Index

A Angular-grained soil, shear modulus for, 463, 464

AASHTO soil classification system, 37, 39- 40, 41. 46 Angular grains, 31
ABAQUS, 6 Angular resonant frequency, 462
Acceleration, 470 Anisotropic soils, flow net in, 85- 86
Acid sulphate soils, 1 Anisotropy, 203
Active state, lateral earth pressures, 225, 231, 232, 233- Applied normal stress, 323
235, see also Lateral earth pressures Applied pressure, settlement in footings and, 310
Activity, 37 Archimedes principle, 13
Adhesion, earth retaining structures, 381, see also Earth Artificial slopes, 42 1
retaining structures AS, see Australian Standards
Adhesive resistance, 239 Atomic force microscope, 33
Aeolian soil, 2 Atomic structure of clay minerals, 32, 33
Air, II, 12 At-rest state, 225, 226- 230, 271, 273. 275
mass of. 11 Allapulgite, 33
stresses and. 67 Atterberg, A., 34
normal, 65-72 Atterberg limits, 34- 37, 38, 39, 43, 44, 256, 277
Air content, 55, 62 Auger drilling, 254
Airflow, 6 Australian Standards (AS), 27
AIR/IV,6 Average degree of consolidation , 156
Allowable bearing capacity, 292, 305, 307, 326 Average hydraulic gradient, 75
Allowable pressures. 317, 318 Average vertical strain, 141
Alluvial soil. 2 Axisymmetric loading, 313, 315
Aluminum, 32, 33
American Association of State Highway Transportation
Officials (AASHTO) soil classification system, 37, B
39- 40, 41, 46 Backfills
American Society of Civil Engineers, 5 compaction and, 49, see also Compaction
Amplitude, 459, 461, 463, 482, 483, 285 inclined granular, 235-236
decrease in, 455 shear failure, l81
low strain, 463 Backhoe, 49, 252
maximum, 460 Backpressure, 194, 195, 196, 197, 20S, 208, 210, 216
Amplitude of vibration , 466, 467,468, 469, 470, 47 t Base circles, 425, 426
at resonance, 460 Base failure, 425
Anchored sheet piles, 385, 395-399 Basements, 299
Angle of internal friction, 187 lateral earth pressures, 230, see also
Angle of shearing resistance, 187 pressures
Angular distortion, 290, 291 Batter pile, 341, 342
Bearing capacity
allowable, see Allowable bearing capacity

487
 488 Geotechnical Engineering

Equation, 291 shallow foundations, 289, 290, 298, 310. 325, see also
shallow foundations, 290, 291 - 301, 305, 324,325- Shallow foundations
326, 332-334 British Standards (BS), 27, 37
Meyerhof’s equation, 295-299, 124 Brittle solid state, 34, 35
Presumptive, 292-293 Brucite, 32
Terzaghi's equation. 294-295. 296, 324 Buildings, compaction and, 49, see also Compaction
water table effects, 301 Bulk density, 13, 16, 50
Bearing capacity equation, 291 Bulk unit weight, 13, 19
Bearing pressures Burland and Burbidge method for predicting settlement
deep foundations, see Deep foundations of a shallow foundation in granular soil, 315-317,
earth retaining structures, 379, 382-384, see also 318
Earth retaining structures
presumptive, see Presumptive bearing pressures C
shallow foundations, 292-293, see also Shallow Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual, 6, 267
foundations Cantilever retaining walls. 377. 379
Bedrock, 252, 437 horizontal loading. 225. 226
Belled pier, 341, 342 Cantilever sheet piles, 385-395
Bending moment in cohesive soils, 393-395
earth retaining structures, 387, 388 in granular soils, 386- 393
shallow foundations, 307 horizontal loading, 225, 226
Bentonite, 202, 379 Capillary effects. 68-69, 70
Bernoulli’s equation, 73, 75- 76 Capillary pressures, 69
Bishop's simplified method of slices, 434-435, 437- 441. Capillary rise, 69
443 Capillary zone, 69
Block sample, 256 Casagrande, Arthur, 34, 37
Blow count, 259- 262, 263, 267, 268, 261, 276. 281, Casagrande's log time method, 156, 157- 158, 159,
282, 161 - 164
283,3 10-3 12 Casagrande's percussion cup method, 35, 36
Boddy Dam, U.S.. 86 Casagrande's PI-LL chart, 38, 43
Bored piles, 343, 344, 345, 356 Casagrande's procedure to determine preconsolidation
Borehole diameter correction, 261 pressure, 148, 149
Borehole shear test, 273, 274, 280 Cast-in-place: piers, 341, 343
Boreholes, 251- 252, 253, see also Site investigation Cementation, 40
depth of, 254 Chlorite, 33
sampling, 256 Circular footings, 294, 297
soil testing, 3, 5 Circular frequency of vibration, 458
spacing of, 254 Circular load, flexible, stress increase beneath the center
Bore log, 276, 278, 279 of, 125-126, see also Newmark's chart
Borrow area, 17 Clayey soils, 37, 38, see also Clays
Borrow pit, 19, 20 compaction, 55
Bottom heave in soft clays, 402-403 Clays
Boulders, classification of, 27 atomic structure, 32, 33
Boundary conditions, 6 classification of, 27, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41
Boussinesq equation, 116-117, 118, 123, 124, 133 based on unconfined compressive strength, 199, 210
Braced excavations, 3, 399-403 compaction, 55, see also Compaction
1ateral earth pressures, 230, see also Lateral earth comparison with nonclays, 40-4 1
pressures consolidation, 139, see also Consolidation
Breadth effective stresses, 69
deep foundations, 341, see also Deep foundations
 Index 489
lateral earth pressures, 227-230 earth retaining structures, 381, see also Earth
mineralogy, 31-33, 34, 45 retaining structures
permeability, 71 settlement in, 319-324
shallow foundations, 291, 292. 295. 299, 300, 305, shear strength, 200
321, 323, see also Shallow foundations site investigation, 256, 262, 264, 280
elastic moduli for. 321 slope stability, 431
shear modulus for, 464- 465 standard penetration test in, 262
shear strength, 201, 203, 204 Colluvial soil, 2
site investigation, 256, 26 1, 262, 264, 265, 266, Column load
267, 268, 269- 270, 280, see also soft, deep foundations, 341, 347, see also Deep
bottom heave in, foundations
402- 403 shallow foundations, 306-309, see also Shallow
slope stability, 423- 427, see also Slope stability foundations
in trial pit, 3 Combined footings, 289
triaxial rests. 194 Compacted clay, triaxial tests, 194
vibration of foundations and, 484 Compaction. 3, 19, 40, 49-63
void ratio, 12 field tests, 55-58
water content, 12 laboratory tests, 52- 55, 277
Coarse-grained soils relative, see Relative compaction
AASHTO classification, 39-40 shallow foundations and, 292, see also Shallow
capillary rise and, 69 foundations
compaction, 57 variables in, 5O-52
grain shape, 3 1, '10 Compaction piles, 342
grain size distribution, 28-30, 37, 40, 41 Compactive effort, 50-53, 55, 57
permeability, 77, 78, 79, 93 Compensated foundation, 299
relative density, 30, 31 Composite piles, 344, 345
uses classification, 37-39 Compound failure, 423
visual identification, 40 Compressibility, coefficient of volume, 141-142, 171- 172
Cobbles, classification of, 27 Compression
Coefficient of consolidation, 155, 101- 164 bearing capacity and, 297
laboratory determination of, 156-159 earth retaining structures, 382, 383
Coefficient of curvature, 29, 30.42 secondary, 159- 164, 169, 32 1, 324
Coefficient of earth pressure at rest, 226 Compression index, 143, 144, 165-166, 169-170, 171 -
Coefficient of permeability, 77 172, 330
Coefficient of subgrade reaction, 307 Compression settlement, 321, 324
Coefficient of uniformity', 29, 30, 42 Compression test, undrained, 198-200,219
Coefficient of volume compressibility, 141-142, 149, Compressive strength, 181, 198, 199, 210 283
171-172 Compressive stresses, 181, 203
Cofferdams, 85 Computation of final settlement, 150- 153
Cohesion, 187, 210, 214 consolidation test, 143-150
bearing capacity and, 294 Concentric line load, 301-303
direct shear test, 201 Concrete, 257
slope stability and, 427-43 1 earth retaining structures, 377, 379, 385
earth retaining structures, 381, see also Earth footings, 295
retaining structures shear strength, 181, see also Shear strength
triaxial tests, t94, 195, 196 unit weight, 325
Cohesive resistance, 239 Concrete piles, 341, 343, 344, 345
Cohesive soils, 32 Cone penetration test, 3, 257, 259, 260, 262, 263-269,
bearing capacity, 293 280, 283, 310
cantilever sheet piles in, 393- 395
490 Geotechnical Engineering

