Sultan Moulay Slimane University English Department, Semester 4

Faculty of Arts and Humanities Translation Group 3 & 4

Beni Mellal Prof. JEBBAR

Guidelines and Contents of the Module

Based on the descriptive of Module 26 Translation (S4), there are two main objectives:

The first objective is to further students’ knowledge and practice in translation (English – Arabic- English)
since they have been already introduced to translation in Semester 3 (Initiation to Translation). In this regard, two
literary works are assigned to students to translate. Katherine Mansfield’s “Honesty” (1923) from English into
Arabic and an extract from Naguib Mahfouz’s last work "‫ "أحالم فترة النقاهة‬from Arabic into English in addition to
the two literary passages we’ve been practicing in class.

As for the second objective proportionate to initiating students to the techniques of computer-assisted
translation, a brief theoretical text is provided here to introduce students to (1) approaches to computer-based
translation, (2) Computer assisted translation (CAT) and (3) Machine translation (MT) followed by a practical
text translated using Machine translation. Students are required to translate the same text and compare their
translation with that of the machine in terms of lexicon, syntax, grammar and even punctuation.

And in order to endorse students’ understanding of Machine-aided translation, an additional theoretical

text (Extracted from Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (Edited by Mona Baker, 2001) is
provided to highlight the concept in details, covering the following headings:
Tasks in the machine - aided translation process – Editing - Terminology management - Translation proper –
Applications - Fully automatic MT -Pre- and post-editing - Interactive MT -Dialogue and speech MT – History -
First-generation ‘direct’ systems - Second-generation ‘indirect’ systems - MT back in fashion - New techniques
emerge – Methodology - Direct systems -Theoretical approaches - New paradigms
Sultan Moulay Slimane University English Department, Semester 4
Faculty of Arts and Humanities Translation Group 3 & 4
Beni Mellal Prof. JEBBAR

Approaches to computer-based translation

In characterizing the role of human translators and the role of computers in the translation process, we can distinguish between
human translating activity, assisted by computers (CAT), and machine translating activity, assisted by humans (MT). In CAT the
translation task as such is performed by the human translator with assistance from the computer in tasks such as formatting or terminology
lookup. In CAT, the computer does not perform a syntactic and semantic analysis of the source text to any extent, nor does it generate a
target text. These are precisely the tasks that the computer performs in MT. The assistance from human translators in MT is typically in
pre- or post-editing tasks.

Computer-assisted translation (CAT)

In CAT, the machine typically does not translate text but instead it supports the translator in a range of tasks, such as formatting,
grammar checking, etc. Some of the tasks the machine performs can be rather sophisticated, e.g. automatic terminology lookup, source and
target text alignment, reuse of previously translated material, verification of terminology consistency, etc. The level of sophistication in the
tasks performed allows us to establish a hierarchy of CAT tools. On one hand, grammar checkers, spell-checkers and others can be
considered to be at the most basic level of use (Somers 2003: 14). On the other hand, on a more sophisticated level of use, there are the so-
called workstations, defined as “a single integrated system that is made up of a number of translation tools and resources such as
translation memory, an alignment tool, a tag filter, electronic dictionaries, a terminology management system and spell and grammar-
checkers” (Quah 2006: 93).

Localization tools can also be included under the more sophisticated group of CAT tools. Localization is understood in broad terms
as “the process of changing the documentation of a product, a product itself or the delivery of services so that they are appropriate and
acceptable to the target society and culture” (Quah 2006: 19).

CAT tools have proven to be extremely useful for the professional (particularly technical) translator, who can increase productivity
and quality as well as speed of delivery to the client. However, translators must invest time, effort and sometimes money in training
themselves to use such tools. Further, CAT tools liberate the translator from many tedious tasks such as formatting, document layout, etc,
so that the translator can concentrate on the translation per se. This is how high quality translations can be achieved at an increasingly
shorter time.

Machine translation (MT)

In MT, the task of analyzing and decoding the source texts corresponds to the machine, but the human operator may carry out pre-
editing or post-editing tasks. The translations produced in this way are also very fast, but typically of low quality. As Hutchins and Somers
(1992: 149) state, “we can have either fully automatic translation or high quality translation but we cannot have both”.

Quality in many MT systems, however, is not the main goal. Instead, these systems can provide a ‘rough’ or ‘indicative’ translation,
sometimes referred to as gist translation. This is especially useful in the case of long source texts, where MT programs can be used to
determine which portion of the source text would warrant professional translation, which takes us back to CAT tools. This is how CAT and
MT have been happily co-existing in the translation industry. Examples of MT systems include SYSTRAN (general MT), SPANAM and
ENGSPAN (specialized MT), etc.

