant, and the volume of
titrant required for complete reaction is
Reaction Stoichiometry measured.

Chemical Equations  An acid-base indicator is a substance that can

exist in different colors depending on the
 Chemical equations show how a reaction will concentration of H+ in the solution.
proceed given the reactants. A chemical equation
is composed of the reacting species and its  Equivalence point is the point at which
corresponding products, and stoichiometric stoichiometrically equivalent amounts of acid
coefficients that balance the whole equation. and base have reached.

Types of Chemical Reactions  End point is the point at which the indicator
changes its color.
 Decomposition Reaction
A→B+C Gases
i.e. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
Properties of Gases
 Combination Reaction
A+B→C  Gases can be compressed into smaller volumes;
i.e. C + O2 → CO2 that is, their densities can be increased by
 Single Displacement applying pressure.
A + BC → B + AC
i.e. Zn + 2HCl → H2 + ZnCl2  Gases exert pressure on their surroundings; in
turn, pressure must be exerted to confine gases.
 Double Displacement
AB + CD → CB + AD
 Gases expand without limits.
i.e. HCl + KOH → KCl + H2O
 The amounts and properties of gases are
Activity Series of Some Elements
described in terms of temperature, pressure, the
volume occupied, and the number of molecules
Li
present.
K
Ca
Pressure
Na
Mg
Al  Pressure is the force exerted per unit of area.
Mn  1 atmosphere (atm) = 760 mmHg
Zn Decreasing 760 Torrs
Cr 101325 Pascal
activity
Fe 1.01325 bars
Cd 33.93 ft water
Co 14.7 ft per sq. inch
Ni  Standard temperature & pressure (STP):
Sn 1 atmosphere & 273.15 K
Pb
H
Sb
Cu

Prepared by: Carl Cesar H. Bibat IEdeas Review & Training Center 2013-06-22
 Water Quality Management
Gas Laws
The Hydrologic Cycle
Boyle’s Law
 Precipitation – it is the condensation of water
At constant temperature and amount of vapour with the formation of water droplets.
substance, the product of pressure and volume is held  Surface Runoff – portion of rainfall that can be
constant. found on land surface.
 Infiltration – it is the process by which water
P1V1 = P2V2
enters the soil.
Charles’ Law  Percolation – it is the movement of water through
porous solids.
At constant pressure and amount of substance,  Transpiration – the evaporation of water from
the ratio of volume and temperature is held constant.
any parts of a plant or tree.
V1/T1 = V2/T2
Standards - limits beyond which water must not be
Avogadro’s Law polluted based on its intended beneficial use.

At constant pressure and temperature, the ratio  Stream Standard

of pressure and amount of substance is held constant.
 Effluent Standard
V1/n1 = V2/n2
Wastewater Sources
The standard molar volume of an ideal gas is
1. Point Sources
taken to be 22.414 L per mole at STP.
End of Pipe Sources: factories, refineries, waste
Combined Gas Law treatment plants
2. Non-Point Sources
At constant amount of substance, the ratio of the Contaminants that enter the water supply from
product of pressure and volume, and temperature is held soils, groundwater systems and from the
constant. atmosphere via rain

 groundwaters contain the residue of human

agricultural practices (fertilizers, pesticides, etc..),
landfill leachates
Ideal Gas Law

An ideal gas is a type of gas that obeys all of the  improperly disposed of domestic wastes
gas laws. At standard temperature and pressure, gases  Atmospheric contaminants are also derived from
show small deviations from ideality. human practices (such as gaseous emissions from
PV = nRT ; C =P/(RT); ρ = (MRT)/P automobiles, factories and even bakeries).

Physical Water Quality

R = 0.08206 (L-atm)/(mol-K)

= 8.314 J/(mol-K) 1. Colour: makes use of Nessler Tubes

2. Turbidity is caused by the fine particles that
= 8.314 (kPa – dm3)/(mol – K) suspend in water and scatter light.
3. Taste & Odor: measured by MDTOC
= 10.73 (ft3 – psi)/(lbmol – R) 4. Temperature
= 0.73 (ft3 – atm)/(lbmol – R) Increase in temperature lowers DO of water
Increase in temperature increases metabolic
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures rates of microorganisms
High temperature favors synergistic reactions
 Gases are generally miscible to one another.
5. Solids
Thus, the amount of substance in a container
 Total Solids
increases with additional gases.
 Volatile Solids
 Each gas fed to the container contributes to the  Nonvolatile Solids
total pressure of the system.  Filterable
 Non-filterable

Prepared by: Carl Cesar H. Bibat IEdeas Review & Training Center 2013-06-22
Chemical Water Quality Parameters Air Pollution Classification

