MATHEMATICS

DETERMINANT
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KEY CONCEPTS
DETERMINANT
a1 b1
1. The symbol a b is called the determinant of order two.
2 2

Its value is given by : D = a1 b2  a2 b1

a1 b1 c1
2. The symbol a2 b2 c2 is called the determinant of order three .
a3 b3 c3

b2 c2 b1 c1 b1 c1
Its value can be found as : D = a1 b c  a2 b c + a3 b c OR
3 3 3 3 2 2

b2 c2 a2 c2 a2 b2
D = a1  b1 a c + c1 a b ....... and so on .
b3 c3 3 3 3 3

In this manner we can expand a determinant in 6 ways using elements of ;

R1 , R2 , R3 or C1 , C2 , C3 .
3. Following examples of short hand writing large expressions are :
(i) The lines : a1x + b1y + c1 = 0........ (1)
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0........ (2)
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0........ (3)
a1 b1 c1
are concurrent if , a2 b2 c2 = 0 .
a3 b3 c3
Condition for the consistency of three simultaneous linear equations in 2 variables.
(ii) ax² + 2 hxy + by² + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents a pair of straight lines if :
a h g
abc + 2 fgh  af²  bg²  ch² = 0 = h b f
g f c
(iii) Area of a triangle whose vertices are (xr , yr) ; r = 1 , 2 , 3 is :
x 1 y1 1
1
D= x2 y2 1 If D = 0 then the three points are collinear .
2
x3 y3 1
x y 1
(iv) Equation of a straight line passsing through (x1 , y1) & (x2 , y2) is x1 y1 1 = 0
x2 y2 1
4. MINORS :
The minor of a given element of a determinant is the determinant of the elements which remain after
deleting the row & the column in which the given element stands . For example, the minor of a1 in (Key
b2 c2 a1 c1
Concept 2) is & the minor of b2 is a c .
b3 c3 3 3
Hence a determinant of order two will have “4 minors” & a determinant of order three will have
“9 minors”.
5. COFACTOR :
If Mij represents the minor of some typical element then the cofactor is defined as :
Cij = (1)i+j . Mij ; Where i & j denotes the row & column in which the particular element lies. Note
that the value of a determinant of order three in terms of ‘Minor’ & ‘Cofactor’ can be written as :
D = a11M11  a12M12 + a13M13 OR D = a11C11 + a12C12 + a13C13 & so on .......
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6. PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS :
P 1 : The value of a determinant remains unaltered , if the rows & columns are inter changed.
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
a
e.g. if D = 2 b2 c2  b1 b2 b3 = D
a3 b3 c3 c1 c2 c3

D & D are transpose of each other . If D=  D then it is SKEW SYMMETRIC determinant but
D= D  2 D = 0  D = 0  Skew symmetric determinant of third order has the value zero.
P 2: If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged , the value of determinant is
changed in sign only. e.g.
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
Let D = a2 b2 c2 & D = a1 b1 c1 Then D =  D .
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

P 3: If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical , then its value is zero.
a1 b1 c1
e.g. Let D = a1 b1 c1 then it can be verified that D = 0.
a3 b3 c3

P 4: If all the elements of any row (or column) be multiplied by the same number, then the determinant is
multiplied by that number.
a1 b1 c1 Ka1 Kb1 Kc1
e.g. If D = a2 b2 c2 and D = a2 b2 c2 Then D= KD
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

P5: If each element of any row (or column) can be expressed as a sum of two terms then the determinant
can be expressed as the sum of two determinants . e.g.
a1  x b1  y c1  z a1 b1 c1 x y z
a2 b2 c2  a2 b2 c2  a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

P 6: The value of a determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any row (or column) the
same multiples of the corresponding elements of any other row
a1 b1 c1
(or column). e.g. Let D = 2
a b2 c2 and
a3 b3 c3

a 1  ma 2 b1 m b 2 c1  mc 2
D = a2 b2 c2 . Then D= D .
a 3 n a 2 b 3 nb 2 c 3  nc 2
Note : that while applying this property ATLEAST ONE ROW (OR COLUMN) must remain
unchanged .
P 7: If by putting x = a the value of a determinant vanishes then (x  a) is a factor of the determinant.

7. MULTIPLICATION OF TWO DETERMINANTS :

a1 b1 l1 m1 a1 l 1  b1 l 2 a1 m1  b1 m2
(i) x 
a2 b2 l2 m2 a2 l 1  b2 l 2 a2 m1  b2 m2
Similarly two determinants of order three are multiplied.

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a1 b1 c1 A 1 B1 C1
(ii) If D = a2 b2 c2  0 then , D² = A 2 B2 C2 where Ai , Bi , Ci are cofactors
a3 b3 c3 A 3 B3 C3

a1 b1 c1 A1 A 2 A 3 D 0 0
PROOF : Consider a2 b2 c2 × B1 B2 B3 = 0 D 0
a3 b3 c3 C1 C2 C3 0 0 D
Note : a1A2 + b1B2 + c1C2 = 0 etc.
A1 A 2 A 3 A1 A 2 A 3 A1 B1 C1
3
B
therefore , D x 1 B 2 B 3 = D  B1 B 2 B 3 = D² OR A 2 B2 C 2 = D²
C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3 A3 B3 C3
8. SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION (IN TWO VARIABLES) :
(i) Consistent Equations : Definite & unique solution . [ intersecting lines ]
(ii) Inconsistent Equation : No solution . [ Parallel line ]
(iii) Dependent equation : Infinite solutions . [ Identical lines ]
Let a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 & a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 then :
a1 b c
 1  1  Given equations are inconsistent
a2 b2 c2

a1 b c
&  1  1  Given equations are dependent
a2 b2 c2
9. CRAMER'S RULE : [ Simultaneous Equations Involving Three Unknowns ]
Let ,a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 ...(I) ; a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 ...(II) ; a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 ...(III)
D1 D D
Then , x= , Y= 2 , Z= 3 .
D D D
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1 a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
Where D = a2 b2 c2 ; D1 = d2 b2 c2 ; D2 = a2 d2 c2 & D3 = a2 b2 d2
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3 a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3
NOTE :
(a) If D  0 and alteast one of D1 , D2 , D3  0 , then the given system of equations are consistent and
have unique non trivial solution .
(b) If D  0 & D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 , then the given system of equations are consistent and have trivial
solution only .
(c) If D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 , then the given system of equations are consistent and have infinite solutions.
a1x  b1y  c1z  d1 
In case a 2 x  b 2 y  c 2z  d 2  represents these parallel planes then also
a 3x  b3 y  c3z  d3 
D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 but the system is inconsistent.
(d) If D = 0 but atleast one of D1 , D2 , D3 is not zero then the equations are inconsistent and have no
solution .
10. If x , y , z are not all zero , the condition for a1x + b1y + c1z = 0 ; a2x + b2y + c2z = 0 &
a1 b1 c1
a3x + b3y + c3z = 0 to be consistent in x , y , z is that a2 b2 c2 = 0.
a3 b3 c3
Remember that if a given system of linear equations have Only Zero Solution for all its variables
then the given equations are said to have TRIVIAL SOLUTION.