However, some MT systems can produce very high quality translations. This is possible in specialized contexts with controlled
input, such as MÉTÉO in Canada, which translates from English into French and French into English in the domain of meteorology. In the
specific domain of health in Latin America, SPANAM and ENGSPAN translate from English into Spanish and Spanish into English
respectively (see Loffl er-Laurian 1996: 21). These two examples illustrate that, instead of reaching for high-quality general MT, the way
forward may lie in high-quality specialized MT. By taking the purpose of the translation into account, we can achieve high quality output
in the particular context where it is needed (see ten Hacken 2001).

Extracted from Maria Fernandez-Para’s

“The Workflow of Computer-Assisted Translation Tools in Specialized Translation”
Translate the following literary extract into Arabic and then compare Machine translation with your
translation
"Surreptitiously the father began going into his son's bedroom. He would sit there for hours, rousing himself only to
seek clues. What bewildered him was that Ali was getting tidier. Instead of the usual tangle of clothes, books, cricket
bats, video games, the room was becoming neat and ordered; spaces began appearing where before there had been only
mess. Initially Parvez had been pleased: his son was outgrowing his teenage attitudes. But one day, beside the dustbin,
Parvez found a torn bag which contained not only old toys, but computer discs, video tapes, new books and fashionable
clothes the boy had bought just a few months before. Also without explanation, Ali had parted from the English
girlfriend who used to come often to the house. His old friends had stopped ringing."

Extracted from Hanif Kureishi's short fiction "My Son The Fanatic"
Kureishi, Hanif (1997). Love in a Blue Time, London, Faber and Faber.

Example of Machine Translation (provided by Google’s Free Service Google Translate)

‫أن علي كان يصبح‬ ّ ‫ ما حيّره كان‬.‫ يوقظ نفسه فقط للبحث عن األدلّة‬،‫ سيجلس هناك لساعات‬.‫سرا األب بدأ في الدّخول في غرفة نوم ابنه‬ ًّ "
‫ظهور أين‬ّ ‫ أماكن بدأت في ال‬،‫ظم‬ّ ‫ظ ًما و من‬
ّ ‫ الحجرة كالكون من‬،‫ لعب الفيديو‬،‫ مضارب الكريكيت‬،‫ الكتب‬،‫ بدالً من الكتلة المعتادة للمالبس‬.‫ظ ًما‬ ّ ‫من‬
‫ بارفيز‬،‫ بجانب صندوق القمامة‬،‫لكن يوم واحد‬ ّ .‫ كان ابنه يكبر على مواقفه المراهقة‬: ‫س َّر‬
ُ ‫ في البداية بارفيز قد‬.‫قبل أن قد كان هناك فقط فوضى‬
ّ ،‫ممزقة احتوت على ليس فقط اللّعب القديمة‬
‫ الكتب الجديدة و المالبس األنيقة الولد قد اشترى‬،‫ شرائط الفيديو‬،‫لكن أقراص الكمبيوتر‬ ّ ً‫وجد حقيبة‬
ّ
‫ قد‬. ‫صديقة اإلنجليزيّة التي اعتادت المجيء في كثير من األحيان إلى البيت‬ ّ ‫تفرق علي عن ال‬ ّ
ّ ‫ قد‬،‫ أيضًا بدون التفسير‬.‫قبل أشهر قليلة مباشرة‬
ّ ‫توقّف أصدقاءه القدماء عن‬
".‫الرنين‬
‫‪Sultan Moulay Slimane University‬‬ ‫‪English Department, Semester 4‬‬
‫‪Faculty of Arts and Humanities‬‬ ‫‪Translation Group 3 & 4‬‬
‫‪Beni Mellal‬‬ ‫‪Prof. JEBBAR‬‬

‫‪Translate the two literary passages into English‬‬

‫‪Text 1:‬‬
‫" عندما الحظ الطبيب الذي يعالجني هذا التحسن العام في أحوالي‪ ،‬نصحني باستكمال عافيتي بالمواظبة على رياضة‬
‫تجمع بين الجسدي و الذهني‪ ،‬و أشار علي بنادي لليوغا على طريقة البيالطيس‪ .‬الشيء الذي استجبت له بحماس طفولي‪،‬‬
‫لكنني لم أطق الطابق التحت أرضي الذي يوجد به النادي‪ ،‬و لم أطق كذلك أن يضحك الزبناء من حركاتي المضطربة‪،‬‬
‫فانسحبت بهدوء لكنني مررت في هذه المحاولة بتجربة عنيفة‪ ،‬فقد التقيت شابا يشبهني تماما‪ ،‬بل يشبه ياسين كما تشبه نقطة‬
‫ماء نقطة ماء أخرى‪ ،‬و عندما قلت له ذلك أجابني مبتسما‪:‬‬
‫جائز جدا أن تكون أبي‪ ،‬فأنا ابن طبيعي المرأة ماتت عازبة‪ ..‬ثم أضاف‪ :‬إذا كنت قد تعرفت قبل أربع و عشرين سنة‬
‫على مدرسة شابة من مدينة خنيفرة‪ ،‬و عشت معها ما يمكن أن يسفر عن خلق جديد‪ ،‬فمعنى ذلك أنني طفلك الضائع و أن‬
‫عليك أن تجد لي من اآلن مكانًا في حياتك‪.‬‬
‫ثم ما لبث أن انفجر ضاحكا عندما رأى ما بدا علي من اضطراب و توتر‪ ،‬و قال مترددا‪:‬‬
‫ال تخف‪ ،‬لن أحاصرك‪ ،‬ال أريد أبا يتوجب علي أن أقتله ألعيش بسالم‪".‬‬

