Power System Analysis

Prof. Debapriya Das

Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Lecture - 18
Power System Components and Per – unit System (Contd.)

(Refer Slide Time: 00:28)

So, this is the first example you took right. And oneone small correction you make
actually this one actually this one actually it will be divided by a2 right, when I was
going through it by mistake I multiplied a2, it should be divided a2then this is correct
right, rest is okrest is ok.
(Refer Slide Time: 00:48)

Next is that example then come to the second example. This is actually now little bit
slowly and slowly we will go to the different type of problem. Now figure-10, I will
show you it, so single line diagram of a single phase circuit right using the base values of
3 KVA and 230 Volt right.

So, you have to draw the per unit circuit diagram and determine the per unit impedances
and the per unit source voltage. Also calculate the load current both in per unit and in
Amperes right, I mean you have to calculate per unit values as well as in terms of your
current values.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:34)

Now, ampere values now this is the diagram this is sending end voltage 220∟0, this is
actually KV right, 220 just the just the KV or Volt just let me see this right. 230 volt
actually small system, 230 volt. So, this isthis is your, what you call base values 3 KVA,
230 Volt right. So, this is actually 220 angle the ∟0 volt this is the section-1 is figure-10
these are transformer T 1 this is line resistances line reactance is given 3Ω right and this is
transformer T 2 so and this is the load, load impedance is given 0.8 + j0.3Ω. So, this
whole thing has been divided into 3 section this is section-1, this is section-2 and this is
section- 3.

𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
Now, for transform T 1 it isit is given 3 KVA, 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽 this is the rating of the

transformer and equivalent reactance is given 0.1p.u. right. Similarly for transformer
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
T 2 this one is 2KVA this transformer is 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽right and X eq again 0.1p.u.these are

the data given right. Now first what you have to do is you have to choose basebasevalues
right and in this problem, in this problem that is given that you have to take this value 3
KVA and 230 Volt and based on that you have to determine everything right.

𝟑𝟑
So, when base MVA it is base KVA is given 3. So, it convert it to MVA so, it is 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 so

0.003 that is your base MVA right. And it is this base value will remain same for the
entire network. That means, this base value we will not be change it will remain same as
it is right and base voltage it is given that is your 230 Volt. But if you look into that that
mean this transformer that 3 KVA and 230 Volt basically it is given as a base for you
therefore, this section-1 right, you write that (voltage) B1 that is for the section -1 is 230
Volt that is 0.23 kilovolt right as specified in section - because this because this
transformer T 1 actually 3 KVA, 230 Volt the this side is this is section-1 right this side
this side right.

(Refer Slide Time: 03:45)

Now, nowbased on that we have to transformer the base voltage to the line as well as to
the other side therefore, when moving across a transformer the voltage base is changed in
proportion to the transformer voltage rating therefore, that is for section 2 base voltage
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
will be�𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐� ∗ 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐is 433 Volt. It is if you see there that this side is to base it has been

ask that your base voltage is 230 Volt that means in this side. So, you the transformer is
433 Volt rating. So, automatically this side will be base voltage will be 433 volt. That’s
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
why, but you have to transforms so, it is �𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐� ∗ 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐that is 433 your 433 Volt. So, this

is actually 0.433 kilovolt right.

Similarly for the base voltage your for section-3, that means, this sidethis side basically
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
transformer actually𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏, but this lines volt base voltage is 433. So, accordingly you have

to see what is the base voltage for the section-c that is there, that is your this side right,
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
that is your this portion right. That means, your V B3 will be�𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒� ∗ 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 because you are
 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
going to the lower voltage side although it is although transformer is 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
but you are

transforming whole network into it this one a common base right.

Therefore this b, section-3 base voltage you will 118.09 Volt that is 0.11809 KV. So,
hope you have understood this right that how to transform. Similarly now for the section-
(𝑽𝑽 )𝟐𝟐 (𝟎𝟎.𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐)𝟐𝟐
1,Z B1 is the base impedance which is equal to𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 that is your 𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 that is 17.63Ω

this is the base impedance for the section-1 of the diagram right.