Cone resistance, 263, 2M, 265, 267, 268 Critical slip circle, 425-427.428-429
Confining pressure, 190, 193, 194, 195, 198,218,221, Critical void ratio, 201
122 CTRAN/ W, 6
pore water pressure increase and, 203 Current void ratio, 30
Consolidated drained triaxial test, 194 , 197, 211-212, Cun'i1inear squares, 84, 85
217, 218, 277, 297 Cyclic loading, vibration of foundations and, see
ConsoHd3ted undrained triaxial test, 194, 195, 208, 209, Vibrations of foundations
210- 211. 212, 217-218, 219, 220, 221, 277,
297 D
Consolidation pressure, 2 11 Damped natural circular frequency, 456
Consolidation settlement, 321, 323, 332 Damped natural frequency of vibration, 456, 457, 458,
Consolidation tests, 143- 150, 172-175, 256, 276, see 483
also Damped resonant frequency, 463
specific tests Damping, 482
Consolidation, 139-180, 208 defined, 455
defined, 139 steady·state forced vibration with, 458-463
fundamentals, 139-140 viscous, free vibration wit, 455-458
laboratory tests, 277 Damping coefficient, 482
one·dimensional, 140-142, 226 Damping ratio, 456, 457, 459. 462, 466, 467, 470, 471,
review exercises, 175- 179 478, 482, 483
secondary compression, 159-164 Dams, 3
settlement, 321, 323, 332 failure-s due to piping, 85, 86
shallow foundations, 323 seepage beneath, 73, 74, 85, 101-103
site investigation. 268 Danish pile d riving formula, 355
time rate of, 153- 159 Darcy, Henry. 76
triaxial tests, 193- 200 Darcy's law, 76-77, 78,98,100.153
worked examples, 165- L75 Dashpot coefficient vibration of foundations and, 456,
Constant force excitation, 466 458, 463,466, 470,476,478,483
vibration of foundations and Dashpot, 482
rocking, 469-471, 472 free vibration with viscous damping, 455- 457
Sliding, 477 steady-state vibration with damping, 458
torsional, 478, 479 Deadman anchor, 398-399
vertical, 465-4611 Deep foundations, 289, 290, 341 - 376
Constant head applications of, 341. 342
laboratory tests, 277 breadth to depth ratio, 341
permeability test, 77, 78, 93 defined, 341
Constitutive model. 6 load carrying capacity of a pile, statically analysis
Constrained modulus, 149, 273 347-354
Contact pressure, 302-304, 305, 306-307e, 326 pile driving formulae, ]54- 355
Containment wall, 3 pile group, 361 - 364
Contaminant transport, 6 pile installation. 345-346
Continuous media, 11 5 pile load test, ] 55- 357
Continuum, 115 pile materials, 342- 345
Coulomb's earth pressure theory, 230, 237-239, 377 review exercises, 373-375
Core box, 252 settlement or a pile. 342- 345
Creep, 159, 310, 320, 324 type5 of, 341
Creosotes, 343 worked examples. ] 6;-]72
Crib walls, 377, 378 Deformations, 6
Critical damping coefficient, 456 Degree of consolidation, 156
Critical hydraulic gradient, 82, 83
Critically damped system, 455, 457, 458
 Index 491
Degree of mechanical disturbance, 256 Dry density 13, 14, 16, 45
Degree of saturation, 12-13, 14 , 15, 20, 54, 203, 204 compaction and, 49-52, 55, 57, 58, 60-61
Dense sands, 20 1,203 Dry granular soil, slope stability, 431
Dense soil, 30. 31 Dry mass, 16
Density, 13, 14, 15, 22, 58 Dry or optimum, 51, 55, 58
laboratory tests, 277 Dry soils, 11
vibrations of foundation s and, 466 stresses within, 66. 67
Density index, 30 Dry strength, 40
Depth, shallow foundations, 289, 290, see also Shallow Dry unit weight, 13, 14, 21
foundations Dump truck, 49
footings, 296-297, 300, 310 Dutch cone penetration lest, 263
lateral earth pressures and, see Lateral earth Dynamic loading, 6
pressures
Desk study, 251
Deviator stress, 193, 194, 195, 202, 203, 210, 211, 213,
E
Earth, crust of, 32
216, 218, 219, 220, 221
Earthmoving machinery, 49
Diaphragm walls, 377, 378. 371J
Earthquakes, 421
Diesel hammer, 345, 346
Earth retaining structures, 377- 420, see also specific
Differential settlement , 290
types
Dilalatancy, 40
anchored sheet piles, 395- 399
Dilation, 201
braced excavations, 399-'103
Dilatometer, 226
cantilever sheet piles, 385- 395
Dilatometer test, 271-273
in cohesive soils, 393- 395
Direct shear test, 200-202, 277
in granular soils, 386-393
Discharge velocity, 76
retaining walls, design of, 379-385
Dispersed fabrics, )3, ]4, 202
review exercises, 415- 420
Displacement, 6, 7, 459
types of, 377-379
damping and, 456, 457
worked examples, 404- 415
Displacement pile, 345
Earthworks, laboratory tests, 277
Distortion settlement, 321
Eccentrically loaded footings, pressure distributions
Double-acting hammer, 345
beneath, 301- 304
Doubly drained day, 155, 156. 162
Eccentricity, 382, 383
Downward flow, 81, 82
Eccentric line load, 301-303
Drainage, 140,
eccentric loading, 298-299, 326
consolidation and, 153
Effective friction angle', 211-212, 218, 219, 273
earth retaining structures and, 379. sec also Earth
lateral pressures, 227. 228
retaining structures
Standard penetration test, 261, 265, 281-283
Triaxial tests, 193-200
Effective grain size. permeability and, 77
Drainage path, maximum length of, 155
Effective stress
Drained loading, 19 1-193, 194, 200, 203, 21 4
lateral earth pressures, 226, see also Lateral earth
Dredge, 18
pressures
Drilled piers, 341
location of the water table and 257
Drilled shafts, 341
permeability and, 82
Drill hole, 3
principle, 65-72
Drilling, 251, 253- 254, 255
seepage and, 85, see also Seepage
Drilling fluid, 254
shallow foundations, 301, 323. 324
Drill rig, 3, 5
sheaf strength and, 181,2 14,2 18,223. sec also Shear
Drill rod length correction, 261
strength
Driving moment, 382
slope stability and, 427429- 431, 432- 434
Drop hammer, 343, 344, 345, 346
492 Geotechnical Engineering