‫مقتطف من رواية القوس و الفراشة (‪ )2010‬لمحمد األشعري‬

‫‪Text 2:‬‬
‫وقفت متهيبة مرتعشة أمام رئيس المعمل (النصراني) و بجانبها ابنتها خدوج كأنها تخفيها‪ ،‬و أزاح الرئيس نظارتيه‬
‫عن عينيه البالغتي الزرقة و طفق يتفحص المرأة جيدا‪ ،‬مرتا ًحا إلى الوراء على ظهر مقعده و يده تداعب قلما على‬
‫المكتب و سألها بعربية ركيكة‪:‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ماذا تريد؟ و انبرى (الغوات) يشرح له أنها جاءت تطلب شغال‪ ،‬فأطال الرئيس تحديقه‪ ،‬و انتبه إلى كائن يطل من‬
‫جنب المرأة‪ ،‬و قبل أن يتساءل عنه مرة أخرى‪ ،‬شرح له الغوات أنها ابنتها‪ ،‬و يمكنها أن تشتغل أيضا بجانب أمها‪ ،‬و‬
‫أشار الرئيس إلى خدوج المطلة برأسها من وراء جناح أمها‪ .‬و طلب منها أن تتقدم‪ ،‬فدفعها الغوات إلى األمام‪ ،‬و أعاد‬
‫الرئيس نظارتيه و هو يطيل التحديق في الصبية‪ .‬و ألول مرة الحظت صفية بنت سويعد أن ابنتها شديدة االكتناز‪ ،‬قوية‬
‫البنية‪ ،‬بما يكاد يوحي بسن تزيد بكثير عن عمرها الحقيقي الذي ال يتجاوز الثانية عشرة‪.‬‬
‫و ردد الرئيس‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬بْيان‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬لم تفهم المرأة شيئًا من عبارته الغامضة‪ ،‬لكن ابتسامة الغوات طمأنتها‪}.‬‬

‫مقتطف من رواية الريح الشتوية لمبارك ربيع‬

 HONESTY (1923)

By Katherine Mansfield

There was an expression Rupert Henderson was very fond of using. “If you want my honest
opinion . . .” He had an honest opinion on every subject under the sun, and nothing short of
a passion for delivering it. But Archie Cullen’s pet phrase was “I cannot honestly say . . .”
Which meant that he had not really made up his mind. He had not really made up his mind
on any subject whatsoever. Why? Because he could not. He was unlike other men. He was
minus something—or was it plus? No matter. He was not in the least proud of the fact. It
depressed him—one might go so far as to say—terribly at times.
Rupert and Archie lived together. That is to say, Archie lived in Rupert’s rooms. Oh, he
paid his share, his half in everything; the arrangement was a purely, strictly business ar-
rangement. But perhaps it was because Rupert had invited Archie that Archie remained
always—his guest. They each had a bedroom, there was a common sitting-room, and a
largeish bathroom which Rupert used as a dressing-room as well. The first morning after
his arrival Archie had left his sponge in the bath-room, and a moment after there was a
knock at his door and Rupert said, kindly but firmly, “Your sponge, I fancy.” The first
evening Archie had brought his tobacco jar into the sitting room and placed it on a corner
of the mantelpiece. Rupert was reading the newspaper. It was a round china jar, the surface
painted and roughened to represent a sea-urchin. On the lid was a spray of china seaweed
with two berries for a knob. Archie was excessively fond of it. But after dinner, when Ru-
pert took out his pipe and pouch, he suddenly fixed his eyes on this object, blew through
his moustaches, gasped, and said in a wondering, astonished voice, “I say! Is that yours or
Mrs. Head’s?” Mrs. Head was their landlady.
“It’s mine,” said Archie, and he blushed and smiled just a trifle timidly.
“I say!” said Rupert again—this time very meaningly.
“Would you rather I . . .” said Archie, and he moved in his chair to get up.
“No, no! Certainly not! On no account!” answered Rupert, and he actually raised his hand.
“But perhaps”—and here he smiled at Archie and gazed about him—“perhaps we might
find some spot for it that was a trifle less conspicuous.”
The spot was not decided on, however, and Archie nipped his sole personal possession into
his bedroom as soon as Rupert was out of the way.
But it was chiefly at meals that the attitude of host and guest was most marked. For instance,
on each separate occasion, even before they sat down Rupert said, “Would you mind cutting
the bread, Archie?” Had he not made such a point of it, it is possible that Archie in a mo-
ment of abstractedness might have grasped the bread knife. . . . An unpleasant thought!