(Refer Slide Time: 06:08)

Similarly, for

(𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 )𝟐𝟐
𝑍𝑍𝐵𝐵2 =
𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃

(𝟎𝟎.𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒)𝟐𝟐
right. So, that is equal to your = 62.5Ω right.
𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

(𝑽𝑽 )𝟐𝟐 (𝟎𝟎.𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏)𝟐𝟐

So, similarly 𝑍𝑍𝐵𝐵3 = 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃= 0.1 way so for 4.64Ω. So, all the 3 sections base
𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

impedance are computed right. Now base current in section-3 that for the section-3, base
𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
MVA base remains and throughout therefore, base current in section-3,I B3 = 𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩
that
𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
is 𝟎𝟎.𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏kilo ampere and that is equal to 25.4 Ampere right.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:06)

Now, it is given, given X eq = 0.10 P.u. this is actually old value. So, you are writing
because we have to convert into the other base. So, X 1,old = X eq = 0.10, but X 1,new also
0.10 p.u.= X 1,old because for this is for transformer, transformer you are rating 3 KV that
is 0.003 MVA and 230 Volt is the base. So, for transformer T 1 this will not change it
will remain as it is because transformer rating itself has been taken as a base that voltage
as well as your volt ampere right. Therefore, for transformer T 1 no change in per unit
values leakage reactance right.

(Refer Slide Time: 07:55)

 (𝟎𝟎.𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒)𝟐𝟐
For transformer T 2 for transformer T 2, Z BT2 is equal to again that that 𝟐𝟐 . The
𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 ( )
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

reason is like this the transformer T 2 actually it is 2 KVA right and 440V/120. Therefore,
base impedance for transformer T 2 right first you find out therefore transformer this your
yourpriprimary side it is 440 Volt. So, (0.44 KV)2 because 0.44 KV divided by it is 2
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
KVA because rating is for transformer T 2 is 2 KVA, 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
that is 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
MVA. So, MVA

that’s your (KV)2/MVA that we will get 96.8Ω this is transformer own base right, based
on its rating.

Now, transformer-2 is reactance is given 0.1p.u.Now find out what is ohmic value. So,
X 2 (Ω) =X 2 (pu) * Z BT2 that is 0.1 *96.8 that is 9.68Ωright. That means, X 2,new now is
equal to because new base impedance that is for your what you call that Z B2 , Z B2 you
have got this value that 62 for the section-2.Z B2 we have got 62.5Ω right. Therefore, a
𝟗𝟗.𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔
new value of that reactance of the transformer-2, X 2,new . I have written here
𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔.𝟓𝟓

Z B2 = 62.5 Ω right. That means X 2,new = 0.1548 per unit. Similarly for the line
𝑋𝑋 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (Ω) 𝟑𝟑
X Line (pu)= 𝑍𝑍𝐵𝐵 2
that is 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔
because line reactance is 3Ω divided by base impedance of
𝟑𝟑
the section-2 that is 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔.𝟓𝟓that is 0.048 p.u right.

Next load is given, load per unitZ 1 (pu)= Z 1 ohmic value this is given 0.8 +j point this
impedance is given, this impedance is given divided by the base impedance of your line
section-3 right.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:12)

That means section-3, base impedance you have obtain Z B3 = 4.64Ωthis one, this one
𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑳 (𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶)
right, that means, your per units your Z L = your 𝒁𝒁𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩
, 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 + 𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋. 𝟑𝟑upon this is4.64that

is 0.1724 + j0.0646p.u. right.

So, per unit circuit is shown in figure-11. So, you have in the circuit you have a shows
voltage V s . ThatV s actually it is given your it is given 220∟0, but base voltage is 230 in
the pro this base voltage is 230 is given. So, 220/230 that we will become actually
0.956∟0 this is 220 /230 right. For transformer T 1 that is j0.10 as it is for the line it is
j0.048 p.u. and for transformer T 2, j0.1548right and for the load it is 0.1724 + j0.0646
per unit right. So, here it is forgiven 0.1724 this is resistive path because load is inductive
and it is j0.0646 this is the load right and this is the per unit diagram.

𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐∟𝟎𝟎
So, V s also it 230
is the base so, 0.956∟0that is I have told you right. Therefore, total

per unit impedance Z T (pu) the Z total you sum up all you sum it up all it will right it
will become 0.4058∟64.860 like this is a resistive part right this is this is resistive part
right. And so, therefore I L per unit is equal to that is I (pu) because same current is
𝑽𝑽
going to the load this is load. So, I L per unit is equal to series circuit I (pu) =𝒁𝒁 𝒔𝒔 right so is
𝑻𝑻

equal to 0.956∟0 divided by this is Z T the total is equal to you will get 2.355∟-
0

64.860per unit, this is your what you call this is the per unit value of the current right.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:56)

Then that you have to find out ampere know, we have see we have to find out
I L (pu)*I B3 , in the we have seen that base current for that side is 25.4Ampere before.
So, this per unit values multiplied is 25.4. So, this will be 59.83∟-64.860Ampere. So,
this is the load current and current is lagging because load is inductive right. So, this
numerical you have understood right.

Now, we will go to little bit further tougher problem right slowly and slowly such that all
type of things we will be clear that were then you will know what is the advantage of this
per unit conversation, conversion such thing right. So, figure-12, 12 I will show you-12 I
will show it is big diagram. So, single line diagram of a power system the ratings of the
generators and transformers are given below right.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:57)

So, this is actually your before giving the data this is actually your figure-12, figure-12
there are three generators – generator-1, generator-2 and generator-3 right. Now this
generator-1 this Y-Y are connected it is grounded, generator-3 is not grounded,
generator-2 is grounded right.

So, generator-1 it has 25 MVA rating and 6.6 KV terminal voltage. These transformer is
a ∆-Y, Yis grounded is the ∆-Ytransformer 6.6 and 115 KV right similarly and this line it
is a line-1 it is only reactance we have considering so, j120Ω.And this is generator-2 it is
Y-connected but grounded, it is 15 MVA, 6.6 KV these transformer actually ∆-Y, ∆-side
is 6.6 and Y- side is 115 KV right and this is your line-2 this is j90Ωthis is the your what
you call this is the line reactance right. And this is transformer-3, these are, these two
transformers are three-phase transformer, this one and this one three-phase transformer,
but this this transformer actually this three-phase transformer actually three single phase
transformer connected.

So, that’s why that each single facilitating was 69 /6.9 KVKV, but as it is may made
three-phase it is Y -Y secondary side is grounded that’s why√𝟑𝟑 ∗ 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔/6.9*√𝟑𝟑 KV
𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔
because single phase it was given 𝟔𝟔.𝟗𝟗
highhigh voltage to low voltage. But when you are

making it your Y-connection using 3 single phase transformer and all these thing we
have to represent it will no line to line voltage that’s why multiplied by √𝟑𝟑 and you have
secondary side also multiplied by √𝟑𝟑. And this generator is Y right connected G 3 is 30 30
MVA and 13.2 KV. This is the single line diagram, you have to make per, that means,
this one you have to make single line diagram of this one right generator given below.

So, we have to you what you have to do is that you have to find out it is per unit you are
reactance diagram. So, G 1 is 25 MVA, I told 6.6 KV the generator rating is sorry,
generator reactance is given 0.2because everywherej will be there, but not putting
jthey only in this final circuit we will put the j that complex operator right. So, G 2 is
equal to G 2 rating is 15 generator-2 rating is 15 MVA, 6.6 KV and reactance is 0.15 p.u.
Similarly generator-3 it is 30 MVA right and 13.2 KV and it is a generator reactance is
0.15p.u. Transformer T 1 is 30 MVA it is 6.6 ∆- side KV and 115 is Y-side KV right and
transformer reactance is 0.10 p.u right.