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
1 2
Q.1 Find the minor and co–factor of each element of A   3 4 
 

Sol: M11  Minor of 1  4 ; M12  Minor of 2  3 ; M21  Minor of 3  2 ; M22  Minor of 4  1

1 1 1 2
A11 or C11  Co–factor of 1   1 M11  4 ; A12 or C12  Co–factor of 2   1 M12  3

2 1 2 2
A21 or C21  Co–factor of 3   1 M21  2 ; A22 or C22  Co–factor of 4   1  M22  2

Q.2 Evaluate the following determinants :

sin10  cos10 log a b 1 cos25 sin25

(i) sin80 cos80
(ii) 1 log b a (iii) sin65 cos65

Sol:

sin10  cos10
(i) sin 80  sin10 cos80  cos10 sin80  sin 10  80   sin90  1
cos 80

log a b 1
(ii)  log a b  log b a  1  1  1  0
1 log b a

cos25 sin25
(iii) sin65 cos65  cos25 cos65  sin25 sin65  cos 25  65   cos  90   0

Q.3 Write the cofactors of elements of first column of the following determinants and hence
evaluate them.

1 2 3 1 a bc 1 2 4

(i)   4 3 6 (ii)   1 b ca (iii)   1 3 0

2 7 9 1 c ab 4 1 0

3 6 2 3
Sol: (i) C11  7 9  27  42  69; C21   7 9   18  21   39

2 3
C31   12  9  3    1  69   4  39   2 3   69  156  6  231
3 6

b ca
(ii) C11   ab2  ac2 ;
c ab

a bc a bc
C21  
c ab

  a2 b  bc2 ; C31 
b ca
 a2c  b2c


2 2
2 2
2 2
  
   1 ab  ac  1   a b  bc  1. a c  b c  ab2  ac2  a2b  bc2  a2c  b2c

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(iii) Since in the third column, two entries are zero.

Expanding along third column C3  , we get,

t,

1 3 1 2 1 2
4 0 0  4  1  12  0  0  52
4 1 4 1 1 3

Q.4 Without evaluating problems(i)to(x)state why each statement is true :

2 3 1 3 1 3

(i) 0 0 0  0 (ii) 0 1 0  0
1 2 0 1 2 1

2 1 0 3 2 1 3 4 5

(iii) 3 4 1  0 (iv) 4 0 7  2 0 3
4 2 0 5 3 4 1 7 4

2 3 21 21 2 3 1 2 7 6 0 13
11 4 7  7 11 4 6 0 13   1 2 7
(v) (vi)
6 15 8 8 6 15 8 3 5 8 3 3

2 a abc 0 c b 0 99 998

(vii) 2 b bca  0 (viii) c 0 a  0 (ix) 99 0 997  0

2 c cab b a 0 998 997 0

Sol:
(i)Each element in the second row is zero.
(ii)Because Ist & IIIrd column are identical.
(iii)Because the elements in the IIIrd row are equi–multiples of the corresponding element in
the Ist row.
(iv)Because the rows and changed into columns and columns into rows.
(v)Because the IIIrd column passed over two(even)columns namely Ist & IInd.
(vi)Because the Ist and IInd rows are interchanged. So determinant remain unchanged and
–ve by original determinant.

2 a abc 1 a 1

(vii)   2 b bca  2 abc  1 b 1 [Taking 2 common from C1 and abc common from
om C3 ]
2 c cab 1 c 1

  2abc 0   0 [ C1 and C3 are identical]

0 c b 0 c  b 0 c b
(viii)Let    c 0 a  c 0  a   c 0 a [By taking  1 common from each of
b a 0 b a 0 b a 0

R 1 , R 2 , R 3 ]  

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 2  0 ,   0 .Hence given determinant  0 .

0 99 998 0 99 998 0 99 998

3
(ix) A  99 0 997  99 0 997   1  99 0 997 [Taking  1
998 997 0 998 997 0 998 997 0

common]   A  A  A  0  2 A  0  A  0
Q.5 Without expanding, show that the value of each determinant is zero :

b2c2 bc b  c bc ca a b 1 a a2  bc

c2 a 2 ca c  a 1 b b2  ca
(i) (ii) c  a a  b b  c (iii)
a2b2 ab a  b ab bc c a 1 c c2  ab

b2  ab b  c bc  ac 0 a b 1 a bc
2 2
(iv) ab  a a  b b  ab
(v) a 0 c (vi) 1 b c  a
bc  ac c  a ab  a2 b c 0 1 c ab

Sol:
(i) Multiply R 1 , R 2 , R 3 by a, b, c respectively and then divide the determinant by
y abc , we gett

ab2c2 abc a  b  c 
1
 bc2a2 abc b  c  a 
abc 2 2
ca b abc c  a  b 

2 bc 1 a  b  c 
 abc  ca 1 b  c  a 
Taking abc common from C1 and C2 , 
abc
ab 1 c  a  b 

bc 1 ab  bc  ca
Replacing C3 by C3  C1 to get,,   abc ca 1 ab  bc  ca  0, because C2 and C3 aree
ab 1 ab  bc  ca
proportional.

0 ca ab
(ii)Replacing C1 by C1  C2  C3 ,   0 a  b b  c  0 [ C1  0 ]
0 bc ca

(iii) Expressing the given determinant  as the difference of two

o
1 a a2 1 a bc
determinants,   1 b b2  1 b ca  0
1 c c2 1 c ab

(iv) Take  b  a  common from C1 and C3 and then replace C2 by

y C2  C3 .

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b b c
2
   b  a  a a b  0, because C1 and C2 are identical..
c c a

(v) Interchange its rows and columns and then take  1 common from R1 , R2 and R 3
respectively.