standard penetration test, 259 retaining walls, 379, see also Earth retaining
stress paths, 208 structures
triaxial tests, 194 shadow foundations, 291-292, see also Shallow
Effective stress friction angle, 484 foundations
Effective vertical stress, 83, 94 shear, see Shear strength
consolidation and, 139, 140, see also slope, see also Slope stability
Consolidation Stress relationships at, 205- 206
flow and,81,82 Failure circles, 422, 423
Elastic half space, 116, 11 7, \24, 311 Failure envelope, 186, 187, 188, 190, 195, 196, 205, 218,
Elasticity, theory of, 32 1 227,231
Elastic medium, vibration of foundations and, 453, sec direct shear test, 201
Vibrations of foundations Mohr circles and, 190- 191, 192
Elastic moduli for clays, 321 principal stresses at failure, 205- 206
Elastic perfectly plastic diagram, 115 stress paths, 208
Elastic settlement, 321 Failure load, shallow foundations, 291, 292, see also
Elevation head, 73, 75, 76, 84, 93 Shallow foundations
Embankments, 6, 7,17 Failure plane, 188, 189
compaction and, 49, see also Compaction slope stability, 429- 431
settlement, 139 Failure surface, shallow foundations, 291, 292, 294, see
shear failure, 181, 182, see also Shear strength also Shallow foundations
slope stability, 421, 422, see also Slope stability Fall cone method, 35, 36
vane shear test, 270 Falling head
vertical stresses beneath, see Vertical stresses, laboratory tests, 277
beneath loaded areas permeability test, 77, 78-80, 93
End-bearing piles, 341, 342, 343 Fellenius of slices, 433 - 434, 439-440
End-product specification, 55 Fiber-reinforced polymers, 345
Engineering geology, 1 Field compaction, 55- 58
Engineering News Record pile driving formula, 354 Field density, laboratory tests, 277
Environmental geomechanics, 1 Field tests, 3, 251, sec also In situ tests; specific tests
Equation of motion, 454, 456, 458, 461, 475 consolidation, 147- 150
Equipotential line, 83, 84, 85, 86, 90, 91, 93, 99-100 permeability, 77-81
Equivalent permeabilities for one-dimensional now, Fill, 2, 19, 20
87- 88,89 Filters, design of, 86- 87
Erosion, 379, 421 Final consolidation settlement
Excavations computation of, t50- 153, 166- t69, 172- 175
braced, see Braced excavations time rate of, 153- 159
earth retaining structures, 377, 386- 390, see also Fine-grained soils, 27, 30, 32- 34
Earth retaining structures AASHTO classification, 39-40
horizontal earth pressures, 225, 226, see also Atterberg limits, 34- 37, 38, 49, 41
Lateral day mineralogy, 32- 33, 34
earth pressures grain site distribution, 28, 4 t
slope stability, 421, 422, sec also Slope stability permeability, 77, 78, 79, 93
vane shear test, 270 USCS classification, 37-39
Excavator, 49 Visual identification , 40
Excess pore water pressure, t54, 155, 156, 159 Fines content, 38-39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 268
Expansive clays, 33 Finite difference analysis, 6, 307
Finite element analysis, 6, 7, 91, 307
F FLAC, 6
Fabrics, 33, 34 Flexible circular load, stress increase beneath the center
Failure of, 125- 126, see also Newmark's chart
Mohr-Coulomb criterion, 186-187
 Index 493
Flexible footing, 301
Flexible method of raft foundation design, 307-309
Flexible square footings, 124, 125
Flexible uniform load, pressure isobars under, 124, 125 Free undamped vibration, 482
Floating foundation, 299 Free vibration Of a spring-mass System, 454-455
Flocculated fabrics, 33, 202 Free vibration with viscous damping, 455-458
Flow Frequency, 482
horizontal, Frequency of vibration, 455-456, 483
see Horizontal flow stresses in soils due to, 80-81 Friction, 187, 210
vertical, see Vertical now bearing capacity and, 294, 295, see also Bearing
Flow channel, 83 capacity
How line, 82-83 slope stability and, 427-431
Flow net, 83, 84, 85 Friction angle, 187-190, 204, 205, 214, 217, 219, 220,
in anisotropic soils, 85- 86 281, see also specific topics
construction, 85 drawing using SEEP/W, 89.92, bearing capacity and, 294, 297, 298, 324
101-103 Flow rate, 78, 79, 80, 82, 84, see also direct shear test, 201
Seepage computation using SEEP/W, 89, 91, 92 earth retaining structures, 381, 387, See also Earth
Fly ash, 13, 21, 22 retaining structures
Footing breadth, 310 effective, see Effective friction angle
Footing depth, 310 for granular soils, 201, 202
Footing shape, 31 shallow foundations, 301
Footings, 3, see also specific types shear strength and, 211-212, 218
bearing capacity, 295-301 slope stability and, 427-431, 432
deep foundations, see Deep foundations standard penetration test. 262, 263
design criteria, 292 stress paths and, 208 triaxial tests, 194, 195, 196 vibration
earth retaining structures, 382, see also Earth of foundations and, 483, 484
retaining structures Friction piles, 341, 342, 343
eccentrically loaded, pressure distributions Friction ratio, 264, 265, 280
beneath,
301-304
shallow foundations, see also Shallow foundations
G
Gabion wall, 3, 4
settlement, 290, 310-319
Gap-graded soils. 30, 43
Forced vibration, 482
General shear failure, 291.292, 294
Foundation engineering, 1
Geoengineering, 1, 8
Foundations, 3
Geoenvironmental engineering, 1
classes of, 289
Geofabrics, 86
deep, see Deep foundations
Geomaterials, 1
defined, 289 settlement, 139, 262
Geomechanics, 1, 8
shallow, See Shallow foundations
Geophone, 268-269
site investigation, 275
Geophysical surveys, 251
vane shear test, 270
GEO-SLOPE International, 6.89, 129, 436
vertical stresses beneath, see Vertical stresses.
Geostudio 2007, 6, 89, 129, 436, 443
beneath loaded areas
Geosynthetics, 3
vibration of, 453-485, see also Vibrations of
Geotechnical ensineering, defined, I
foundations
Gibbsite, 32
Fractional resistance, 75
Glacial soil, 2
Franki pile, 341, 345
Grain shape, 27.31
Free damped vibration. 482
Grain size
Free earth support method, 396-398
capillary rice and, 69
classification of soils. see Soil classification
Grain size distribution, 27, 28-30, 37, 40, 41-43, 44
494 Geotechnical Engineering
design of fillers and, 87, 100, 101
laboratory tests, 277 hydraulic gradient and, 75, 76
Grain size distribution curve, 28, 29, 43, 45, 100-101 lateral earth pressures and, See Lateral earth pressures
Granular backfills, inclined, 235-236 permeability, 87
Granular filters, design of, 86-87, 100-101 slope stabilily, 422, see also Slope stability
Granular soils, see also specific topics Homogeneous undrained slopes, stability of, 423-425
bearing capacity, 293 Hooke's law, 6
cantilever sheet piles in, 386-393 Horizontal effective Stress, 225, 226
classification of, 263 Horizontal flow, 87, 88
cohesion, 210 Horizontal loading, 225. see also Lateral earth pressures
compression, 160 Horizontal normal stress, 65
earth retaining Structures and, see Earth retaining Horizontal permeability, 85
structures Horizontal pressure, 275 Horizontal stresses, 225-250, 271, 272
friction angle, 201, 202 at-rest state, 226-230
piping in, 85, 86 Coulomb's earth pressure theory, 237, 239
Shallow foundations, 290, 291, 324, see also earth retaining structures, see Earth retaining
Shallow foundations structures
settlement in, 310-319 Rankine earth pressure theory, 230-237
shear strength, 200 active state, 231, 232
site investigation, 254-256, 261, 263, 264 applications, 225, 226
slope stability, 431 , 432 effects of uniform surcharge, 236-237
Strength, 187 inclined granular backfills, 235-236
upward flow, 82 lateral pressure distributions, 233-235
Gravelly sand, 70 passive State, 231-233, 234
Gravels review exercises, 246-250
classification of, 27, 37, 38, 39, 41 worked examples, 240-246
earth retaining structures and, 377, 379, see also H-piles, 341, 345
Earth retaining Structures Hydraulic conductivity, 73, 77, 78. see also Permeability
friction angle, 202 Hydraulic gradient, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81, 82, 88
grain size distribution, 30 average, 75
permeability, 71, 73 seepage and, 85, see also Seepage
Site investigation, 254. 259. 268 Hydrometer analysis, 28, 30, 279
Gravity retaining walls, 377-379, 380
Gross pressures, 299 I
Gross ultimate bearing capacity, 299-301 Igneous rocks, 1, 2
Ground improvement, 3 Illite, 32, 33, 45
Ground subsidence, 421 Immediate settllement, 320, 321-323, 330-331
Ground water contamination, Group index, 39 Impact roller, 55. 56
In situ tests, 3. 251, 257, 259-276, 280, see also Field
H tests; specific tests
borehole shear test, 273, 274
Halloysite, 33
conc penetration test, 259, 263-269
Hammer efficiency, 260-262, 281 -282
dilatometer test, 271-273
Handy, Richard, 273
granular soils. 254-256
Hazardous waste disposal, 1
Ko stepped-blade test, 273, 275
Heterogeneous soils, hydraulic gradient and, 75
plate load test, 275-276
High-rise building, 290
pressuremeter test, 270 271
Highways. 379
standard penetration test, 259-263
Homogeneous soils
vane shear test, 269-270
 Index 495