(Refer Slide Time: 17:10)

Similarly, for transformer T 2 it is 15 MVA, it is 15 MVA ,6.6 KV delta side and 115 KV
Y side I am writing KV here, but understandable right and reactance is for transformer
T 2 is 0.10 p.u and transformer T 3 actually single phase unit each rating each rated ten
MVA right and 6.9 /69 KV and X T3 is given0.10 p.u right. So, as it is a single phase
transformer that’s why line to line voltage threethree single phase transformer connected
to three-phase transformer, the 3 single phase transformer is three-phase transformer
that’s why line to line voltage you have to multiply this one by √𝟑𝟑and this one by√𝟑𝟑
KV right. So, we have todrawdraw the per unit circuit diagram is base values of30
MVA and 6.6 KV in the circuit diagram of sub circuit of generator-1 right.
If base value is given that you have to take 30 MVA base, MVA base should be 30 and
this voltage should be 6.6 KV based on that you have to make this diagram single phase
per unit your reactance diagram right. So, how you will do this? Right.

(Refer Slide Time: 18:22)

So, the chosen base values are given 30 MVA and 6.6 KV in the generator-1 circuit
that mean this side you have to take their 6.6 KV, but this side base is 30 we have all the
generate rating is 25 MVA, 15 MVA and this side is 13 MVA right. Therefore, the
transmission line base voltage of line-1 is 115 KV because the generator side voltage
generator terminal voltage is 6.6 KV, this transformer also 6.6 KV, so automatically this
line this side base voltage we will be 115 KV because this is your secondary side
transformer voltage right.

So, that’s why and for generator-2 base voltage is also 6.6 KV, I mean for this generator
also their terminal voltage 6.6 KV. So, base voltage also 6.6 KVright that means so here
here you actually directly connected no line is here. So, no impedances reactance’s is
shown or impedance is shown mean it is directly connected right. So, this side base
voltage is 115 KV and automatically base voltage 6.6 KV is taken. So, generator
terminal voltage is also 6.6 KV. So, other side base voltage will be 115 KV, so
absolutely no problem.

Now, next is the as the transformer T 3 is rated 6.9 KV and 69 KV per phase because
three single phase transformer we have used therefore, line voltage ratio will be 6.9 √𝟑𝟑/
69√𝟑𝟑 right. That is if you multiply by √𝟑𝟑, √𝟑𝟑it will basically 12 on the low voltage side
12 KV and high voltage side will be 120 KV line to line right. Therefore, baseline
voltage for generator-3 circuit is that it is for this generator because this transformer
actually 12 your 12 KV /120 KV so, but line base voltage this side also it is line based
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
voltage is 115 Volt right, but this side should be then 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
∗ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏that is this side will be

11.5 KV this generator this side right.

So, that means, that base line voltage for generator-3 circuit will be that 12 because
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
transformer is now 𝟐𝟐
, this is 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
right, but your base voltage the this voltage is 115 KV
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
that line side therefore, this side voltage will be 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
∗ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 so, 11.5 KV right. So that is

your this side base voltage. So, this way you have to transform and you have to make
things correctly right. I hope you have understood this right.

(Refer Slide Time: 21:18)

So, once this is done once this is done,then as MVA base is given as MVA base is given
30 throughout this generally base voltage generally do a sorry base MVA generally do
not change, so MVA base 30, but first generator right, but first generator that its rating is
25 MVA, but on this base voltage is 6.6 KV, that means, in proportion to the ratio of this
base MVA this reactance will change.
So, X g1 = 0.2 *30 because 0.2 is given, so into 30 of 0.2 is one its own base right on its
𝟎𝟎.𝟐𝟐
own rating so, but 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
∗ 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐there is 0.24 p.u. Because you have to convert everything on a

common base common MVA base and common voltage base right. Similarly X g2 will be
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏, where generatoris 15 MVA, but base MVA is 30. So, it will be 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏that is

0.30 p.u.

Now, in the case of generator-3, base MVA is 30 and this is also 30. So, there ratio 30/30
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
will be cancel, but it will become 0.15 *�𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟓𝟓� = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 𝒑𝒑. 𝒖𝒖. The idea is I mean if you

have any confusion it will be it will be something like this right. I have made something
come calculation for here for generator this thing. Generator impedance actually given
𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒑𝒑. 𝒖𝒖 for generator-3, for these generator it is given data it is given. So, its rating is
13.2 KV, be on its own rating, be onits own rating or own base 13.2 KV, 30 MVA. So,
(𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟐𝟐)𝟐𝟐
0.15 it will𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 ..