0 a b
   1  1  1  a 0 c  
 2  0    0
b c 0

1 a a bc

(vi) Applying C3  C3  C2 , we get,,   1 b a  b  c ;

1 c a bc

Taking a  b  c common from C3 , we get,t,

1 a 1
   a  b  c  1 b 1   a  b  c  .0  0  C1 and C3 are identical 
1 c 1

Q.6 Evaluate the following determinants :

1 3 9 12 22 32 115 106 97
2 2 2
(i) 3 9 1 (ii) 22 32 42 (iii) 10 1 8
9 1 3 3 4 5 106 97 88

Sol:

1 3 9 1 0 0
3 9 1  3 0 26
(i) Operate C2  C2  3C1 , C3  C3  3C2 , we get,,
9 1 3 9 26 0

Expanding by R1 , we get, 10   26  26   676

12 22 32 1 4 9 1 0 0
2 2 2
(ii) Operate C2  C2  4C1 , C3  C3  9C1 , we get, 22 32 42  4 9 16  4 7 20
3 4 5 9 16 25 9 20 56

Expanding by R1 , we get, 1 7  56    400  392  400  8

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115 0 97
1
(iii) Operating C2 C2 – (C1+C3), we get= 10 0 8 =0
2 106 0 88

Note:Using the A.P. property one can immediately write =0 directly

Q.7 Prove the following

bc a b a 0 ab2 ac2

2
3 3 3
bc2  2a3b3c3
(i) c  a b  c b  3abc  a  b  c . (ii) a 2b 0
a b ca c ac b2c 0

a b c al m n
a  2    a  b  c  2
(iii) c b
(iv) l a  m n  a  a  l  m  n 
a b c l m an

Sol:

a  b  c b a

(i) Operating C2  C3 and C1  C3 , we get = a  b  c c b

a  b  c a c

Taking  1 common from C2 and  a  b  c  from C1, we gett

1 b a
  a  b  c 1 c b
1 a c

    
   a  b  c  1. c2  ab  bc  a2  1. b2  ac 
   a  b  c  a 2  b2  c2  ab  bc  ca 

 
  a3  b3  c3  3abc  3abc  a3  b3  c3

0 b2 c2
2
c2
(ii) L.H.S.  abc a2 0
[By taking out a from R 1 , b from
om R 2 , c from R 3 ]
a b2 0

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0 1 1
3 3 3
a b c 1 0 1
[By taking out a2 from C1 , b2 from
om C2 , c2 from C3 ]Operatee C2  C3 ,
1 1 0

0 0 1
 a b c 1 1 1  a3b3c3 1  1  2a3b3c3
3 3 3

1 1 0

(iii) Operating C1  C1  C2  C3 , we get

 a b c  a bc b c 1 b c
c b a   a bc  b a    a  b  c 1   b a
a b c  a bc b c 1 b c

Operating R 2  R 2  R 1 , R 3  R 3  R 1 , we get

1 b c
     a  b  c  0  a  c     a  b  c  2  2    a  b  c 
0 0 

al m n almn m n

(iv) Operating C1  C2  C3 , we get,, l a  m n  a  l  m  n a  m n

l m an almn m an

1 m n
Taking a  l  m  n out from C1 , we gett    a  l  m  n  1 a  m n
1 m an

Operating R 2  R 1 , R 3  R 1 , we get

1 m n
  a  l  m  n  0 a  
0   a  l  m  n   1  a 2  0  a2  a  l  m  n 
0 0 a

Q.8 Without expanding the determinant, show that :

1 a bc 1 a a2 a a2 bc 1 a2 a3
2 2 2 3
(i) 1 b ca  1 b b2 (ii) b b2 ca  1 b2 b3
1 c ab 1 c c c c ab 1 c c

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Brother's Academy DORANDA Campus, Opp. Eylex Cinemas, Hinoo, Ranchi-834002. Ph. 6201469038, 8092071442
www.brothersacademy.co.in Determinant

bc ca ab a b c bc ca a b a b c

(iii) c  a a  b b  c  2 b c a (iv) q  r r  p p  q  2 p q r
a b bc ca c a b y z z x x  y x y z

ah  bg g ab  ch ah  bg a h a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
2 2 2
(v) bf  ba f hb  bc  a bf  ba h b (vi)  a  1  b  1  c  1 4 a b c
af  bc c bg  fc af  bc g f 2 2
a  1  b  1 c  1
2
1 1 1

Sol:

1 a bc 1 a bc a a2 abc
abc 1 2
(i) 1 b ca  abc 1 b ca  abc b b2 abc
[Multiplying R 1 , R 2 , R 3 by
y a, b, c respectively
y]
1 c ab 1 c ab c c abc

Now, taking abc common from C3 and then passing C3 over

er C2 and C1 we get the desired RHS
determinant.

(ii) Same as (i).

c ca ab
 2 a a b bc
(iii) Applying C1  C1  C2  C3 and then taking 2 common from C1 , we gett .
b bc c a

Now, applying C2  C2  C1 , then C3  C3  C2 , then interchanging C1  C2 and then C2  C3 ,wee

get the desired RHS determinant.

(iv)Same as (iii).

(v) Multiply C2 by b and then divide the determinant so obtained byy b, so that
ah  bg bg ab  ch
1
  bf  ba bf hb  bc
b
af  bc bc bg  fc

ah  bg h ab  ch
a
 bf  ba b hb  bc
Replace C2 by C2  C1 and then takee  a  common from C2 so that b
af  bc f bg  fc

ah  bg ch ab  ch
a
y c so that   bc bf  ba cb hb  bc
Multiply C2 by c and then divide the determinant by
af  bc cf bg  fc

Brother's Academy LALPUR Campus, Circular Road, Lalpur, Ranchi-834001. Ph. 7488408051, 8235071441
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Brother's Academy DORANDA Campus, Opp. Eylex Cinemas, Hinoo, Ranchi-834002. Ph. 6201469038, 8092071442
www.brothersacademy.co.in Determinant

Replace C3 by C3  C1 and then takee c common from C2 and b common from

om
ah  bg h a
a  bc 
 bf  ba b h
C3 bc
af  bc f g

Interchange C2 and C3 to get the desired RHS determinant..