Rankine's earth pressure theory, 230-237

Inclination, 382, 383 active State, 231, 232
Inclination of footing, 296, 297, 299, 300 applications, 225, 226
Inclined granular backfills, 235-236 effects of uniform surcharge, 236-237
Index properties. 256, 276, see also specific properties inclined granular backfills, 235-236
Indian Standards (IS), 37 lateral pressure distributions, 233-233
Inertia ratio, 471 passive state, 231-233, 234
Infinite slopes, 429-432 review exercises, 246-250
Initial settlement, 321 worked examples, 240-246
Intergranular stress, 65 Lateral pressure cantilever sheet piles, 386-395
Internal friction, angle of, 187 earth retaining structures, 389, see also Earth
IS, see Indian Standards retaining structures
Isobars, pressure, under flexible uniform loads, 124, 125 Lateral pressure distribution, 228 earth retaining Structures,
Isolated footings, 304-305 386-387, see also Earth retaining structures
Isotropic loading, 202, 203, 219
Itaipu Dam, Brazil, 3, Lava,1
Lifts, 52
J Limit equilibrium methods, 435, 443, see also Slope
Janbu method of slices, 437—441 stability
Jetties, 341 Linear elastic continuum, 115
Jetting, 345 Linear elastic diagram, 1 15, 116
Linear shrinkage, 35, 36, 277
Line loads. stresses due to, 118
K Line of optimum, 51
Key, 384-385 Liquefaction, 82
Ko state, 225-228 Liquidity index,
Ko stepped-blade test,226, 273, 275 Liquid limit, 34.35. 36, 37, 38, 49, 41, .13, 144
Kaolinite, 32, 33, 43 laboratory tests, 277
Kentledge, 276, 356 Liquid state, 34, 35
Kern, 302, 303 Load carrying capacity
Kneading, 55 deep foundations, 343. see also Deep foundations
of a pile, 341.347-353. see also Piles
L equations for estimating, 354-333
negative skin friction, 353
Laboratory tests
ultimate bearing capacity at the tip, 343, 350
compaction, 52—55
ultimate shear resistance among the shaft. 349-353
consolidation, 143
shallow foundations, see Shallow foundations
granular soils, 256
Loaded area, vertical stresses beneath, see Vertical
permeability, 77—81,
stresses, beneath loaded areas
site investigation, 251, 276, 277, 280
Loading, 6
Lacustrine soil, 2
direct shear test, 200-202
Laminar flow, 77, 79
drained and undrained, 191-193, 194-195, 208, 214
Landfills, 1, 49
shear strength and, 187-190, see also Shear strength
Landslides, 421
Skempton’s pre pressure parameters, 203
Laplace's equation, 83
stress paths and, 206-209
Laser sizing, 28
triaxial tests, 193-200
Lateral earth pressures, 225-250
Local shear failure, 291, 292, 294
at-rest state, 226-230
Long-term loading, 193
Coulombk earth pressure theory, 237, 239
earth retaining structures, see Earth retaining
structures
496 Geotechnical Engineering

