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OSCILLATION AND STABILITY IN A MASS SPRING SYSTEM

Article · June 2018

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George Maria Selvam A Janagaraj Rajendran

Sacred Heart College Sacred Heart College
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 Oscillation and Stability in a Damped Non Homogeneous
Mass Spring System
A. George Maria Selvam1, R. Janagaraj2
1,2
Department of Mathematics, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous),
Tirupattur – 635 601, Vellore Dist., Tamil Nadu, S.India.

Abstract — This paper deals with some dynamical behavior of Damped Non Homogeneous mass
spring system. Both ordinary differential equations and discrete fractional order equations versions
are considered. Stability at equilibrium positions are discussed with the analysis of Jacobian matrix.
Also the results are illustrated with numerical examples with suitable parameters showing the rich
dynamical behavior
Keywords — Mass Spring, Damping, Oscillation, Stability, Fractional differential equations.
I. INTRODUCTION
This paper considers the motion of an object with mass at the end of a spring which is either
vertical or horizontal on a level surface. If the spring is stretched (or compressed) from its natural
length, then by Hooke’s Law it exerts a force that is proportional to restoringforce  kxwhere k is a
positive constant (spring constant). Next we consider the motion of a spring under a frictional force
or a damping force. An example is the damping force supplied by a shock absorber in a car or a
bicycle. We assume that the damping force is proportional to the velocity of the mass and acts in the
dx
direction opposite to the motion; damping force    where  is a positive constant, called the
dt
damping constant. There could be other forces that act on the mass; which is denoted by F(t). The
dx
total force acting on the mass is therefore kx    F (t ). Thus, from Newton’s Second Law, the
dt
acceleration a of the mass m due to this force is equal to the force divided by the mass m; that is
F
a  . We can write [1, 7]
m
d 2x dx
m 2  kx    F (t )
dt dt

II. DAMPED MASS SPRING SYSTEM

The equation is homogeneous or nonhomogeneous depending on whether forces other than
the spring and damping forces act on the mass [1, 3]. Here we consider external forces denoted by
F(t), acting on the mass. In this case, the equation is
d 2 x  dx k F (t )
2
  x (1)
dt m dt m m
Introduce F(t)  sint cost, we get
d 2 x  dx k 1
2
  x  sin t  cos t  (2)
dt m dt m m
Now the second order non homogeneous differential equation (2) is converted into a system of first
order differential equations as [2]

DOI:10.23883/IJRTER.2018.4330.IBLU7 145
 International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Research (IJRTER)
Volume 04, Issue 06; June - 2018 [ISSN: 2455-1457]

dx
 y (t )
dt
(3)
dy 1  k
 sin  t  cos t   y (t )  x(t )
dt m m m
1 
This system (3) has only one equilibrium position namely  sin  t  cos t  , 0  and its Jacobian is
k 
[6]
 0 1 

J ( x, y)  k  (4)
  
 m m
 1
The eigen values of the system (3) are 1,2     2  4mk . Let us pick out the parameter
2m 2m
values m  2;   2; k  60;  3and  4 with the initial condition x(0)  0.02; y(0)  0.02.
Utilizing the Jacobian matrix (4), the roots are 1,2  0.5  i5.4544. In figure – 1, the system (3)
possess oscillations for long period of time which is illustrated by the phase trajectory.

FIGURE 1. Damped Mass Spring System (3)

Let us take the another external force F(t)  t sint  cost  and the equation is
d 2 x  dx k t
2
  x  sin t  cos t  (5)
dt m dt m m
Now the differential equation (5) becomes a system of differential equations
dx
 y (t )
dt
(6)
dy t  k
 sin  t  cos t   y (t )  x(t )
dt m m m
t 
It has one equilibrium position as  sin  t  cos t  ,0  . The Jacobian matrix and the eigen values
 k 
of the system (6) are identically same as the system (3). Considering m 2;   2; k  60;  3 and
  4 with the initial condition x(0)  0.02; y(0)  0.02. We obtain figure – 2 which shows the
system (6) is oscillatory and after a long time period it becomes unbounded and the phase plane
portrait is exhibited.

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FIGURE 2. Damped Mass Spring System (6)

1
Choosing another external force F (t )  sin  t  cos t  , the differential equation is
t
d 2 x  dx k 1
2
  x  sin t  cos t  (7)
dt m dt m tm
Now the system of equations is
dx
 y (t )
dt
(8)
dy 1  k
 sin  t  cos t   y (t )  x(t )
dt tm m m
1 
which has a equilibrium point  sin  t  cos t  ,0  . The Jacobian matrix and the eigen values of
 tk 
the system (8) is similarly same as the system (3). Taking m  2;   2; k  60;  3and  4 with
the initial condition x(0)  0.02; y(0)  0.02, figure - 3 is obtained. It shows the system is oscillatory
and the phase portrait is plotted.