(vi) Replacing R 2 by R 2  R 3 and R 3 by

y R 3  R 1 and then taking 4 common from R 2 , wee

a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
get   4 a b c 4 a b c 8 a b c
1  2a 1  2b 1  2c 1 1 1 a b c

a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
4 a b c 0  4 a b c  RHS.
1 1 1 1 1 1

x 1 x 2 x a

Q.9 If a, b, c are in A.P. prove that x  2 x  3 x  b  0.

x 3 x  4 x c

Sol: Given a, b, c are in A. P..  a  c  2b  a  c  2b  0 Operating R 1  R 1  R 3  2R 2 , we get,

t,
x 1 x 2 x a 0 0 a  c  2b 0 0 0
x 2 x 3 x b  x 2 x 3 x  b  x 2 x 3 x  b  0
x 3 x  4 x c x 3 x 4 xc x 3 x  4 x c

Q.10 Without expanding the determinant, show that

a b c
b c a
(i) a  b  c is a factor of the determinant
c a b

x y z 2x 2x
2y y z  x 2y
(ii) x  y  z is a factor of the determinant
2z 2z zxy

a b c abc b c 1 b c

Sol: (i) Operating C1  C2  C3 , we get, b c a  a  b  c c a   a  b  c  1 c a

c a b abc a b 1 a b

  a  b  c  is a factor of the given determinant..

Brother's Academy LALPUR Campus, Circular Road, Lalpur, Ranchi-834001. Ph. 7488408051, 8235071441
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Brother's Academy DORANDA Campus, Opp. Eylex Cinemas, Hinoo, Ranchi-834002. Ph. 6201469038, 8092071442
www.brothersacademy.co.in Determinant

(ii) Applying R1 R 1  R 2  R 3 , we

x  y z x  y z x  y z 1 1 1
get  2y y z  x 2y   x  y  z  2y y z x 2y
2z 2z zxy 2z 2z zxy

 x  y  z is a factor of the given determinant..

Q.11 Wit hout expanding, show t hat t he value of each det er minant is zero :

9 9 12 1 3 5 42 1 6 49 1 6
1 3 4
( i) (ii) 2 6 10 (iii) 28 7 4
(iv) 39 7 4
1 9 12 31 11 38 14 3 2 26 2 3

265 240 219 2 3 4 sin  cos  sin     

sin  cos  sin     
(v) 240 225 198 (vi) 5 6 8
(vii)
219 198 181 6x 9x 12x sin  cos  sin     

Sol:

9 3 3
(i) Taking 3 common from C2 and 4 common from C3 , we get,,   3  4 1 1 1  12  0  0
1 3 3

(ii) Operating R 2  R 2  2R 1 , we get,,

1 3 5 1 3 5
  2  2 6  6 10  10  0 0 0  0  R 2 consists of all zeros 
31 11 38 31 11 38

(iii) Let  be the given determinant. Operating C1  C1  7C3 , we get,

t,

42  42 1 6 0 1 6
  28  28 7 4  0 7 4  0  C1 consists of all zeros 
14  14 3 2 0 3 2

49 1 6 49  8.6 1 6 1 1 6
(iv) Operating C1  C1  8C3 , we get, 39 7 4  39  8.4 7 4  7 7 4  0
26 2 3 26  8.3 2 3 2 2 3

25 21 219

(v) Operating C1 C1 – C2 andC2 C2 – C3 , we get= 15 27 198

21 17 181

Brother's Academy LALPUR Campus, Circular Road, Lalpur, Ranchi-834001. Ph. 7488408051, 8235071441
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Brother's Academy DORANDA Campus, Opp. Eylex Cinemas, Hinoo, Ranchi-834002. Ph. 6201469038, 8092071442
www.brothersacademy.co.in Determinant

4 21 9

Operating C1 C1 – C2 andC3 C3 – 10C2 , we get= 12 27 72

4 17 11

0 4 2

Operating R1 R1 – R3 andR2 R2+3R3 , we get= 0 78 39 =0(as first two rows aree
4 17 11
proportional)

2 3 4 2 3 4

(vi) Taking 3x out from R 3 , we get,, 5 6 8  3x 5 6 8  3x  0  0.

6x 9x 12x 2 3 4

(vii) Let  be the given determinant, using sin  A  B   sin A cosB  cos A sinB, we gett

sin  cos  sin  cos   cos  sin  sin  cos  0

  sin  cos  sin  cos   cos  sin   sin  cos  0 Using C  C  cos  C  sin  C 
 3 3   1   2
sin  cos  sin  cos   cos  sin  sin  cos  0

 0  C3 consists of all zeros .

Q.12 Using the factor property of determinants show that

2a a  b a  c
=  a 2b b  c =k(a+b)(b+c)(c+a). Also evaluate the value of k.
b
c  a c  b 2c

2a 0 a c
2a 0 ac
2a 2a ca
Sol: On checking,(with b=a), we find that= 0 2a ca =
2c c  a (a  c)
ca ca 2c 
C1 C1  C2 & C3 C3 C2

a 0 1

Taking 2 common from C 1 and(a+c)from C 3 , we get =2(a+c) a 2a 1

c c  a 1

a 0 1

=2(a+c) 2a 2a 0
ca ca 0

The operation R3 R3+R1andR2 R2+R3 yields i.e. =0

Similarly it can be proved that(b+c)and(c+a)are factor of the determinant.

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Brother's Academy DORANDA Campus, Opp. Eylex Cinemas, Hinoo, Ranchi-834002. Ph. 6201469038, 8092071442
www.brothersacademy.co.in Determinant

2a a  b a  c

Hence, = b  a 2b b  c =k(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)

c  a c  b 2c

On puttinga=1 ,b=1, c=1, we get R.H.S.=8 k andL.H.S.=32. Hencek=4.

e2iA e iC e iB
 iC 2iB  iA
Q.13 If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, then prove that eiB e iA e 2iC =– 4
e e e

Sol:

Since A+B+C=and ei=cos+i sin=–1, ei(B+C)=ei(–A)=– e–iA, e –i(B+C)=–eiA

By taking eiA , e iB, eiC commonfromR1 , R2 andR3 respectively, we get

eiA e i( A  C) ei( A B ) eiA eiB eic

=– e i(B  C ) eiB e i( A  B )   eiA eiB eiC
eiA eiB eiC
e i(B  C ) e i( A  C) eiC

1 1 1
1 1 1
By taking eiA, e iB, eiC common from C1, C2 and C3 respectively, we have= =– 4.
1 1 1

Q.14 Let a, b, c be real numbers with a 2+b2+c2=1. Show that the equation

ax  by  c bx  ay cx  a
bx  ay ax  by  c cy  b 0
represents a straight line.
cx  a cy  b ax  by  c