Loose sands, direct shear test, 201 Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, 186-187
Loose soil, 30, 31 Moist density, 13
Low strain amplitude, 463 Moment of inertia, 388,478, 485
Montmorillonite, 32, 33, 45
Morgenstern, Price method of slopes 435, 439-441, 443,
M 446-417
Magma, 1 Muskeg, 160
Magnesium, 32, 33
Marchetti, Silvano, 271 N
Marine days, 12 Nakheel Tower, Dubai, 257
Marine soil, 2 Natural frequency, 460
Masonry, 377 Natural slopes, 421
Mass, 11 , 12, 13, 14, 15. 16. 17, 19,20,22.58 Naval Facility Design Manual, 6
vibrations of foundations and. 465, 466, 468, 469 Navy-McKay pile driving formula, 354
Mass moment of inertia. 478, 485 Negative skin friction, 353
Mass ratio, 468 Net pressures, 299
Mass.spring system. 483 Net ultimate bearing capacity, 299-301
Mass.spring-dashpot system, 469-471. 475-478, 483 Neutral stress, 65. 69
Mat foundations, 289. 304-309 Newmark'schart, 124-128, 133
Maximum amplitude, 460 Newton's second law of motion, 454
Maximum dry density, 51, 52-53, 55, 57, 58,62 Noncohesive soils, 32
Maximum void ratio. 30 Nondisplacement pile, 345
Mechanical disturbance, 256 Normally consolidated clay, 330-332
Mechanically stabilized earth wall, 378, 379 cohesion, 210
Mechanics, 1 compression, 160
Medium dense soil 31 consolidation, 144
Mesh, 6, 7 final consolidation settlement, 1SO, 172-1 is
Mesh size, 91 lateral earth pressures, 227- 228
Metamorphic rocks, 12 shear strength, 201, 203, 204, 217. 219
Method of slices, 7, 432-435, 439-44\, 443, 446- 447 time rate of consolidation, ISS
Method of specif1cation, 55 triaxial tests, 194, 195, 199
Meyerhof's bearing capacity equation, 295-299, 324 Nuclear density meter, 57
Michigan State Highway Commission pill." driving Numerical modeling, 6-7
formula, 354 N-value, 259, 310
Micro piles, 341
Midpoint circles, 425, 426, 444, 445
Minimum void ratio, 30 O
Modified Proctor compaction test, 52, 53, 6 1 Octahedral sheet, 32, 33
Modulus of elasticity, 273 Octahedrons, 32
Modulus of subgrade reaction, 275, 307 Oedometer modulus, 149
Mohr circles, 18 1-186, 187, 205,210, 211, 214, 216, Oedometer ring. 140
217, 218, 221, 226, 227, 231, 232, 259, see also Shear Oedometer test, 151, 160- 161
strength at failure, 206 One-dimcnsioal consolidation, 110-142, 226
failure envelopes in terms of stresses and, 190-191, One-dimensional flow equivalent permeabilities for,
192, see also Failure envelope 87- 88,89
loading and. 187-190 Optimum water content. 51, 52, 57, 58, 59, 62
stress paths and, 206-209 Ordinary method of slices, 433- 434, 439- 44 1, 443
triaxial tests. 195. 196- 107,298 Organic clays, compression, 160
Mohr-Coulomb envelope, 273 Organic soils, 12, 37, 38, 39
specific gravity, 13
 Index 497
void ratio, 12 site investigation, 268
Oriented fabrics, 33 typical values of, 77
Oscillation, frequency of, 455 worked examples. 94-103
Ouches Breche Dam, France-, 86 Permeability criterion, 87, 101
Overburden, vertical normal stresses due to, 66-67 Perspex cell, 193
Overburden pressure, 66, 265, 299, 313 Phase diagram, 11, 12, 13, 14, I S
Overburden pressure correction, 260- 262 compacted soil, 51-52
Overconsolidated clays, 144, H 9, 330-332 Phase relations, 11- 27,47-48, see also Air; Soil grains;
compression, 160 Water
final consolidation settlement, 150- 151, 172- 175 laboratory tests, 277
shear strength, 199,201, 203 Piers, 341
time rate of consolidation, 155 Piezocones, 169,263,264,265
Overconsolidated soils, lateral earth pressures, 228 Piezometric line, 437
Overconsolidation ratio, 144, 145, 164, 170,203,228, Pile-driving analyzer, 356-357
273,322,330,464,484 Pile group, 341, 361 - 364
triaxial tests, 199 Pile hammer, 345, 354
Overdamped system, 456,457, 458 Pile load test, 355-357
Overturning, 379, 381 - 382, 383-384 Piles, 3, 341- 376
Oxides, 32, 33 applications of, 341, 342
Oxygen, 32 breadth to depth ratio, 341
composite, 344, 345
concrete, 342, 343, 344
P defined, 34 I
Packing density, 27. see also Relate density installation, 345- 346
Pad footings, 289, 290, 291, 327, 341 load carrying capacity, static analysis, 347-354
Palace of Fine arts, Mexico City, 290 at the tip, 349, 350
Parent rock, soil formation and, 2 negative skin friction, 353
Partially saturated soil, stresses within, 67 ultimate shear resistance along the-shaft, 349-353
Particulate media, 65 load test, 355-357
Passive state, lateral earth pressures, 225, 231-233, pile driving formulae, 354-355
234-235 pile group, 361 - 364
Pavement, 275 review exercises, 373-375
Peak shear strength, 201 settlement of, 357- 361
Peal, 37, 39, 160 steel, 342, 343
Penetration number, 259 timber, 342-343, 344
Penetration resistance, 3 types of, 341
Penetrometer, 198, 252, 265 worked examples, 365- 372
Percussion cup method, 35, 36 PI-LL chart, 38, 43
Percussion drilling, 254 Pipelines, 3, 225
Permeability Piping
Bernoulli's equation, 73, 75-76 in granular soils, 85, 86
compaction and, 49, 51, 52, 57, 62, see also safety factor, 85, 96, 97
Compaction Piston sampler, 256, 276
consolidation test, 164 Pitching, 453
Darcy's law, 76-77, 78 Plane-strain compression test, 297
defined,73 Plane-strain friction angle, 297
equivalent for one-dimensional now, 87-88, 89 Plane-strain loading
laboratory and field tests, 77- 81 shallow foundations, 297, 313, 315
review exercises, 103-113 slope stability, 422, see also Slope stability
seepage and, see Seepage
498 Geotechnical Engineering
Plasters, 290 earth retaining structures, see Earth retaining
Plastic days, 160 structures
Plasticity, 35, 37, 38, 39 lateral earth, sec Lateral earth pressures
Plasticity index, 34, 35, 38, 39, 43, 194,227,228,265- hallo\~ foundations, see Shallow foundations
266,282,322,464,465, 484 Pressure distributions beneath eccentrically loaded
Plastic limit, 34, 35, 38, 41 footings, 301-304
laboratory tests, 277 Pressure head, 73, 75, 76, 84, 93
Plastic solid state, 34, 35 Pressure isobars, 124, 126
Plate load test, 275-276, 309, 3JO Pressure meter, 257, 258
PLAXlS, 6 Pressuremeter test, 226, 270- 271
Point loads, stresses due to, 116- 11 7 Presumptive bearing pressures, 292-293
Poisson's ratio. 11 6,150, 227, 228, 309, 466 Principal planes, 183, 186, 188
shear modulus and, 463- 465 Principal stress difference, 188
Poorly graded soil, 30, 37, 38 Principal stresses, 183, 184, 186, 188, 189, 202, 216, 221,
Pore air pressure 67 230
Pore channels, 86-87 relationship at failure, 2U5- 206
Pore pressure dissipation test, 268 stress paths, 206-209
Pore water, 33 Probabilistic charts for settlement prediction, 318-319
total normal stress and, 65, 67 Proc1or, R.R., 52
Pore water pressure, 65- 72, 93, 230 Protective filters, 86
computation using SEEP/ W, 89, 91, 101 - 103 Pumping out test, 80, 81
cone penetration test, 263- 264 Punching shear failure, 291, 292
consolidation and, 139, 140, see also Pycnometers, 13
Consolidation
design of filters and, 87 Q
flow and, 81, 82 QUAKE/W, 6
permeability and, 75, 76 Quick condition, 82
retaining wall design, 379, sec also Earth retaining Quicksand, 82
structures
seepage and, 82, 84, 85 R
shallow foundations, 32)
Radius, 476
shear strength and, t90, 202- 205, 210, 211, 212,
Raft footings, 326
213,
Raft foundation, 289, 290, 299
222, see also Shear strength
design, 304-309
Skempton's parameters, 202-205
flexible method. 307-309
slope stability and, 429-431, 432- 434, 437
rigid method, 305-307
standard penetration test, 259
Raker pile, 341 , 345, 346
triaxial tests, 193-200, 206, 208
Rankine's coefficient of passive earth pressure, 233
Porosity, 12, 14, 15
Rankine's earth pressure theory, 230- 237
Porous medium, 73
active state, 231, 232
Potassium, 32, 33
earth retaining structures, 377, 379, 380, see also
Poulas and David method (or estimating settlement of a
Earth, retaining structures
pile,358
effect of uniform surcharge, 236- 237
Prandtl-Reissner plastic-limit equilibrium plane-strain
inclined granular backfills, 235-236
analysis
lateral pressure distributions, 233- 235
Precast piles, 343, 344
passive state, 231 - 233, 234
Preconsolidation pressure, 143, 144-146
Reactive clays, 33
Casagrande's procedure to determine, 148, 149,
Recompression index, 143,144, 169-170, 330
165-166
Preloading, 151
Pressure
 Index 499