FIGURE 3. Damped Mass Spring System (8)

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III. DAMPED MASS SPRING USING DISCRETE FRACTIONAL ORDER EQUATIONS

Fractional order system of differential equations (3) is
D x(t )  y(t )
1  k
D y(t )  sin  t  cos t   y(t )  x(t )
m m m
where  is the fractional order. [4, 5] Applying discretization process to the above fractional order
differential equations, we obtain its discrete version as
h
x(t  1)  x(t )  y(t )
(1   )
(9)
h  1  k 
y(t  1)  y(t )  sin t  cos t   y(t )  x(t )
(1   )  m m m 
1 
The fixed point of the system (9) is  sin  t  cos t  , 0  and the Jacobian of J for the system (9)
k 
expressed as
 1 s 

J ( x, y)  sk s 
 1 
 m m
(10)
h s s
Here, s  , the eigen values of the system (9) are 1,2  1    2  4mk . Now we
(1  ) 2m 2m
investigate the motion using plots with suitable parameters. Taking   0.9; h  0.01; m 2;   2;
k  60;  3and  4 with x(0)  0.02; y(0)  0.02. Using in the Jacobian matrix (10), the roots are
1,2  0.9918i0.0895. Figure – 4, displays the oscillation and the phase portrait is presented.

FIGURE 4. Damped Mass Spring System of (9)

Let us examine the following system of fractional differential equations obtained from (6)
D x(t )  y(t )
t  k
D y(t )  sin  t  cos t   y(t )  x(t )
m m m
where  is the fractional order. Applying the process of discretization we get the following discrete

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 International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Research (IJRTER)
Volume 04, Issue 06; June - 2018 [ISSN: 2455-1457]

form,
h
x(t  1)  x(t )  y(t )
(1   )
(11)
h  t  k 
y(t  1)  y(t )  sin t  cos t   y(t )  x(t )
(1   )  m m m 
t 
The fixed point is  sin  t  cos t  , 0  , whose Jacobian and the eigen values of system (11) is
k 
exactly same as 9. Now we analyze the motion using plots with various parameters. Choose the
parameters   0.9; h  0.01; m  2;   2; k  60;  3and  4 with x(0)  0.02; y(0)  0.02. Figure
- 5 exhibits unbounded oscillation.

FIGURE 5. Damped Mass Spring System of (11)

Let write the system of fractional differential equations from (8) as

D x(t )  y(t )
1  k
D y(t )  sin  t  cos t   y(t )  x(t )
tm m m
The fractional order is  . Utilizing the discretization process, above fractional order equations take
form,
h
x(t  1)  x(t )  y(t )
(1   )
(12)
h  1  k 
y(t  1)  y(t )  sin t  cos t   y(t )  x(t )
(1   )  tm m m 
1 
The fixed point of (12) is  sin  t  cos t  , 0  , whose Jacobian and the eigen values of system
 tk 
(12) is accurately same as (9). Now we examine the motion with numerical simulation with
appropriate parameters. Using the values   0.9; h  0.01; m  2;   2; k  60;  3and  4 with
the initial condition x(0)  0.02; y(0)  0.02, figure - 6 is obtained. Initially the system oscillates but
eventually attains stability.

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 International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Research (IJRTER)
Volume 04, Issue 06; June - 2018 [ISSN: 2455-1457]

FIGURE 6. Damped Mass Spring System of (12)

REFERENCES
I. Dennis G. Zill, “A first Course in Differential Equations with Modelling Applications”, Ninth Edition,
Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning (2009).
II. Lawrence Perko, “Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems”, Third Edition, Springer International
Edition, First Indian Reprint, (2009).
III. Paul Blanchard, Robert L. Devaney, Glen R. Hill, “Differential Equations”, Fourth Edition, Brooks/Cole,
Cengage Learning (2012).
IV. El-Sayed, AMA, Salman, SM: “On a discretization process of fractional order Riccati Differential Equation”, J.
Fract. Calc.Appl. 4, 251-259 (2013)
V. Ravi P Agarwal, Ahmed MA El-Sayed and Sanaa M Salman, “Fractional-order Chuas system:
discretization,bifurcation and chaos”, Agarwal et al. Advances in Difference Equations, 320 (2013).
VI. Saber Elaydi, “An Introduction to Difference Equations”, Third Edition, Springer International Edition, First
Indian Reprint, (2008).
VII. William E. Boyce and Richard C. DiPrima, “Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems”.
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2001.

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