Sol:

ax  by  c bx  ay cx  a a2  b2  c2 x 
bx  ay cx  a 
Given, bx  ay ax  by  c cy  b 
 0  a 2  b2  c2 y ax  by  c cy  b  0
cx  a cy  b ax  by  c a2  b2  c2


cy  b 
ax  by  c
 C1  aC1  bC2  cC3

Brother's Academy LALPUR Campus, Circular Road, Lalpur, Ranchi-834001. Ph. 7488408051, 8235071441
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Brother's Academy DORANDA Campus, Opp. Eylex Cinemas, Hinoo, Ranchi-834002. Ph. 6201469038, 8092071442
www.brothersacademy.co.in Determinant

x bx  ay cx  a x ay a x ay a
 y ax  by  c cy  b 0 y ax  c b  0  y ax  c b  0
2 2
1 cy  b ax  by  c 1 cy ax  by x  y  1 0 0
   
C2 C2 – bC1 and C3 C3 – cC1 R3 R3  xR1  yR2

(x2+y2+1)(aby+a2x+ac)=0  ax+by+c=0

ax  by  cz ay  bx cx  az

Q.15 Prove that ay  bx by  cz  ax bz  cy  a 2  b2  c2 x 2  y 2  z 2  ax  by  cz    

cx  az bz  cy cz  ax  by

a2x  aby  caz ay  bx cx  az

1 2
Sol: Multiplying C1, by a, we get L.H.S. == a a y  abx by  cz  ax bz  cy
cax  a2z bz  cy cz  ax  by

a  b  c  x ay  bx
2 2 2
cx  az x ay  bx cx  az
1  a b c  2 2 2

=a
a  b  c  y by  cz  ax bz  cy =
2 2 2

a
y by  cz  ax bz  cy
z bz  cy cz  ax  by

a  b  c z
2 2
bz  cy

2
cz  ax  by 

 
C1 C1  bC2  cC3 ,
 
 Taking a2  b2  c2 common  from C1 ,

x ay az x2 axy azx
a 2 2
 b c 2
  a2  b2  c2  y cz  ax bz
= y cz  ax bz = ax
a z cy ax  by
z cy ax  by  
 
C2 C2 – bC1 and C3 C3 –cC1 , Multiplying R 1by x

2
 y 2  z2
a 2
 b2  c2 x y
0
cz  ax bz
0
=
ax
z cy ax  by

a 2

 b2  c2 x 2  y 2  z2 cz  ax bz 
Expanding along R1, we get =
ax cy ax  by

a 2

 b2  c2 x 2  y 2  z2 
=
ax
cz  ax ax  by   bcyz

a 2

 b2  c2 x 2  y 2  z2 
=
ax
cazx  bcyz  a x 2 2
 abxy  bcyz 

Brother's Academy LALPUR Campus, Circular Road, Lalpur, Ranchi-834001. Ph. 7488408051, 8235071441
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Brother's Academy DORANDA Campus, Opp. Eylex Cinemas, Hinoo, Ranchi-834002. Ph. 6201469038, 8092071442
www.brothersacademy.co.in Determinant

a 2

 b2  c2 x 2  y 2  z2 
=
ax
cazx  a x2 2
 abxy 

=
a 2
 
 b2  c2 x 2  y 2  z2 ax  ax  by  cz 
=  a  b  c  x  y  z   ax  by  cz 
2 2 2 2 2 2

ax

Hence=  a  b  c  x  y  z   ax  by  cz 
2 2 2 2 2 2

x 1  a 1 b1 a1 b2 a1 b3
 a1b1 
Q.16 Prove that a 2 b1 x 2  a 2b2 a 2b3 =x1 x2 x3 1   .
 x1 
a 3 b1 a 3b2 x3  a 3 b3

Sol:

The given determinant can be written in two determinants as under

x1 a1 b2 a1 b3 a1 b1 a1 b2 a1 b3
0 x 2  a2b2 a2 b3  a2b1 x 2  a2 b2 a 2b3
0 a3 b2 x 3  a3b3 a3b1 a 3b2 x 3  a 3b3

Nowfirst can be expanded along C1and by taking common b1 from C1 in the second determinant
and applying C2  C2 – b2C1 and C3(C3 – b3 C1), we can get the result.

cos  cos2 cos3

3  3 5 3 
Q.17 Prove that cos3 cos  cos2 =2 sin  sin  sin3  .
cos2 cos3 cos  2  2 2

Sol:

Apply C1  C1+C2+C3, followed by R2  R2 – R1 and R3 R3 – R1. Then expand along C1, so
that the determinant is.

cos   cos2  cos3 cos2 cos3 1 cos2 cos3

cos   cos2  cos3 cos  cos2
=  cos   cos2  cos3  1 cos  cos2
cos   cos2  cos3 cos3 cos  1 cos3 cos 

1 cos2 cos3

= cos   cos2  cos3  0 cos   cos2 cos2  cos3

0 cos3  cos2 cos   cos3

2
=  cos   cos2  cos3   [  cos   cos2  cos   cos3    cos3  cos2  ]

 3   5 
=cos 2(2 cos+1)  4sin sin sin2 sin   4sin 2 sin 2 
 2 2 2 2 

Brother's Academy LALPUR Campus, Circular Road, Lalpur, Ranchi-834001. Ph. 7488408051, 8235071441
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Brother's Academy DORANDA Campus, Opp. Eylex Cinemas, Hinoo, Ranchi-834002. Ph. 6201469038, 8092071442
www.brothersacademy.co.in Determinant

  3   5 
cos2  2cos   1  sin sin2  2cos   sin 2  .
=4 sin2 2   2  2 2

3  5 3   3  5 3 
3 5  3  5 3 
2
= 2sin 2  sin 2  sin 2  sin 2  sin 2  sin 2   sin 2  = 2sin  sin  sin3  ,
     2 2 2 

1 1 1
Q.18 Prove that   a b c  2(a  b)(b  c)(c  a)
bc  a 2 ac  b2 ab  c 2

Sol:

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

= a b c + a2 b c
=
a  b  b c  b  a  b b  c  b
bc ac ab a b2 c 2
  ca  ac  ab  ca  a2  b2 b2 c2  b2
bc
     
C1 C1 – C2and C3 C3 – C2
C1 C1 – C2and C3 C3 – C2

 0 1 0 0 1 0 
 
1 b 1  1 b 1 
=(a – b)( b – c) 
 c ac a  a  b b2 b  c 


=(a – b)(b – c){(c – a)+(c – a)}=2(a – b)(b – c)(c – a).