Reconstituted sample, 256 Rocking,471-475

Rectangular footings, 298, 302- 303, 310, 313, 315, 326 sliding, 477
Rectangular load, uniform, see Uniform rectangular load torsional, 478,480
Reinforced earth, 3 vertical, 468- 469
Reinforced earth walls, 377 Rotational failure. 422, 423
Reinforcement bar, 3 Round-grained soil. 31
Reinforcement cage. 379 Shear modulus for. 463
Relative compaction. 55, 56. 57, 59- 60. 63
Relative density. 30. 31. 187. 281 S
standard penetration test, 26t. 262, 263, 28 1-283
Safety factor, 2
Remolded clay, 202, 155
deep foundations, 355, 355
Residual shear strength. 201
earth retaining structures. 381. 382. 383-384. 385,
Residual soils, 2
388
Resistance
for piping, 85, 95, 96
adhesive, 239
shallow foundations, 290, 292, 299, 302, 305, 324,
cohesive, 239
325
earth retaining structures, 382, 383, see also Earth
slope failure, 422-423
retaining structures
slope stability, 424, 427, 428, 432-435, 440-441 ,
Resisting moment, 382
443- 445, 447,449,450, 451
Resonant frequency, 462, 463, 466, 467, 468, 470, 471 ,
Sampling, 251, 253, 254, 256- 257, 258
482,485
Sand cone test. 57
Resonant frequency of vibration with damping, 460
Sand replacement test, 57
Retaining walls, see also Earth retaining structures
Sands, 21, 22
design of, 379-285
classification of. 27. 37. 38, 39, 41
lateral earth pressures, 255, see also Lateral earth
friction angle, 202
pressures
grain size distribution, 30
shear failure, 181
lateral earth pressures. 227-23()
Retention criterion, 86, 87, 101
permeability, 71
Reynolds number, 77, 79
shallow foundations, 292, 305, see also Shallow
Rigid method of raft foundation design, 305-307, 308,
foundation
309
shear modulus for. 463-464
Rigid perfectly plastic diagram, 115
shear strength, 201
Roads, compaction and, 49, see also Compaction
site investigation. 259. 261, 262, 266. 273. 280
Roadwork. 31, 39
specific gravity, 13
Rocking vibration of foundations. 453, 469-475, 484
stresses, 70
constant force excitation. 469-471, 472
in trial pit, 3
rotating mass excitation, 471-475
void ratio, 12
Rock mechanics 1
Sandy gravel. 70
Rocks, 1
Saturated clays
bearing capacity, 293
consolidation, 139, sec also Consolidation
drilling, 254
shear strength, 203, 210, 216, 217, 221
earth retaining structures, 377
Saturated density, 13, 14
parent see Parent rock
Saturated soil, 11
soil formation and. 1-2
lateral earth pressures, see Lateral earth pressures
Roller, 49, 55, 62
stresses within, 65-66, 67, 69
Root piles. 341
Saturated unit weight. 13. 14
Rotary drilling, 254
Saturation. 203. 204
Rotating mass excitation, vibration of foundations
degree of, see Degree of saturation
and, 461- 463
triaxial tests, 194
Scanning electron microscope, 33
500 Geotechnical Engineering
Schmertmann et al. method for predicting settlement of Meyerhof's equation, 295-299
a shallow foundation in granular soils, 310 presumptive, 292-293
Schmertmann's procedure to determine virgin Terzaghi's equation, 294-295, 296
consolidation line, 148 water table effects, 301
Screw pile, 345 design criteria, 290-291
Secondary compression, 159- 104, 169,321,324 pressure distribution beneath eccentrically loaded
Section modulus, 388 footings, 301-304
Sedimentary deposits, 87 raft foundation design, 304-309
Sedimentary rocks, 1-2 review exercises, 334-338
Seepage, 6, 82- 86 settlement in a cohesive soil, 319-324
analysis using SEEP/W, 89-93, 101-105 settlement in granular soil. 310- 319
beneath a dam, 73, 74, 75, 82, 85,101-103 types of, 289-290
beneath a sheet pile, 73, 74, 82, 85, 101-103 worked examples, 325- 334
Bernoulli's equation, 73, 75- 76 Shape of footing, 296, 298, 300, 310
Darcy's law, 76- 77, 78 Shear box, 200, 201
defined, 73 Shear failure, 18 1, 186, see also Shear strength
design of granular filters, 86-87 shallow foundations, 290, 29 1-292. see also Shallow
flow net construction, 85 foundations
flow net in anisotropic soils, 85-86 Shear forces
laboratory tests, 277 earth retaining structures, 387
piping in granular soils, 85, 86 shallow foundations, 307
review exercises, 103-113 slope stability and, 432- 434
slope stability and, 431 Shearing, 205
velocity, 75 Shearing resistance, angle of, 187
worked examples, 94- 103 Shear modulus
SEEP/W, 46, 43 of day, 464-465
seepage analysis using, 89- 93, 101-105 of sand, 463-164
Seismic cone, 269 vibration of foundations and, 466, 483, 484
Semi-solid state, 34, 35 Shear resistance, 294
Sensitivity, 202 deep foundations, 341, 349, 350
Settlement, 139.275 earth retaining Structures, 38 1-384, see also Earth
compaction and, 49, see also Compaction retaining structures
computation of final consolidation, 150-153, 166- shallow foundations, 291, see also Shallow
169, 172-175 founda1ions
consolidation, 32 1, 323, 332, see also Shear strength, 181-224, see also specific topics
Consolidation of clays, 264-265, 266, 269- 270, 282-283
foundations, 262 common loading situation, 187- 190
immediate, 320, 32 1-323, 330-33 1 dilatometer test, 273
laboratory tests, 277 direct shear test, 200-202
limits, 290 drained and undrained loading, 191-193, 194- 195,
of a pile, 357-361 208
probabilistic charts for predicting, 318-3 19 effects of stress relief on, 257, 258
shallow foundations, 290, 291 , 299, 305, 324, see in situ tests, 257, 258
also Mohr circles, 181-186, 187, 210, 211, 214, 216, 217,
Shallow foundations 218, 221
in cohesive soil, 319- 324 failure envelopes in terms of stresses and, 190- 191,
in granular soil, 310-319 192
worked examples, 325-334 Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, 186-187
Shallow foundations, 289- 339, 34 1 Skempton's pore pressure parameters, 202-205, 208
bearing capacity, 290, 291- 301
gross and net pressures, 299-301
 Index 501
slope stability and, 422, see also Slope stability cone penetration test, 259, 263-269, 280, 283
slope stability and, 422, 423- 424, 427- 428, 429- dilatometer test, 271 - 273
K
431, 0 stepped-blade test, 273, 275
444-445, see also Slope stability plate load test, 275-27G
stress relationships at failure, 205-20G pressuremeter test, 27U-271
triaxial tests, 193- 200,206,208,210-217 standard penetration test, 259-263, 280, 281-282,
vane shear test, 269- 270 283
Shear stress, 181-185, 188, see also Shear strength vane shear test, 269-270, 280, 282-283
direct shear test, 201 laboratory test.~, 276, 277, 280
lateral earth pressures and, 230 locating the water table, 257
shallow foundations, 290, 29 1, see also Shallow report, 276,278, 279
foundations review exercises, 283- 286
slope stability and, 422, 423, 444, see also Slope sampling, 253, 254, 256-257, 258
stability site reconnaissance, 251
Shear wave velocity, 269 subsoil profile, 25 I
Sheepsfoot roller, 55 worked examples, 280-283
Sheet piles, 3, 377, 378, 379 Site investigation report, 276, 278, 279
anchored, see Anchored sheet piles Site reconnaissance, 251
cantilever, see Cantilever sheet piles Skempton, Alec, 202
lateral earth pressures, 230, see also Lateral earth Skempton's pore pressure parameters, 202- 205, 208, 210,
pressures 211, 212, 214, 216, 217, 219, 220, 222, 223
seepage beneath, 73, 74, 75, 82, 85,101-103 Skin friction , negative, 353
Shelby tube-, 256, 257, 276 Sleeve friction, 264, 265, 280
Short-term loading, 192 Slices, 432, 433, see also Method of slices
Short-term stress analysis, 427 Sliding, 379, 381, 383-381, 385
Shrinkage, 35 Sliding vibration of foundations, 475-478, 485
Shrinkage limit, 34, 35 Slip circles, 422, 423- 427, 428, 432- 433, 436- 442, 443
Sieve, laboratory tests, 277 Slip surface, 423, 424, 427, 435, 437-442, 443, see also
Sieve analysis, 28, 30, 39 Slope stability
Sieve number, 28, 45 Slope circles, 425, 426
Sieve shaker, 28 Slope height, 422
SIGMA/W, 6, 7, 443 Slope stability, 3, 6, 115, 421 - 452
stress computations using, 129-132, 135-136 analysis using SLOPE/W, 435- 442
Silicon, 32, 33 failure and safety factor, 422- 423
Silts homogeneous undrained slopes, 423-427
classification of, 27, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41 Taylor's chart for undrained clays, 425-427
friction angle, 202 Infinite slopes, 429-432
permeability, 73 method of slices, 432-435
plasticity of, 34 Bishop's simplified, 434- 435
Siltstones, 257 ordinary, 433-434
Silty clay, 71 review exercises, 147-452
Silty soils, 37, 38 Taylor's chart for soils with cohesion and friction,
Single-acting hammer, 345 427-429
Site characterization, 251 worked examples, 443- 449
Site investigation, 251-288, sec also specific topics SLOPE/W, 6, 7
boreholes and trial pits, 25 1-252 slope stability analysis, 435-442, 443, 445-449
desk study, 251 Slurry, 379
drilling, 253- 254, 255 Slurry wall, 379
in situ tests, 257, 259- 276, 280, see also specific Smectites, 33
tests
borehole shear test, 273, 274
502 Geotechnical Engineering

