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Eddy Current Testing: NO. Content NO

This document provides an overview of eddy current testing. It discusses the history and principles of eddy currents, equipment requirements, testing methods, and applications. The key topics covered include: - The basic principles of eddy currents, including how they are induced in conductive materials and the factors that affect them. - The equipment used in eddy current testing, including different sensor coil arrangements and impedance, phase, and modulation analysis systems. - Methods for using eddy currents to test for conductivity, detect discontinuities, and measure coating thicknesses. - Developing eddy current test systems and controlling coil parameters to optimize inspections. - Examples of applications like detecting improper quen

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kingston
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202 views

Eddy Current Testing: NO. Content NO

This document provides an overview of eddy current testing. It discusses the history and principles of eddy currents, equipment requirements, testing methods, and applications. The key topics covered include: - The basic principles of eddy currents, including how they are induced in conductive materials and the factors that affect them. - The equipment used in eddy current testing, including different sensor coil arrangements and impedance, phase, and modulation analysis systems. - Methods for using eddy currents to test for conductivity, detect discontinuities, and measure coating thicknesses. - Developing eddy current test systems and controlling coil parameters to optimize inspections. - Examples of applications like detecting improper quen

Uploaded by

kingston
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

EDDY CURRENT TESTING

CHAPTER PAGE
CONTENT
NO. NO.

1 Introduction 1

2 Eddy Current Principles 9

3 Eddy Current Equipment Requirement 56

4 Eddy Current Methods 83

Eddy Current Method Control & Test


5 127
System Development

6 Special Application 139

QUESTIONAIRE
7 Level – I 149
Level - II
CHAPTER – 1: INTRODUCTION

1 History and Development

2 Significant Discoveries about Electromagnetism

3 Modern Eddy Current Testing

4 Material Variables Detectable by Eddy Currents

5 General

6 Purpose

7 Description of Contents

a. Arrangement

b. Locators

8 Industrial Application of Eddy Current Testing

9 Basic Eddy Current Testing

10 Destructive & Non – Destructive Testing

11 Testing Philosophy

12 Personnel

13 Testing Criteria

14 Test Procedures

15 Test Objectives

16 Safety Consideration
Chapter 2 – Eddy Current Principles
Table of Contents
General
1. Definition of Eddy Current
2. System – Eddy Current
3. System Elements
Factors Affecting Eddy Current Testing
1. General
2. Conductivity
3. Permeability
4. Magnetic Coupling
Direction And Distribution Of Eddy Current In Article
1. General
2. Eddy Current Induced by Encircling Coil
3. Eddy Current Induced by Inside Coil
4. Eddy Current Induced by Surface Coil
5. Eddy Current Induced by Gap Probed
6. Depth of Eddy Current Penetration
Test Coils In Information Characteristics
1. General
2. Electromagnetic Waves
3. Impedance Change
4. Phase Change
Phase Change Produced By Article
1. General
2. Conductivity, Permeability, and Dimension Variables
3. Conductivity Phase Changes
4. Permeability and Dimension Phase Change
5. Relationship Between Article Phase Changes

