UNIT - 3

ENERGY SCENARIO AND ENERGY MONITORING

1.1 Introduction
Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of
any country. In the case of the developing countries, the energy sector
assumes a critical importance in view of the ever-increasing energy needs
requiring huge investments to meet them.
Energy can be classified into several types based on the following criteria:
 Primary and Secondary energy
 Commercial and Non commercial energy
 Renewable and Non-Renewable energy

1.2 Primary and Secondary Energy

 Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in
nature.
 Common primary energy sources are coal, oil, natural gas, and biomass
(such as wood).
 Other primary energy sources available include nuclear energy from
radioactive substances, thermal energy stored in earth’s interior, and
potential energy due to earth’s gravity.
 The major primary and secondary energy sources are shown in Figure.
 Primary energy sources are mostly converted in industrial utilities into
secondary sources;
 For example coal, oil or gas converted into steam and electricity.
 Primary energy can also be used directly. Some energy sources have
non-energy uses, for example coal or natural gas can be used as a
feedstock in fertilizer plants.

1.3 Commercial Energy and Non Commercial Energy

Commercial Energy:
 The energy sources that are available in the market for a definite price
are known as commercial energy.
 By far the most important forms of commercial energy are electricity,
coal and refined petroleum products.
 Commercial energy forms the basis of industrial, agricultural, transport
and commercial development in the modern world.
 In the industrialized countries, commercialized fuels are predominant
source not only for economic production, but also for many household
tasks of general population.
Examples: Electricity, lignite, coal, oil, natural gas etc.

Non-Commercial Energy:
 The energy sources that are not available in the commercial market for a
price are classified as non-commercial energy.
 Non-commercial energy sources include fuels such as firewood, cattle
dung and agricultural wastes, which are traditionally gathered, and not
bought at a price used especially in rural households.
 These are also called traditional fuels. Non-commercial energy is often
ignored in energy accounting.
 Example: Firewood, agro waste in rural areas; solar energy for water
heating, electricity generation, for drying grain, fish and fruits; animal
power for transport, threshing, lifting water for irrigation, crushing
sugarcane; wind energy for lifting water and electricity generation.
1.4 Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy
 Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are
essentially inexhaustible.
 Examples of renewable resources include wind power, solar power,
geothermal energy, tidal power and hydroelectric power (See Figure
1.2).
 The most important feature of renewable energy is that it can be
harnessed without the release of harmful pollutants.
 Non-renewable energy is the conventional fossil fuels such as coal, oil
and gas, which are likely to deplete with time.

1.5 Indian Energy Scenario

Coal dominates the energy mix in India, contributing to 55% of the total
primary energy production. Over the years, there has been a marked
increase in the share of natural gas in primary energy production from 10%
in 1994 to 13% in 1999. There has been a decline in the share of oil in
primary energy production from 20% to 17% during the same period.
Energy Supply

Coal Supply
 India has huge coal reserves, at least 84,396 million tones of proven
recoverable reserves (at the end of 2003).
 This amount to almost 8.6% of the world reserves and it may last for
about 230 years at the current Reserve to Production (R/P) ratio.
 In contrast, the world’s proven coal reserves are expected to last only
for 192 years at the current R/P ratio.
 Reserves/Production (R/P) ratio- If the reserves remaining at the end
of the year are divided by the production in that year, the result is the
length of time that the remaining reserves would last if production
were to continue at that level.
 India is the fourth largest producer of coal and lignite in the world.
Coal production is concentrated in these states (Andhra Pradesh,
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa,
Jharkhand, West Bengal).
Oil Supply
 Oil accounts for about 36 % of India's total energy consumption.
 India today is one of the top ten oil-guzzling nations in the world and
will soon overtake Korea as the third largest consumer of oil in Asia
after China and Japan.
 The country’s annual crude oil production is peaked at about 32
million tones as against the current peak demand of about 110 million
tones.
 In the current scenario, India’s oil consumption by end of 2007 is
expected to reach 136 million tons(MT), of which domestic
production will be only 34 MT.
 India will have to pay an oil bill of roughly $50 billion, assuming a
weighted average price of $50 per barrel of crude.
 In 2003-04, against total export of $64 billion, oil imports accounted
for $21 billion.
 India imports 70% of its crude needs mainly from gulf nations.
  The majority of India's roughly 5.4 billion barrels in oil reserves are
located in the Bombay High, upper Assam, Cambay, and Krishna-
Godavari.
 In terms of sector wise petroleum product consumption, transport
accounts for 42% followed by domestic and industry with 24% and
24% respectively.
 India spent more than Rs.1, 10,000 crore on oil imports at the end of
2004.
1.6 The Energy Conservation Act, 2001 and its Features
Policy Framework – Energy Conservation Act – 2001
 With the background of high energy saving potential and its
benefits, bridging the gap between demand and supply, reducing
environmental emissions through energy saving, and to effectively
overcome the barrier, the Government of India has enacted the
Energy Conservation Act – 2001.
 The Act provides the much-needed legal framework and
institutional arrangement for embarking on an energy efficiency
drive.
 Under the provisions of the Act, Bureau of Energy Efficiency has
st
been established with effect from 1 March 2002 by merging
erstwhile Energy Management Centre of Ministry of Power.
 The Bureau would be responsible for implementation of policy
programmes and coordination of implementation of energy
conservation activities.
Important features of the Energy Conservation Act are:
Standards and Labeling
 Standards and Labeling (S & L) has been identified as a key activity
for energy efficiency improvement.
 The S & L program, when in place would ensure that only energy
efficient equipment and appliance would be made available to the
consumers.
The main provision of EC act on Standards and Labeling are:
 Evolve minimum energy consumption and performance standards for
notified equipment and appliances.
 Prohibit manufacture, sale and import of such equipment, which does
not conform to the standards.
 Introduce a mandatory labeling scheme for notified equipment
appliances to enable consumers to make informed choices.
 Disseminate information on the benefits to consumers.