Smooth-wheeled roller, 55 permeability, sec Permeability

Soft clays, 12 phase relations, see Phase relations
bottom heave in, 402-403 saturated, 11
Soil classification, 27 18, sec also specific topics seepage, see Seepage
AASHTO,39- 40 site investigation, see Site investigation
coarse-grained soils, 27-31 slope stability, sec Slope stability
grain shape, 31 specific gravity, 13
grain size distribution, 28-30 stiffness, 3
relative density, 30, 31 strength, 3
fine-grained soils, 32-34 stresses in, 65-72, 81-82
Atterberg limits, 34-37 testing, 3, 5
clay mineralogy, 32-33, 34 transporting agents, 2
laboratory tests. 277 types of, 2
major soil groups, 27 water content, 11-12
review exercises, 44-46 Solids, 11, 12
uses, 37-39 Specific gravity, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 256
Visual identification, 40, 41 laboratory tests, 277
worked examples, 41- 44 vibration of foundations and, 483, 484
Soil conditions, 3 Specific surface, 32, 45
Soil cover, 6 clay minerals, 33
Soil grain,. t I . 12, 13, 15, 18, see also Soils Split-barrel sampler, 259, 276
consolidation and, 153 Split-spoon sampler, 256, 259
failure and, l81, see also Shear strength Spreader, 49
normal stresses and, 65-72 Spread footing, 299
specific gravity. I3 Spring constant. 463, 466, 470, 471, 476, 478, 483
stresses and, 67 Spring-mass system, free vibration of, 454-455
Soil mass, 11, 12 SPT, see Standard penetration test
normal stresses and, 65-72 Square footings, 294, 295, 297, 310, 3 12, 313
slope stability and, see Slope stability Stability
Soil mechanics, 1,2. S compaction anti, 49, see also Compaction
Soil nailing, 3, 4, 377, 378, 379 earth retaining structures, 377, 381-385, see also
Soil pressure beneath a footing, 301-304 Earth retaining structures
Soils, 1, see also specific types; specific topics laboratory tests, 277
anisotropic, S5-86 retaining wall design, 379- 385, see also Earth
capillary effects in, 68- 69 retaining structures
classification of, see Soil classification slope, see Slope stability
coarse-grained, see Coarse-grained soils Stability charts, Taylor's, 425- 429
compared to other engineering materials, 2, S Standard penetration test (SPT ), 3, 256, 257, 259-263,
consolidation, sec Consolidation 266, 276, 280, 281 - 282, 283, 3 10, 313, 316, 324
damping characteristic, 456 Standard Proctor compaction test, 52, 53, 57, 59-61, 62
dry, 11 Static defection, 454, 455, 483
drying, 12 Steady-state forced vibration with damping, 458-463
earth retaining structures, see Earth retaining Steel sheet piles, 3
structures Steel, 2
failure in shear, 181, see also Shear strength earth retaining structures, 377, 385
fine-grained, see Fine-grained soils shear strength, 181, see also Shear strength
formation of, 1- 2 Steel piles, 34 1. 343, 345
in situ tests, 257, 258 Stokes' law, 28
numerical modeling, 6-7 Strain, 140

consolidation and, 153

 Index 503
Strain hardening, 115 Terzaghi, Karl, 1
Strain influence factor, 312-313 Terzaghi and Peck method for predicting settlement of
Strain rate, 203 a shallow foundation in granular soils, 310-311,
Strain softening, 115 317, 318
Strap footings, 289 Terzaghi's bearing capacity equation, 291, 294-295, 296,
Streamline, 76, 82-84, 85, 86, 93, 99-100 299,324
Strength, laboratory tests, 277 Terzaghi's consolidation theory, 159
Stress contour, 124 Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation theory, 139,
Stresses, 6, see also specific types 153
computations using SIGMA/W, 129- 132, 135-136 Test pit, 252
effective and total, 65-72 Tetrahedral sheet, 32, 33
horizontal, see Horizontal stress; Lateral earth Tetrahedrons, 32
pressures Theory of c1asticitr, 321
increase in, 141 Thixotropic day, 202
principal, see Principal stresses Three-dimensional consolidation, 140
shear, 181, see also Shear strength Thrust, 228, 381-384, 385
in soils due to flow, 81-82 Tiebacks. 379
vertical, see Vertical stresses Timber,
Stress paths, 203, 206-209, 210, 215, 220 earth retaining structures, 377, 385
Stress point. 206, 217, 218, 222 shear strength, 181
Stress relief, 256, 257, 258 Timber piles, 3, 342-343, 344, 345, 354
Stress-strain plots, 1I 5 Time rate of consolidation, 153-159, 166-169, 172-175
Strip footings, 124, 125,289,290,291,294,295,296,297, Toe circles, 425, 426, 444, 445
298, 30t - 302, 3tO, 313, 325, 382, see also Torque. 269, 280, 282, 282, 478, 485
Shallow Torsional vibration of foundations, 475- 482, 485
foundations Torvane, 198
Struts, 225, 226 Total density, 13
Subangular grains, 31 Total head, 73, 75, 76, 78, 81, 82, 83. 84, 90. 91. 93
Subgrade modulus, 307 Total head loss. 75. 76, 83
Submerged density, 13, 14
Submerged unit weight, 13 Total horizontal stress, 228, see also Horizontal stress
Subrounded trains, 31 Total normal stress, 65
Subsoil profile, site investigation, 251, see also Site Total principal stresses, 202
investigation Total stress, 65-72, 82
Subsurface exploration, 251 consolidation and, 139, 140, see also Consolidation
Superposition, 120 lateral earth pressures, 226, see also Lateral earth
Surcharge. 139. 140. 151. 152. 154 pressures
uniform, 236- 237 shallow foundations, 299, 324
Surface tension, 68 shear strength and , 190, 215, 218, sec also Shear
Swedish fall cone method. 35 strength
Swedish method of slices, 433 triaxial tests, 194, 195
Swelling, 33 Total stress analysis, 427
Total vertical stress, 82
Translational failure, 423
T Transported soils, 2
Taylor's slope stability charts, 427- 429, 443, 444, 445 Tremie pipe, 379
Taylor's square root of time method, 156, 158-159, Trial pits, 3, 5, 251 - 252, 253, 256. see also Site
161-164 investigation
TEMP/W, 6 Triaxial tests, 193-200, 206, 208, 228, 276,2 77, 297, 298
Tensile strength, 181