Content of Figures & Table


Figure 2-1 Eddy Currents in Article
Figure 2-2 Eddy Current System
Figure 2-3 Elements of Eddy Current System
Figure 2-4 Pure Elements Lattice Structure
Figure 2-5 Impurity in Lattice Attom
Figure 2-6 Heat Treatment Affect on Elements
Figure 2-7 Lattice Distortion
Figure 2-8 Lattice Swelling
Figure 2-9 Distortion of Eddy Current Waves Pattern
Figure 2-10 Magnetic Domain
Figure 2-11 Permeability
Figure 2-12 Flux Density
Figure 2-13 Unequal Changes in Flux Density
Figure 2-14 Saturation Magnetic Point
Figure 2-15 Residual Magnetism
Figure 2-16 Coercive Force
Figure 2-17 Hysteresis Loop
Figure 2-18 Coils Magnetizing Force
Figure 2-19 Flux Density Nonmagnetic
Figure 2-20 Flux Density Magnetic
Residual Magnetism – Magnetic and Nonmagnetic
Figure 2-21
material
Figure 2-22 Magnetic Field in a Straight Wire
Figure 2-23 Magnetic Field in Loop
Figure 2-24 Magnetic Field in Solenoid
Figure 2-25 Magnetic Field within Solenoid with Iron Core
Figure 2-26 Surface Coil Lift-Off
Figure 2-27 Non Conductive Surface
Figure 2-28 Fill Factor
Figure 2-29 Fall – Off
Figure 2-30 Shielding
Figure 2-31 End Effect
Figure 2-32 Direction of Eddy Current Paths in Cylinder
Figure 2-33 Eddy Current Induced by Gap Probe
Figure 2-34 Eddy Current Testing System Electrical Values
Figure 2-35 Impedance
Figure 2-36 Comparison of Test Article to Standard Reference
Figure 2-37 Coil’s Magnetic Field
Figure 2-38 Alternating Output Voltage
Figure 2-39 In Phase
Figure 2-40 Out of Phase
Figure 2-41 Inductance Caused by Magnetic Field
Figure 2-42 Coils Inductance / Inductive Reactance
Figure 2-43 Impedance / Inductive Reactance
Figure 2-44 Coils Impedance and Voltage Planes
Figure 2-45 Current / Voltage Relationship in Secondary Coil
Figure 2-46 Voltage Relationship in Coil
Voltage Output of External Comparison
Figure 2-47
Arrangement
Conductivity, Permeability and Dimension Phase
Figure 2-48
Changes
Family of Curves Showing Variability within
Figure 2-49
Changes
Figure 2-50 Conductivity / Permeability
Table 2-1 Typical Depth of Penetration
CHAPTER -3
Eddy Current Equipment Requirement
Table of Contents
GENERAL SENSING SYSTEM
1. General
2. Test Coil Arrangement
3. Single Absolute Coil Arrangement
4. Double Coil
5. Differential Coil Arrangement
6. Self- Comparison Arrangement
7. External Comparison Arrangement
IMPEDANCE TESTING SYSTEM
General
Definition of Impedance Testing
Techniques
Advantages and Limitations
PHASE ANALYSIS TESTING SYSTEM
1. General
2. Definition of phase Analysis Testing
3. Techniques
4. Advantages and Limitations
MODULATION ANALYSIS TESTING SYSTEM
1. General
2. Definition of phase Analysis Testing
3. Techniques
4. Advantages and Limitations
EDDY CURRENT CALIBRATION REFERENCES
1. General
2. Need for Articles as standards
3. Artificial and Natural Calibration References
4. Performance and Calibration Reference
Chapter – 3
Table of Contents
Figure 3 -1 Surface Coil
Figure 3- 2 Shielded Gap Coil
Figure 3- 3 Spring – loaded Surface Coil
Figure 3- 4 Example of Spinning Coil Arrangement
Figure 3 -5 Encircling Coil
Figure 3 -6 Noncircular Coil
Figure 3- 7 Inside Coil
Figure 3- 8 Gap Probe
Figure 3- 9 Focused Coils
Figure 3-10 Wide and Narrow Encircling Coil
Figure 3-11 Direct Current Saturation Coil
Figure 3-12 Single Absolute Coil Arrangement
Figure 3-13 Double Coil (Absolute)
CHAPTER 4

EDDY CURRENT METHOD


TABLE OF CONTETS
GENERAL
CONDUCTIVITY TESTING
1. General
2. International Annealed copper standard (IACS)
3. Equipment Scales
4. Calibration
5. Conductivity Measurement
DISCONTINUITY TESTING
1. General
2. Calibration
3. Discontinuity Detection
COATING/PLATING THICKNESS TESTING
1. General
2. Conductive Coating
3. Nonconductive Coating
4. Use of special Thickness Testing Equipment
NONCONDUCTIVE ARTICLES
TESTING FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS
MODUALTION ANALYSIS
PHASE ANALYSIS
1. General
2. Application of vector – point method
3. Application of Ellipse Method
4. Application of Linear Time – Base Method
MODUALTION ANALYSIS
1. General
2. Test speed
3. Test Coil
4. Test Frequency
5. Testing Capability
6. Phase Analysis / Modulation Analysis interrelationship
7. Modulation Analysis Testing
RELATING INDICATIONS TO DISCONTINUITIES
1. General
2. How Eddy Currents Sense A Discontinuity
3. Static Testing Conditions
4. Dynamic Testing Condition
5. Output Indication Conclusions
Table of Contents - TECHNIQUES
1. General
2. Eddy Current Variables
3. Testing Capabilities
4. Advantages and Limitations
5. Cylinders
6. Tubing
7. Sheets
8. Irregular Articles
9. Coatings