a 1 n 6 n

Q.19 Let  a  (a  1) 2
2n 2
4n  2 . Show that   a =0.
a 1
(a  1)3 3n3 3n 2  3n

Sol:

By adding all the corresponding elements of C1 of all determinants awe have

n
(n  1)n
 (a  1) n 6 n 6
a 1 2
n n
(n  1)n(2n  1)
 a   (a  1)2 2n2 4n  2  2n2 4n  2 .
a 1 a 1 6
n
(n  1)2 n2
 (a  1)3 3n3 3n2  3n 3n3 3n2  3n
a 1 4

(n  1)n
By taking as common factor from C1 and 6 as common factor from C3 , we get
2

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1 n 1
n
2n  1 2n  1
 a  3n(n  1) 2n 2 . n
a 1 3 3 Since C1 and C3 are identical.  a  0.
n n  1 n n  1 a 1
3n 3
2 2

Q.20 Prove that the determinant formed by replacing each element by their corresponding
cofactors is square of the original determinant

a1 b1 c1 A1 B1 C1

Sol: Let = a2 b2 c2
and  C = A2 B2 C2
,where Letters in Capital
al i.e.
a3 b3 c3 A3 B3 C3

A 1 , A 2 , A3 ,B1 ,B2 ,B3 ,C1 ,C2 ,C3 denote the cofactors of the corresponding elements i.e.
a1 ,a2 ,a3 ,b1 ,b2 ,b3 ,c1 ,c 2 ,c 3 respectively..

a1 b1 c1 A1 B1 C1  0 0
Now, consider    C  a2 b2 c2  A 2 B2 C2  0  0   3  C   2
a3 b3 c3 A3 B3 C3 0 0 

2
0 c b b2  c2 ab ac a2 ab ac
2
2 2
bc  4a2b2c2
Q.21 Prove that c 0 a  ab c a bc
= ab b
b a 0 ac bc a 2  b2 ac bc  c2

Sol: (i)First determinant is equal to( 2abc)2

(ii)Second determinant is direct multiplication of determinants in row to row .

(iii)Third determinant is co–factors of the first determinant and therefore square of the
first.

cos(A  P) cos(A  Q) cos(A  R)

Q.22 For all values of A,B,C and P,Q,R, show that cos(B  P) cos(B  Q) cos(B  R)  0
cos(C  P) cos(C  Q) cos(C  R)

cos A sin A 0 cosP sin P 0

Sol:The given determinant is equal to cosB sinB 0  cosQ sinQ 0  0.

cosC sinC 0 cosR sin R 0

1 cos  cos 
cos  1 cos   0
Q.23 If ,  and  are such that ++=0, then prove that .
cos  cos  1

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Sol: Operating C2 C2– cos C1, C3 C3– cos C1, we get

1 0 0
2
= cos  sin  cos   cos  cos 
cos  cos   cos  cos  sin 2 

1 0  0        
2  
cos  sin   sin  sin   cos   cos      
= 2  
cos   sin  sin  sin  cos   cos  cos   sin  sin  

= 1  sin  sin   sin  sin    0

2 2 2 2

sin2A sinC sin B

Q.24 In  ABC, prove that sinC sin2B sin A  0 .

sin B sin A sin2C

Sol:

MethodI:

 b2  c2  a2 
2ka   kc kb
 2bc 
2sin A cos A sinC sinB  c2  a2  b2 
kc 2kb   ka
sinC 2sin Bcos B sin A  2ca 
= =
sinB sin A 2sinCcosC  a2  b2  c2 
kb ka 2kc  
 2ab 

3
a(b2  c2  a2 ) bc2 cb2
k
= ac2 b(c2  a2  b2 ) ca2
bc.ca.ab
ab2 ba2 c(a2  b2  c2 )

3
b2  c2  a2 c2 b2
k
abc c2 c2  a2  b2 a2
= 2 2 2
a bc
b2 a2 a2  b2  c2

b2  c2  a2 a2  b2 a2  c2
k3 C2  C2  C1 ,
c2 a2  b2 a2  c2   =0[ C and C are proportional]
= abc 2 C3  C3  C1  2 3
b2 2 2
a b a c2

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MethodII:

sin(A  A) sin(A  B) sin(A  C) sin A cos A 0 cos A sin A 0

= sin(B  A) sin(B  B) sin(B  C) = sinB cosB 0 cosB sinB 0 =0

sin(C  A) sin(C  B) sin(C  C) sinC cosC 0 cosC sinC 0

(      )4 (      )2 1
4 2
Q.25 Prove that (      )4 (      )2 1 =–64(–)(–)(–)(–)(–)(–).
(       ) (       ) 1

Solution:

Let (+––)2=A, (+––)2=B and (+––)2=C

then A – B=(2–2)(2–2)=–4(–)(–)

A2 A 1
2
and = B2 B 1
=( A – B)( B –C)( C – A)=–64(–)(–)(–)(–)(–)(–).
C C 1

ah  bg g ab  ch ah  bg a h

Q.26 Prove without expansion that bf  ba f hb  bc  a bf  ba h b .

af  bc c bg  fc af  bc g f

ah  bg gc ab  ch ah  bg a ch ah  bg a ab  ch
1 a 1 a
Sol: L.H.S. = c bf  ba fc hb  bc  bf  ba h bc = 1– bf  ba h hb  bc
c c c
af  bc c2 bg  fc af  bc g fc af  bc g bg  fc

C3 C3  bC2

ah  bg a2 ab  ch ah  bg gc  a2 ab  ch a h g 0 a b
1 1 1 1
= 1+ bf  ba ah hb  bc = bf  ba fc  ah hb  bc = h b f  a 0 c  0 .
c c c c
af  bc ag bg  fc af  bc c2  ag bg  fc g f c b c 0

Q.27 If the system of equations

2x + 3y – z = 0
3x + 2y + kz = 0
4x + y + z = 0
have a set of non-zero integral solutions then prove that the smallest positive value of z is 5.

Sol: The system has a non-zero solution if | A | = 0  k = 0.

Clearly, the solutions are (2a, – 3a, – 5a).
So, the smallest positive integral value of z = 5. Ans.]