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Again, Archie was never allowed to serve. Even at breakfast, the hot dishes and the tea,
both were dispensed by Rupert. True, he had half apologized about the tea; he seemed to
feel the necessity of some slight explanation, there.
“I’m rather a fad about my tea,” said he. “Some people, females especially, pour in the milk
first. Fatal habit, for more reasons than one. In my opinion, the cup should be filled just so
and the tea then coloured. Sugar, Archie?”
“Oh, please,” said Archie, almost bowing over the table. Rupert was so very impressive.
“But I suppose,” said his friend, “you don’t notice any of these little things.”
And Archie answered vaguely, stirring, “No, I don’t suppose I do.”
Rupert sat down and unfolded his napkin.
“It would be very inconsistent with your character and disposition,” said he genially, “if
you did! Kidneys and bacon? Scrambled eggs? Either? Both? Which?”
Poor Archie hated scrambled eggs, but, alas! he was practically certain that scrambled eggs
were expected of him too. This ‘psychological awareness,’ as Rupert called it, which ex-
isted between them, might after a time make things a trifle difficult. He felt a little abject
as he murmured, “Eggs, please.” And he saw by Rupert’s expression that he had chosen
right. Rupert helped him to eggs largely.
§
Psychological awareness . . . perhaps it was that which explained their intimacy. One might
have been tempted to say it was a case of mutual fascination. But whereas Archie’s reply
to the suggestion would have been a slow “Possibly!” Rupert would have flouted it at once.
“Fascination! The word’s preposterous in this connection. What on earth would there be in
Cullen to fascinate me even if I was in the habit of being fascinated by my fellow-creatures;
which I certainly am not. No, I’ll own I am deeply interested. I confess my belief is, I
understand him better than anybody else. And if you want my honest opinion, I am certain
that my—my—h’m—influence over—sympathy for—him—call it what you like, is all to
the good. There is a psychological awareness. . . . Moreover, as a companion, instinctively
I find him extremely agreeable. He stimulates some part of my mind which is less active
without him. But fascination—wide of the mark, my dear—wide!”
But supposing one remained unconvinced? Supposing one still played with the idea. Wasn’t
it possible to see Rupert and Archie as the python and the rabbit keeping house together?
Rupert that handsome, well-fed python with his moustaches, his glare, his habit of uncoil-
ing before the fire and swaying against the mantelpiece, pipe and pouch in hand. And
Archie, soft, hunched, timid, sitting in the lesser armchair, there and not there, flicking back
into the darkness at a word but emerging again at a look—with sudden wholly unexpected
starts of playfulness (instantly suppressed by the python). Of course, there was no question
of anything so crude and dreadful as the rabbit being eaten by his housemate. Nevertheless,
it was a strange fact,—after a typical evening the one looked immensely swelled, benign
and refreshed and the other, pale, small and exhausted . . . And more often than not, Ru-
pert’s final comment was—ominous this—as he doused his whisky with soda:
“This has been very absorbing, Archie.” And Archie gasped out, “Oh, very!”

http://www.katherinemansfieldsociety.org 2
 §
Archie Cullen was a journalist and the son of a journalist. He had no private money, no
influential connections, scarcely any friends. His father had been one of those weak, disap-
pointed, unsuccessful men who see in their sons a weapon for themselves. He would get
his own back on life through Archie. Archie would show them the stuff he—his father was
made of. Just you wait till my son comes along! This, though highly consoling to Mr. Cullen
père, was terribly poor fun for Archie. At two and a half his infant nose was put to the
grindstone and even on Sundays it was not taken off. Then his father took him out walking
and improved the occasion by making him spell the shop signs, count the yachts racing in
the harbour, divide them by four and multiply the result by three.
But the experiment was an amazing success. Archie turned away from the distractions of
life, shut his ears, folded his feet, sat over the table with his book and when the holidays
came he didn’t like them; they made him uneasy; so he went on reading for himself. He
was a model boy. On prize-giving days his father accompanied him to school, carried the
great wad of stiff books home for him and, flinging them on the dining-room table, he
surveyed them with an exultant smile. My prizes! The little sacrifice stared at them, too,
through his spectacles, as other little boys stared at puddings. He ought, of course, at this
juncture to have been rescued by a doting mother who, though cowed herself, rose on
the . . .

http://www.katherinemansfieldsociety.org 3
 file:///e|/download/www.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll@bookid=97284&filename=page_134.html

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