So, MVA base is this generator 30 MVA and MVA base is also 30 MVA. So, Z B3 is
equal to that your and be be your base impedance on is any con convert this base
impedance MVA base both the cases same 30, 30, but it is will base for this side that is
that is that generator-3 side we obtain base voltage 11.5 KV right, that means, this
(𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟓𝟓)𝟐𝟐
Z B3𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 right. This is actually ohm we convert it to its own rating and this is the
𝑿𝑿𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈
base value we got we got 11.5 right therefore, 𝑿𝑿𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈 per unit will be this is the 𝑿𝑿𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈
𝒁𝒁𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩

means this ohmic values, this ohmic values right.

So, if youif you bring if you put it here the MVA base MVA base will be cancelled. So,
(𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟐𝟐)𝟐𝟐
finally, it will become your 𝑿𝑿𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈 (𝒑𝒑. 𝒖𝒖) 0.515* (𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟓𝟓)𝟐𝟐
and that is per unit right. That

means, your 𝑿𝑿𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈 will become 0.20 p.u right. So, this way you have to transform. For
transformer-1, X T1 0.10 p.u right because transformer your where this is rating I will
show you the data, for transformer similarly for transformer also base MVA 30
transformer rating is also 30.

So, base MVA we will not affect, but voltage will level we have to see. So, for
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
transformer X T3 will be 0.10 *𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐 because this transformer T 1 actually 115 your what

you call sorry, this is this transformer T 1 and lines other side is 115. So, transformer
T 1 will remain same because base voltage are 30 MVA, 6.6 KV primary side. So,
secondary side is 115. So, that’s why there is no change for transformer T 1 right it will
remain as it is.

Now, for transformer T 2 , the transformer T 2 it is its rating is just for just 1 minute let me
find out the data T 2. Transformer T 2 is it is 15 MVA, but again 6.6 ∆-side 115. So,
voltage we will not effect because 6.6 KV is the your base voltage. So, rating so other
side will be 115 automatically, but rating MVA rating is different 15 MVA. But base
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
MVA is, base MVA is 30, base MVA is 30 right, that means, X T2 will be 0.1 *𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 same

as those generator we have doing. So, it is 0.20 p.u.

Similarly, X T3 for transformer T 3 right it is 3 single phase transformer as you made, but
is rating is per unit it is 0.10. So, if it is 3 remember listen one thing that for single phase
or three-phase does not matter even it is given per unit means you have to take 0.10 as it
isas it isthree-phase, please do not multiply by 3 or √𝟑𝟑 it is power unit given wherever
things will be wrong whatever is there you will take right. So, X T3 will be 0.10 and base
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐
MVA is 30 and transformer rating is also 30 MVA. So, only that 0.1 *�𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏� it will be if

you that is equation-16 again or same as before that whatever I have made it similar way
you will get this 0.11 p.u right. So, all these impedances you have got right.

So, here also for this calculation I have made it here also for we can go through this one
also right.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:58)

(𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏)𝟐𝟐
And then now for line it is 115 KV is the line base voltage. So, Z B-Line is that is 440
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
Ω. So, X line-1𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 is equal to point your what you call .27 p.u because line reactance
𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
such given 120 Ω, so it is 0.27 p.u. Similarly for X line, X line-2 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
that is 0.205 p.ufor

205 p.u. Now that look at this diagram, now you see this equivalent that per unit diagram
right.

(Refer Slide Time: 27:33)

So, this is generator-1 and this is your generator-1 right. So, its 0.224 X g1 , X T1 is point
your 10. So, this is transformer T 1 then line is coming then this X this is X line j0.27 we
have got right. Now this is generator-2 is connected it between this two. So, it is
generator-2 it will be in parallel right this G 2 and G 3 will be in parallel right, these two
are in parallel therefore, this is your X T2 this is X T2, T 2 that is your j0.2 here right. And
X g2 we computed that is j0.3 this is generator-2 forthenthen this line is coming X line-
2 then this is X line-2 j0.205 then X T3 is coming that mean this one is coming now X T3 .