Figure 4-1 Typical Conductivity Tester

Figure 4-2 2 Relative Conductivity of Various Metals and


Alloys Versus Eddy Current Meter Readiness
Figure 4-3 Electrical Conductivity of Aluminum and
Magnesium Alloy
Figure 4-4 Eddy Current Strength Drops off with Distance
from Surface

Figure 4-5 Eddy Current Pattern Changes

Figure 4-6 Typical Impedance (Discontinuity) Detector

Figure 4-7 Typical Calibration Curves For Thickness


Testing

Figure 4-8 Typical Ellipse Method Cathode Ray Tube


Indications
Figure 4-9 Typical Ellipse Orientations

Figure 4-10 Typical Linear Time – Base CRT Indications


Figure 4-11 Balanced Condition

Figure 4-12 Combined Properties of Two Articles


Figure 4-13 Display of Three Different Materials
Figure 4-14 Band Variation

Figure 4-15 Transparent Screen Display

Figure 4-16 Conductivity Display


Figure 4-17 Typical Modulation Analysis Indications

Figure 4-18 Typical Modulation Analysis Unit with Indication


(Recording Section not Shown)

Figure 4-19 Recording Chart Showing Response to Three


Number 80 Drill Holes

Figure 4-20 Differential Coil Arrangement for Cylinder


Testing

CHAPTER 5

EDDY CURRENT METHOD CONTROL AND TEST SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT


TABLE OF CONTETS
GENERAL
COIL PARAMETERS
1. General
2. Probe Size
3. Field Spread
4. Fill Factor
5. Winding
6. Type of Mounting
7. Wire Gauge
8. Number of Turns
9. Evaluation
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
1. General
2. Separation of Improperly Quenched Molybdenum Chromium –
Vanadium Steel Cylinder
3. Separation of Improperly Welded Titanium Pressure Vassel
4. Detection of Grinding Cracks in Valve Assembly

Figure 5-1 CRT Presentation


Figure 5-2 Meter Presentation
Figure 5-3 Titanium Pressure Vessel
Figure 5-4 Valve Assembly
CHAPTER 6
SPECIAL APPLICATION

Table of Contents
GENERAL
DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT
1. Non – Conducting
2. Nonconductive Thickness Measurement
CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT

1. Thin Material
2. Welding Quality Control
EDGE DISCONTINUITY DETECTION
1. Edge Location
2. Inside Hole Location
3. Magnetic and Non-Magnetic Location
END EFFECTS
LOW CONDUCTION MATERIAL
CONDUCTIVE LIQUIDS
1. Concentration of Liquid
2. Fluid Level
CONDUCTIVE GAS
1. Concentration
2. Boundary Location
Chapter – 6
Figure 6-1 Measurement of Small Movement
Figure 6-2 Eddy Current Measurement in Radioactive
Environment
Figure 6-3 Measuring Thin Nonconductive Coatings
Figure 6-4 Measurement of Thick Nonconductive Coatings
Figure 6-5 Measuring Thickness of Thin Materials
Figure 6-6 Eddy Current Testing of Welds
Figure 6-7 Testing for Discontinuities at Edge of Article
Figure 6-8 Testing for Discontinuities inside Hole
Figure 6-9 Use of Magnetic Field to Overcome Effects of
Permeability
Figure 6-10 Notched Wheel Counter to Record Liquid Flow
Figure 6-11 Nonconductive Pipe Section in Liquid Flow
Stream
Figure 6-12 Determination of Fluid Level
Figure 6-13 Conductivity Measurement of ionized Gas
Stream
Figure 6-14 Boundary Determination in Ionized Gas

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