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CHAPTER DRILL :01

[STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE]
cos(  )  sin(   ) cos 2
Q.1 The value of sin  cos  sin  is independent of
 cos  sin  cos 
(A)  (B)  (C) ,  (D) none of these
x 3 7
Q.2 Given x = – 9 is a root of the equation , 2 x 2 = 0, the other roots are
7 6 x
(A) 2, – 7 (B) – 7, 2 (C) – 2, – 7 (D) 2, 7

x 2  3x x 1 x  3
Q.3 Let px4 + qx3 + rx2 + sx + t = x 1  2x x  4 be an identity,,
x 3 x4 3x

Where p, q, r, s, t are constants. Then t =

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) – 1

cos 2 x sin 2 x cos 4 x

2
sin x cos 2 x cos 2 x
Q.4 If the determinant is expanded in powers of sin x, then the constant term is
cos 4 x cos2 x cos 2 x

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) – 1 (D) 2

1 4 20
Q.5 The solution set of the equation 1  2 5 = 0 is
1 2 x 5x 2
(A) {1, 2} (B) {–1, – 2} (C) {1, – 2} (D) {–1, 2}

1 a bc a2 b2 c2
Q.6 If 1 b ca =  a b c , then  =
1 c ab 1 1 1

(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) 2 (D) – 3

1 a a 2  bc
Q.7 1 b b 2  ca =
1 c c 2  ab

(A) 0 (B)  a 2 ( b  c) (C) 2  a 2 ( b  c) (D) – 2  ab(a  b)

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1 log x y log x z
Q.8 If x, y, z we positive, then log y x 1 log y z =
log z x log z y 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) – 1 (D) None
sin x cos x cos x
cos x sin x cos x = 0 in   
Q.9 The number of distinct real roots of the equation  4 , 4  is
cos x cos x sin x  
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

log a n log a n 1 log a n  2

Q.10 If a1, a2, a3,........ are in G.P. then  = log a n 3 log a n  4 log a n 5 = 0
log a n  6 log a n  7 log a n 8
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4

a bc 2a 2a
Q.11 If 2b bca 2b = k (a + b + c)3, then k =
2c 2c ca b
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

1 x x 1
Q.12 If f (x) = 2x x ( x  1) ( x  1)x then f (100) =
3x ( x  1) x ( x  1)(x  2) ( x  1) x (x  1)
(A) 0 (B) 100 (C) 1 (D) –100

2 xy x2 y2
x2 y2 2xy
Q.13 2
=
y 2 xy x2

(A) (x3 + y3)2 (B) (x2 + y2)3 (C) – (x2 + y2)3 (D) – (x3 + y3)2

1  a 2x (1  b 2 ) x (1  c 2 )x
Q.14 If a2 + b2 + c2 = – 2 (a, b, c need not be real) and f (x) = (1  a 2 ) x 1  b2 x (1  c 2 )x ,
(1  a 2 ) x (1  b 2 ) x 1  c2x

then f ( x) is a polynomial of degree

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

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[MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE TYPE]

1  sin 2  cos 2  4 sin 4

sin 2  1  cos 2  4 sin 4
Q.15 If = 0 then  =
sin 2  cos 2  1  4 sin 4

7 5 11 
(A) (B) (C) (D)
24 24 24 24
a b a  b
Q.16 The determinant b c b  c = 0 if
a  b b   c 0
(A) a, b, c are in A.P. (B) a, b, c are in G.P.
(C)  is a roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 (D) (x – ) is a factor of ax2 + 2bx + c = 0

1 a a2
Q.17 The parameter, on which the value of cos(p  d )x cos px cos(p  d ) x depend upon, is
sin( p  d )x sin px sin( p  d )x

(A) a (B) p (C) d (D) x

[ S U B J EC T I V E ]
a1 a2 a3
Q.18 If a1, a2, a3, 5, 4, a6, a7, a8, a9 are in H.P., evaluate 5 4 a6 .
a7 a8 a9

13  3 2 5 5
Q.19 Evaluate 15  2 26 5 10
3  65 15 5

bc ca ab
Q.20 Find the numberial value of the determinant p q r where a, b, c are respectively pth, qth, rth
1 1 1
terms of an H.P.

x2 kx 4  kx
Q.21 Let f(x) = kx 4  kx x2 .
2
4  kx x kx

If f(x) is positive for all x  R, then find the number of integral values in the range of k.

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CHAPTER DRILL-02

[STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE]

Q.1 The value of a for which the system of equations ; a3x + (a +1)3 y + (a + 2)3 z = 0,
ax + (a + 1) y + (a + 2) z = 0 & x + y + z = 0 has a non-zero solution is
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C)  1 (D) none of these
a11 a12 a13
Q.2 Let 0 = 21 a 22
a a 23 and let 1 denote the determinant formed by the cofactors of elements of
a 32 a 32 a 33
0 and 2 denote the determinant formed by the cofactor at 1 similarly n denotes the determinant
formed by the cofactors at n – 1 then the determinant value of n is
n 2
(A) 20n (B) 20 (C) n0 (D) 20

Q.3 Three distinct points P(3u2, 2u3) ; Q(3v2, 2v3) and R(3w2, 2w3) are collinear then
(A) uv + vw + wu = 0 (B) uv + vw + wu = 3
(C) uv + vw + wu = 2 (D) uv + ww + wu = 1
a b c px qy rz
Q.4 Let a determinant is given by A = p q r and suppose that det. A = 6. If B = a  x b  y c  z
x y z ap bq cr
then
(A) det. B = 6 (B) det. B = – 6 (C) det. B = 12(D) det. B = – 12

Q.5 The values of  for which the following equations

sinx – cosy + (+1)z = 0; cosx + siny – z = 0; x +( + 1)y + cos z = 0
have non trivial solution, is
(A)  = n,  R – {0} (B)  = 2n,  is any rational number

(C)  = (2n + 1),   R+, n  I (D)  = (2n + 1) ,   R, n  I
2
Q.6 The system of equations
x – y cos  + z cos 2 = 0
– x cos  + y – z cos  = 0
x cos 2 – y cos  + z = 0 has non trivial solution for  equals

(A) n only, n  I (B) n + only, n  I
4

(C) (2n – 1) only, n  I (D) all value of 
2
Q.7 The following system of equations 3x – 7y + 5z = 3; 3x + y + 5z = 7 and 2x + 3y + 5z = 5
(A) consistent with trivial solution (B) consistent with unique non trivial solution
(C) consistent with infinite solution (D) inconsistent with no solution

Q.8 The set of homogeneous equations

tx + (t+1) y + (t – 1) z = 0
(t +1)x + ty + (t + 2)z = 0
(t –1)x + (t + 2)y + tz = 0 has non - trivial solutions for
(A) three values of t (B) two values of t (C*) one value of t (D) no value of t
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Q.9 If the system of equations

x – 2y + z = a
2x + y – 2z = b
and x + 3y – 3z = c
have atleast one solution, then the relationship between a, b and c is
(A) a + b + c = 0 (B) a – b + c = 0 (C) – a + b + c = 0 (D) a + b – c = 0