1.7 Various Forms of Energy

There are two types of energy - stored (potential) energy and working
(kinetic) energy.
For example, the food we eat contains chemical energy, and our body
stores this energy until we release it when we work or play.
Potential Energy
Potential energy is stored energy and the energy of position
(gravitational). It exists in various forms.

Chemical Energy
Chemical energy is the energy stored in the bonds of atoms and
molecules.

Biomass, petroleum, natural gas, propane and coal are examples of stored
chemical energy

Nuclear Energy

Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom - the energy
that holds the nucleus together.
The nucleus of a uranium atom is an example of nuclear energy.
Stored Mechanical Energy
 Stored mechanical energy is energy stored in objects by the application
of a force.
 Compressed springs and stretched rubber bands are examples of stored
mechanical energy.
Gravitational Energy
 Gravitational energy is the energy of place or position. Water in a
reservoir behind a hydropower dam is an example of gravitational
energy.
 When the water is released to spin the turbines, it becomes motion
energy.

 Kinetic Energy
 Kinetic energy is energy in motion- the motion of waves, electrons,
atoms, molecules and substances. It exists in various forms.

Radiant Energy
 Radiant energy is electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse
waves. Radiant energy includes visible light, x-rays, gamma rays and
radio waves. Solar energy is an example of radiant energy.
Thermal Energy
 Thermal energy (or heat) is the internal energy in substances- the
vibration and movement of atoms and molecules within substances.
Geothermal energy is an example of thermal energy.
Motion
 The movement of objects or substances from one place to another is
motion. Wind and hydropower are examples of motion.
Sound
 Sound is the movement of energy through substances in longitudinal
(compression/rarefaction) waves.
Electrical Energy
 Electrical energy is the movement of electrons. Lightning and electricity
are examples of electrical energy.
1.8 Electrical Energy Basis…
 Electric current is divided into two types: Directional Current (DC) and
Alternating Current(AC).
Directional (Direct) Current
 A non-varying, unidirectional electric current (Example: Current
produced by batteries)

Characteristics:
 Direction of the flow of positive and negative charges does not change
with time.
 Direction of current (direction of flow for positive charges) is constant
with time.
 Potential difference (voltage) between two points of the circuit does not
change polarity with time .
Alternating Current
 A current which reverses in regularly recurring intervals of time and
which has alternately positive and negative values, and occurring a
specified number of times per second. (Example: Household electricity
produced by generators, Electricity supplied by utilities.)
Characteristics:
 Direction of the current reverses periodically with time.
 Voltage (tension) between two points of the circuit changes polarity
with time.
 In 50 cycles AC, current reverses direction 100 times a second (two times
during one cycle).

1.9 Thermal Energy Basis…

Temperature and Pressure

 Temperature and pressure are measures of the physical state of a

substance.
 They are closely related to the energy contained in the substance.
 As a result, measurements of temperature and pressure provide a means
of determining energy content.
Temperature
 It is the degree of hotness or coldness measured on a definite scale.
 Heat is a form of energy; temperature is a measure of its thermal effects.
 In other words, temperature is a means of determining sensible heat
content of the substance.
o
 In the Celsius scale the freezing point of water is 0 C and the boiling
o
point of water is 100 C at atmospheric pressure.
o
 In the Celsius scale the freezing point of water is 0 C and the boiling
o
point of water is 100 C at atmospheric pressure.
 o o
To change temperature given in Fahrenheit ( F) to Celsius ( C)
o
.Start with ( F); subtract 32; multiply by 5; divide by 9; the answer
o
is ( C)

o o
C = ( F – 32) x 5/9
Unit of Heat
 Calorie is the unit for measuring the quantity of heat. It is the quantity of
o
heat, which can raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 C.
 Calorie is too small a unit for many purposes. Therefore, a bigger unit
Kilocalorie (1 Kilocalorie = 1000 calories) is used to measure heat.
 1 kilocalorie can raise the temperature of 1000g (i.e. 1kg) of water by
o
1 C.