1. Dissolved Oxygen  GASES

2. Acidity / Alkalinity - air pollutants that exist in Angstrom units.
3. Hardness ( 1 x 10-8 m)
4. Nutrients Examples:
5. Trace Metals Carbon monoxide
Biomagnification - accumulation of trace metals Carbon dioxide
through each species of the food chain. Sulfur-containing gases
 Mercury Nitrogen-containing gases
 Cadmium Troposheric Ozone
 Chromium Chlorofluorocarbons
 Lead
 PARTICULATES
 Arsenic
- air pollutants that exist in micron units.
-6
Wastewater Treatment Methods (1 x 10 m)
Examples:
 Physical treatment methods Fumes Smog
o Screening Dust Haze
o Comminutors / Grinders Mist
o Grit Chamber Spray
o Skimming Smoke
o Pre-aeration
o Physical flocculation Air Pollution Control Equipment
o Equalization basin
1. Settling chamber
o Sedimentation tank
2. Cyclone separator
o Flotation
3. Scrubber
 Chemical treatment methods
4. Filter
o Neutralization
5. Electrostatic precipitator
o Chemical Precipitation
o Coagulation Solid Waste Management
o Chemical Flocculation
o Disinfection Solid Waste
o Ozonization
 Commonly known as trash, refuse, garbage or
o Chlorination
rubbish.
 Biological treatment methods
o Activated Sludge Process  A waste type that commonly consists of items
o Trickling Filters that we either consume or items that do not have
o Stabilization Ponds any use at all.
o Aerated Lagoons
o Anaerobic Digestion or Decomposition  Definition of terms:

Air Quality Management  Garbage – putrescible wastes from

kitchen preparations.
Air Pollution
 Rubbish – combustible / non-combustible
 Presence in the atmosphere of substances whose non-putrescible wastes
concentration, quality and duration affects the
usefulness of our air resources. Solid Waste Classification

 Ambient air quality standards  Residential wastes

 Emission quality standards  Light commercial wastes

Air Pollution Sources  Agricultural wastes

 Industrial Sources
 Area Sources

Prepared by: Carl Cesar H. Bibat IEdeas Review & Training Center 2013-06-22
  Institutional wastes PD 1586 – Environmental Impact Assessment Law

 Construction/Demolition debris PD 274 – seeks to develop Pasig River within 3 years

 Industrial wastes PD 281 – Pasig River Development Council

 Municipal solid wastes PD 602 – oil pollution operations center in Philippine

Coast Guard Headquarters
Solid Waste Issues
PD 1067 – Water Code of the Philippines
 Large waste generation in high technology
developed countries PD 1160 – barangay officials can arrest violators of laws
for the environment
 Disposal of e-Waste
RA 7924 – created the Metro Manila Development
 Lack of landfills in many developing economies Authority
where priorities are collection of waste
RA 6969 – Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear
 Practice of shipping hazardous and toxic waste to Wastes
less developed countries by rich developed
countries RA 8749 – Clean Air Act of the Philippines

 refuse mixing - recyclable and nonrecyclable RA 9003 – Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
materials, hazardous and nonhazardous materials
RA 9275 – Clean Water Act of the Philippines
Solid Waste Management
Notes
1. Source Reduction
2. Reuse _______________________________________________
3. Recycling _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
4. Resource Recovery
5. Incineration _______________________________________________
6. Landfilling _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Philippine Environmental Laws _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
RA 3931 – National Water and Air Pollution Control
_______________________________________________
Commission _______________________________________________
PD 824 – Metro Manila Commission _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
PD 984 – policy for pollution control including land _______________________________________________
pollution _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
PD 1151 – Philippine Environmental Policy
_______________________________________________
PD 1152 – Philippine Environmental Code _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
PD 1181 – installation of pollution control device for all _______________________________________________
motors and vehicles _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
PD 1396 – Human Settlement Ministry
_______________________________________________
Commonwealth Act – an at punishing anyone who dumps _______________________________________________
into any river or refuse wastewater or substances of any _______________________________________________
kind whatsoever that may bring about the rise of filing in _______________________________________________
of river beds or cause artificial alluvial formations. _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
PD 825 – providing penalty for improper disposal of _______________________________________________
garbage and other forms of uncleanliness and for other _______________________________________________
purposes. _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
PD 856 – Code on Sanitation of the Philippines
_______________________________________________
PD 600 – Prevention and Control of Marine Pollution _______________________________________________
Prepared by: Carl Cesar H. Bibat IEdeas Review & Training Center 2013-06-22
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________ ______________________________________
_______________________________________________
Table of Common Names

COMMON NAME CHEMICAL NAME FORMULA

Acetylene Ethyne C 2H2

Agua Oxinada Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2

Aqua Fortis Nitric Acid HNO3

Baking Soda Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate NaHCO3

Bleaching Powder Calcium Hypochlorite Ca(ClO)2

Brine Aqueous solution of Sodium chloride NaCl (aq)

Butter of Antimony Antimony (III) chloride SbCl3 (aq)
Caustic potash Potassium hydroxide KOH

Caustic soda or lye Sodium hydroxide NaOH

Copperas Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate FeSO4 · 7H2O

Epsom salt Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate MgSO4 · 7H2O

Glauber’s Salt Sodium sulfate decahydrate Na2SO4 · 10H2O

Laughing gas Dinitrogen oxide N2O

Limewater Calcium hydroxide solution Ca(OH)2 (aq)

Marsh or swamp gas Methane CH4

Muriatic acid Hydrochloric acid HCl (aq)

Oil of vitriol Sulfuric acid H2SO4 (aq)

Plaster of Paris Calcium sulfate hemihydrate CaSO4 · 1/2H2O

Quicksilver Mercury Hg
Saltpeter Potassium nitrate KNO3

Soda ash Sodium carbonate Na2CO3

Wood alcohol Methanol CH3OH

Prepared by: Carl Cesar H. Bibat IEdeas Review & Training Center 2013-06-22