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05 - Defects in Crystalline Solids PDF

This document summarizes different types of defects found in crystalline materials, including point defects like vacancies and impurities, line defects like dislocations, planar defects like grain boundaries and twin boundaries, and volume defects like pores and cracks. It explains how these defects originate from processes like heating, solidification, and stress, and how they can affect material properties and failure. Dislocations allow materials to plastically deform through slip along crystallographic planes. Grain boundaries represent mismatches between adjacent crystals.

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FRANCESCA SARAZA
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186 views

05 - Defects in Crystalline Solids PDF

This document summarizes different types of defects found in crystalline materials, including point defects like vacancies and impurities, line defects like dislocations, planar defects like grain boundaries and twin boundaries, and volume defects like pores and cracks. It explains how these defects originate from processes like heating, solidification, and stress, and how they can affect material properties and failure. Dislocations allow materials to plastically deform through slip along crystallographic planes. Grain boundaries represent mismatches between adjacent crystals.

Uploaded by

FRANCESCA SARAZA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Defects in Crystalline Materials

Crystalline Materials

CRYSTALS

Also have
imperfections
→ Defects

Defects affect the


METALS SOME
CERAMICS
properties of materials
Types of Defects

• Point Defects
• Line Defects
• Planar Defects
• Volume Defects
1. Point Defects

• Vacancy Defect

• Vacancy
1. Point Defects
• Impurity Defect
– Interstitial
– Substitutional
Impurities
Intentionally added to improve Strength of Metals:
ALLOYING

Carbon
Iron

Steel
Carbon
atom
Gold Alloys

Pure gold

Rose gold White gold


Origin of Point Defect

 Heating

 Solidification
 (impurities maybe  Stress
added)
2. Line Defects

 Also known as dislocations

a. Edge Dislocation
b. Screw Dislocation
c. Mixed Dislocation
Schematic of Zinc (HCP) after tensile
elongation
Materials fail due to Slip

Slip - The process by which dislocation moves


and
deforms a material

The magnitude and direction of the slip is


represented by a vector b called the Burgers
vector,
A PERFECT CRYSTAL OF VANADIUM
a. Edge Dislocation
SLIP FOR EDGE DISLOCATION
SLIP FOR EDGE DISLOCATION
SLIP FOR EDGE DISLOCATION
SLIP FOR EDGE DISLOCATION
SLIP FOR EDGE DISLOCATION

SLIP PLANE
a. Edge Dislocation

Dislocation
Line

Slip plane
b
b. Screw Dislocation
SLIP FOR SCREW DISLOCATION
SLIP FOR SCREW DISLOCATION
SLIP FOR SCREW DISLOCATION
SLIP FOR SCREW DISLOCATION
SLIP FOR SCREW DISLOCATION
SLIP FOR SCREW DISLOCATION
SLIP FOR SCREW DISLOCATION
SLIP FOR SCREW DISLOCATION

SLIP PLANE
c. Mixed Dislocation
SLIP FOR MIXED
SLIP FOR MIXED
SLIP FOR MIXED
SLIP FOR MIXED
3. Planar Defects

a. Grain Boundaries
b. Surfaces
c. Twin Defect
d. Stacking Fault
a. Grain Boundaries

grain structure
nuclei liquid
crystals growing
Adapted from Fig. 5.19 (b), Callister & Rethwisch 3e.

Crystals grow until they meet each other


Grain Boundaries

Represents the site at which


MISMATCHED Crystals meet
Implications of Grain Boundary

• Affects:
– Mechanical Property
b. Surfaces

Surfaces are considered defective since the atoms at


the surface lack required coordination number
c. Twin Defect

Refers to a
change in crystal
orientation which
lead to the
formation of mirror
image of the crystal
across a plane
Twin Defect

Aragonite
Fluorite

Quartz
d. Stacking Fault

HCP FCC
PACKING IDENTICAL SPHERES

2/17/2020 45
PACKING IDENTICAL SPHERES

2/17/2020 46
FCC STACKING SEQUENCE

A
B
C

2/17/2020 47
HEXAGONAL CLOSE-PACKED
(HCP) STRUCTURE

2/17/2020 48
4. Volume Defects

• Pores and Voids


• Cracks
• Foreign inclusions
• Notch

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