SPECIFIC HEAT OF SOME COMMON SUBSTANCES

o o
To change temperature given in Celsius ( C) to Fahrenheit ( F) .Start
o o
with ( C); multiply by 9; divide by 5; add on 32; the answer is ( F)

Substance Specific Heat (Joules

o
/ kg C)
Lead 130
Mercury 140
Brass 380
Copper 390
Iron 470
Glass 670
Aluminium 910
Rubber 1890
 Ice 2100
Alcohol 2400
Water 4200

1.10 Units and Conversions

 The energy units are wide and varied. The usage of units varies with
country, industry sector, systems such as FPS, CGS, MKS and SI, and also
with generations of earlier period using FPS and recent generations using
MKS.
 Even technology/equipment suppliers adopt units that are different
from the one being used by the user of that technology/equipment.
3
 For example some compressor manufacturers specify output in m /min
while some specify in cubic feet/minute or even in liters’/second.
 All this cause confusion and hence the need for this chapter on units and
conversions.
Energy Units
3
1 barrel of oil = 42 U.S. gallons (gal) = 0.16 cubic meters (m ).
1 MW 1,000 kW
1 kW 1,000 Watts
1 kWh 3,412 Btu
1 kWh 1.340 Hp hours
1,000 Btu 0.293 kWh
1 Therm 100,000 Btu (British
Thermal Units)
1 Million Btu 293.1 Kilowatt
hours
100,000 Btu 1 Therm
1 Watt 3.412 Btu per hour
1 Horsepower 746 Watts or 0.746
Kilo Watts
1 Horsepower hr. 2,545 Btu
1 kJ 0.239005
Kilocalories
1 Calorie 4.187 Joules
1 kcal/Kg 1.8 Btu’s/lb.
1 Million Btu 252 Mega calories
1 Btu 252 Calories
1 Btu 1,055 Joules
1 Btu/lb. 2.3260 kJ/kg
1 Btu/lb. 0.5559
Kilocalories/kg
Power (Energy Rate) Equivalents
1 kilowatt (kW) 1 kilo joule
/second (kJ/s)
1 kilowatt (kW) 3413 BTU/hour
(Btu/hr.)
1 horsepower (hp) 746 watts (0.746
kW)
1 Ton of refrigeration 12000 Btu/hr.
ENERGY
To: TJ Gcal Mtoe MBtu GWh
Multiply
From: . . . .
by:
2.388 x
TJ 1 238.8 -5 947.8 0.2778
10
4.1868 x -7 -3
Gcal -3 1 10 3.968 1.163 x 10
10
4.1868 x 7 3.968 x
Mtoe 4 10 1 7 11630
10 10
1.0551 x 2.52 x -4
MBtu -3 0.252 -8 1 2.931 x 10
10 10
-
GWh 3.6 860 8.6 x 10 3412 1
5

MASS
To: kg t lt st lb
From: multiply by: . . . .
9.84 x 1.102 x
kilogram (kg) 1 0.001 -4 -3 2.2046
10 10
tone (t) 1000 1 0.984 1.1023 2204.6
long ton (lt) 1016 1.016 1 1.120 2240.0
0.907
short ton (st) 907.2 0.893 1 2000.0
2
-4
pound (lb) 0.454 4.54 x 4.46 x 5.0 x 10 1
 -4 -4
10 10

VOLUME
3 3
To: gal U.S. gal U.K. bbl ft l m

multiply
From: . . . . .
by:
U.S. gallon 0.023 0.133
1 0.8327 3.785 0.0038
(gal) 81 7
U.K. gallon 0.028 0.160
1.201 1 4.546 0.0045
(gal) 59 5
Barrel (bbl) 42.0 34.97 1 5.615 159.0 0.159
3 0.178
Cubic foot (ft ) 7.48 6.229 1 28.3 0.0283
1
0.006 0.035
Litre (l) 0.2642 0.220 1 0.001
3 3
Cubic metre 35.31 1000.
3 264.2 220.0 6.289 1
(m ) 47 0
1.11 Definition & Objectives of Energy Management

 Energy saved is twice the energy generated.

 The fundamental goal of energy management is to produce goods
and provide services with the least cost and least environmental
effect.
 The term energy management means many things to many people.
 One definition of energy management is:
“The judicious and effective use of energy to maximize profits
(minimize costs) and enhance competitive positions”
 Another comprehensive definition is
“The strategy of adjusting and optimizing energy, using systems
and procedures so as to reduce energy requirements per unit
of output while holding constant or reducing total costs of
producing the output from these systems”
 The objective of Energy Management is to achieve and maintain
optimum energy procurement and utilization, throughout the
organization.
 To minimize energy costs / waste without affecting production &
quality to minimize environmental effects.

1.12Understanding Energy Costs

 Understanding energy cost is vital factor for awareness creation and
saving calculation.
 In many industries sufficient meters may not be available to measure
all the energy used.
 In such cases, invoices for fuels and electricity will be useful.
 The annual company balance sheet is the other sources where fuel
cost and power are given with production related information.
Energy invoices can be used for the following purposes:
1. They provide a record of energy purchased in a given year, which
gives a base-line for future reference.
 2. Energy invoices may indicate the potential for savings when
related to production requirements or to air condition
requirements/space heating etc.
3. When electricity is purchased on the basis of maximum demand
tariff they can suggest where savings are most likely to be made.
4. In later years invoices can be used to quantify the energy and cost
savings made through energy conservation measures.