So, it is j0.11 then this generator X g3 is coming here j0.20 and compute the circuit. So,
this is the per unit circuit diagram right. So, this is G 1 and G 2, G 3 are in parallel that’s why
it is in parallel right. So, this is per unit diagram. I hope this one you have understood
right this is a, this is I mean slightly difficult one, but just you have to see with difficult
in this is that you have to see that you have transform every quantities in appropriate
base per unit values by converting that to the appropriate base right base is more
important right. So, next is another one this is another type right.

(Refer Slide Time: 29:26)

So, in this case a 100 MVA, 33 KV, three-phase generator has a reactance of 15% that is
0.15 p.u. The generator is connected to the motors right through a transmission line and
transformer as shown in figure-14, this is figure-14, I will come to that. Motors have
rated inputs of 40 MVA, 30 MVA and 20 MVA at 33, 30 KV with 20% reactance each
draw the per unit circuit diagram.That means, you have a generator it is 100 MVA,33
KV right and X g = 0.15 p.uis given this is your transformer T 1 is there it is 110 MVA
transformer rating is not mention here. But here it is mention 110 MVA it is ∆- trans
transformer,∆-side is 32 KV and Y-side is 110 KV all are line to line andX T1 reactance
of this transformer is 0.08 p.uand then line is call then this is the transmission line this is
a 60Ω this is 60 Ωand this is transformer T 2 .

Here also 110 MVA transformer T 2 also 110 MVA ,voltage also 110/32 kV /32 KV that
is high voltage side is 100, I told you earlier the Y- side generally kept for high
voltageside and ∆ side is for the low voltage side right. So, 110 /32 KV is the Y this side
is Y, this side is∆ right and X T2 also 0.08 p.u. Now here three- motors are connected in
parallel right, one rating is 40 MVA and X m1 = 0.20 p.u.this is motor-1 reactance
similarly 30 MVA another one motor-2 is 0.20 p.uand 20 MVA another one and motor
reactance is 0.2 and j jj not so and every not so in everywhere, but in the final per unit
diagram we will put the j right.

(Refer Slide Time: 31:33)

So, so assuming you have to here nothing has been mentioned. So, you have to assume
that MVA base is you assume it is 100 right and KV base you have assume 33 in the
generator circuit right. So, MVA base that meansthat means, from generator side we
have taken generator rating is given 100 MVA, 33 KV base, 33 KV. So, this 33 KV
voltage base voltage and 100 MVA this thing we are choosing as base. Such that X g you
will never change right therefore, X g will remain as it is 0.15 p.u right. Therefore, (KV) B-
 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
line base that that is your line base, base voltage will be 33* 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 because this transformer
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
actually 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏, line side is 110 KV right, but we have to converted to the common base. So,
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
that’s why it is, but this voltage you have taken 33, so line side will be 33* 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 that will

become 113.43 KV right.

(𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲)𝟐𝟐 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐

So, now Z B = your 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
that is actually𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 that is 10.89Ω this is that common base
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐
it is Z B because base MVA is 100 and this thing. So, Z BT1 = Z B2,BT2 = Ω = 9.309
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

Ωright. Because transformer T 1 and transformer T 2 they have the same voltage rating
right and that’s why on the that your base your base voltage you are taking 33 KV. So,
low voltage side is 32 KV for those transformer So, (KV)2MVA is 110 for the
transformer it is given. So, that will become 9.309 Ωright. Therefore,X T1 and X T2 will be
it is given 0.08 p.u. that means, X T1 (Ω), X T1 (Ω) = X T2 Ω, but both the transformer same
𝟗𝟗.𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
per unit you converted ohmic values 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟗𝟗.𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑Ω that is 0.744Ω.

So, this is the ohmic value for the transformer reactant that means, on its own rating you
find out what its base impedance and then you convert it to the ohmic values right. But
𝟎𝟎.𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕
basebase impedance is 10.89 therefore, X T1-new = X T2-new𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖0.0683p.u this is the new

values. Of course, this same thing you can use equation-16 that in terms of new and old
values of the base quantities and the per unit quantities. We will we will come again.

Thank you.