consolidated drain, 194,

Tensile stresses, 181 197, 211-212, 217, 218
504 Geotechnical Engineering
consolidates Uniaxial compression lest, increase in, 116, 117, 118- Vibrations of foundations, 453-
undrained, 194, 195, 208, 198 121 485
209, 210-211, Unified Soil Classification Newman's chart, 121-128 modes of, 453
217, 218, 219, 220, System (USCS), 27 2:1 distribution method, review exercises, 483-485
221 Uniform load, flexible, see 123 rocking, 469-475
site' investigation, 256 Flexible uniform load worked examples, 133- 136 shear modulus and
unconsolidated Uniformly graded soils, 30, Vertical permeability, 85 Poisson's ratio, 463- 465
undrained, 194, 195- 197, 41, 43 Vertical pressures, shallow sliding, 475-478
210, 218 Uniform rectangular load, foundations, 301, see also torsional. 478- 482
worked examples, stresses under the corner of, Shallow foundations vertical, analog solution,
210- 217 118-123,133 Vertical strain, 141 465-469
Tube sample, 253, 256 Uniform surcharge, 236-237 Vertical stress, 81 - 82 vibration theory, 454- 463
Tunbridge Dam, Australia, Unit thickness, 432 beneath loaded areas, 115- free vibration of a
86 Unit weight, 13, 14, 15, IS, 138 spring-mass system,454-
2:1 distribution method, 58 Newmark's chart, 455
123, 135 bearing capacity and, 121- 128 free vibration with
2B-0.6 distribution, 312 294 pressure isobars under viscous damping, 455- 458
relative density and, flexible uniform loads, rotating mass-type
U 30 124,125 excitation, 461-463
Ultimate bearing capacity, shallow foundations, review exercises, 136- steady-state force
deep foundations, 30 138 vibration with damping,
341, 349, 350 Uplift thrust, 84 stress computations 458- 461
earth retaining using SIGMA/W, 129- 133 Vibratory hammer, 345, 346
structures, 382, see also stresses due 10 line Vibratory plates, 55
Earth loads, 118 Virgin consolidation line, 143-
retaining stresses due to point 144, 150, 164, 169- 170
structures loads, 116-117 Schmertmann's procedure to
shallow foundations, stresses under the determine, 148-1 49,
292, 294, 299, 301, 305, corner of a uniform 165-166
325 rectangular Viscosity of water, 77
Ultimate shear resistance, load,118- 123 Viscous damping, free vibration
deep foundations, 341, 349, 2:1 distribution wi1h, 455-458
350 method, 123 Visual identification and
Unconfined compression worked examples, 133-136 classification of soils, 40-41
test, 198-200,219,277 shear strength and, 189, Void ratio, 12. 15, 16, 17, 19, 20,
Unconfined compressive 214, 219, see also Shear 30, 45. 62, 330
strength, 198 strength compaction and, 49, see
Unconsolidated undrained stress paths, 206-209 also Companion
triaxial test, 194, 195-106, Upward flow, 81, 82 triaxial tests, 193-200, 206, consolidation and, 139, 144,
210, 218, 277 U.S. Army Corps of 208 see also Consolidation
Undamped free vibration, Engineers, 6, 37 Vertical vibration of foundations, direct shear test, 201
454-455, 483 US, Bureau of Reclamation, 453, 465- 469, 483, 481 permeability and, 77
Undamped natural circular 37 constant force excitation, vibration of foundations
frequency, 455 USCS, sec Unified Soil 465-468 and, 463, 464, 483, 484
Undamped natural Classification System rotating mass excitation, Voids, 11, 12, 13
frequency, 482 468-469 capillary effects and, 68-69
Undamped natural V Very dense soil, 31 Volume, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 20, 22
frequency of vibration, 455, Vadose zone, 6 Very loose sands, 292 Volumetric strain, 141
457,459 VADOSE/W, 6 Very loose soil, 31
Underdamped system, 456, van der Waals forces, 33 W
457, 458 Vane shear test, 269-270, Wash boring, 254
Underreamed pier, 341, 342 280, 282-283 Water disposal, hazardous, 1
Undrained clays, Taylor's Velocity head, 73, 75, 93 Water, 11, 12, 13, 15, see also
stability chart, 425-427, Vermiculite, 33 specific topics
443, 444, 415 Vertical effective stress, clay mineralogy and, 33
Undrained loading, 191- 225. 226 compaction and, ,.9, see
193, 194, 195- 106,200 Vertical flow, 87, 88, 89 also Compaction
clays, 295 Vertical normal stress, 65, consolidation and, 153
shallow foundations, 299, 116, 118, see also Vertical Degree of saturation, 12-13
321 stresses density of, 13
Undrained shear strength, computations using normal stresses and, 65-72
196 SIGMA/W, 129-132 permeability, see
Undrained slopes, due to overburden, 66- Vesic method for estimating Permeability
homogeneous, stability, 67 settlement of a pile, 358-361 specific gravity, 13
423- 425 stresses and, 67
 Index 505
unit weight, 13 Winkler hypothesis, 307
Water content, 11-12, 14,
15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 256
Y
Yawing, 453
Yield stress, 115
Young's modulus, 257, 281,
308, 309, 310, 312, 313, 32
1,
324
standard penetration
test, 261, 262, 281-283
Z
Zero air void curve, 53-55,
59-61, 62

Atterberg limits, 34-

37
classification of soils,
see Soil classification
compaction and, SO-
53, 55, 57, 58, 59-61, 63,
see
also Compaction
consolidation and, 144
laboratory tests, 277
Water displacement, 20, 21
Water table, 11, 17, 276
earth retaining
structures and, 386
effects on bearing
capacity of shallow
foundations,
301
locating, 257
piles and, 345
slope stability and,
429-43 1, 432
stresses and, 67
Water truck, 56
Weathering, 2
Weight, 11, 12, 13,
14, 15,58, see also Mass
vibrations of
foundations and, 465
Well-graced soils, 30, 37,
38, 43
Wells, 257
Westergaard equation, 116,
117, 133
Wet density, 13
Wet mass, 50
Wet of optimal, 5 1, 55, 58
Wet sieving, 30
Wharves. 341
Wind load, deep
foundations and, 34 1, S~
also Deep
foundations
Winkler beam, 308