Q.10 Three digit numbers x17, 3y6 and 12z where x, y, z are integers from 0 to 9, are divisible by a fixed
x 3 1
constant k. Then the determinant 7 6 z must be divisible by
1 y 2
(A) k (B) k2 (C) k3 (D) None
28 25 38
Q.11 Let N = 42 38 65 , then the number of ways in which N can be resolved as a product of two
56 47 83
divisors which are relatively prime is
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 9 (D) 16

Q.12 If the system of linear equations

x + 2ay + az = 0
x + 3by + bz = 0
x + 4cy + cz = 0
has a non-zero solution, then a, b, c
(A) are in G..P. (B) are in H.P.
(C) satisfy a + 2b + 3c = 0 (D) are in A.P.

Q.13 Give the correct order of initials T or F for following statements. Use T if statement is true and F if it is
false.
Statement-1 : If the graphs of two linear equations in two variables are neither parallel nor identical,
then there is a unique solution to the system.
Statement-2 : If the system of equations ax + by = 0, cx + dy = 0 has a non-zero solution, then it has
infinitely many solutions.
Statement-3 : The system x + y + z = 1, x = y, y = 1 + z is inconsistent.
Statement-4 : If two of the equations in a system of three linear equations are inconsistent, then the
whole system is inconsistent.
(A) FFTT (B) TTFT (C) TTFF (D) TTTF
[12 & 13th (25-9-2005)]
th

ap 2 2ap 1 apq a (p  q ) 1
2
Q.14 Let 1 = aq 2aq 1 and 2 = aqr a (q  r ) 1 then
ar 2 2ar 1 arp a (r  p) 1

(A) 1 = 2 (B) 2 = 21 (C) 1 = 22 (D) 1 + 22 = 0

1 1  sin x 1  sin x  cos x

Q.15 Let F (x) = 2 3  2 sin x 4  3 sin x  2 cos x then F '   is equal to
3 6  3 sin x 10  6 sin x  3 cos x 2
(A) – 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2
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a11 a12 a13

Q.16 Let 1 = a 21 a 22 a 23 , 1  0
a 31 a 32 a 33
b11 b12 b13
2 = b 21 b 22 b 23 where bij is cofactor of aij  i, j = 1, 2, 3
b 31 b 32 b 33

c11 c12 c13

and 3 = c 21 c 22 c 23 where cij is cofactor of bij  i, j = 1, 2, 3.
c 31 c32 c33
then which one of the following is always correct.
(A) 1, 2, 3 are in A.P. (B) 1, 2, 3 are in G.P.
2 3 2
(C) 1  (D) 1 =
2 3

[MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE TYPE]

Q.17 If A11 , A12 , A13 are the cofactors of the elements of the first row of the determinant
A = (aij) and  is the value of the determinant then
(A) a21 A11 + a22 A12 + a23 A13 = 0 (B) a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13 = 
(C) a11 A11 – a12 A12 + a13 A13 =  (D) a31A11 + a32A12 + a33A13 = 0
p  sin x q  sin x p  r  sin x 2

Q.18 If p, q, r, s are in A.P. and f (x) = q  sin x r  sin x  1  sin x such that  f (x)d x = – 4 then
0
r  sin x s  sin x s  q  sin x
the common difference of the A.P. can be :
1
(A)  1 (B) (C) 1 (D) 2
2
Q.19 Consider the system of linear equations x + 2y + z = 1, 2x + y + z = , 4x + 5y + 3z = 2. Then the
system has
(A) infinitely many solutions when  = –1 or 2.
(B) infinitely many solutions when  = – 2 or 1.
(C) no solution when  R – {–1 , 2}
(D) no solution when  R – {–2, 1}
[INTEGER TYPE]
sin 3  1 1
Q.20 If cos 2 4 3 = 0, then find the number of values of  in [0, 2].
2 7 7
Q.21 Given a, b  {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ............, 9, 10}. Consider the system of equations
x+ y+ z = 4
2x + y + 3z = 6
x + 2y + az = b
Let L: denotes number of ordered pairs (a, b) so that the system of equations has unique solution,
M: denotes number of ordered pairs (a, b) so that the system of equations has no solution and
N: denotes number of ordered pairs (a, b) so that the system of equations has infinite solutions.
Find (L + M – N).
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ANSWER
CHAPTER DRILL-1
Q.1 A Q.2 D Q.3 A Q.4 C Q.5 D
Q.6 B Q.7 A Q.8 A Q.9 B Q.10 A
Q.11 B Q.12 A Q.13 D Q.14 C Q.15 A,C
Q.16 B,D Q.17 A,C,D Q.18 50/21 Q.19 
5 3 2 5 3 
Q.20 0 Q.21 0
CHAPTER DRILL -2
Q.1 C Q.2 B Q.3 A Q.4 C Q.5 D
Q.6 D Q.7 B Q.8 C Q.9 B Q.10 A
Q.11 B Q.12 B Q.13 B Q.14 D Q.15 B
Q.16 B Q.17 A,B,D Q.18 A,C Q.19 A,C Q.20 5
Q.21 119

SOLUTION OF CHAPTER DRILL :01

Q.1
[ Sol.(A): Expanding by R1, we get  = cos2( + ) + sin2( + ) + cos 2 = 1 + + cos 2]
Q.2
[Sol.(D) Expanding, x (x2 – 12) – 3 (2x – 14) + 7 (12 – 7x) =0  x3 – 67x + 126 = 0
(x + 9) (x2 – 9x + 14) = 0 x = 2, 7. ]
Q.3
0 1 3
[Sol.(A) x = 0 in the identity gives t= 1 0  4 = – 12 + 12 = 0 ]
3 4 0
Q.4
1 0 1
[Sol.(C) Setting x = 0, we find 0 1 1 = – 1. ]
1 1 1

0 6 15
Q.5[Sol.(D) 0  2(1  x ) 5(1  x 2 ) = 0, 30(1 – x2) + 3x(1 + x) = 0
1 2x 5x 2
(1 + x)(1 – x + 1) = 0  x = – 1 or 2]
Q.6
[Sol.(B) LHS = (a – b)(b – c)(c – a) RHS = (a – b)(b – c)(a – c)  =–1

1 a bc a a2 abc a a2 1 1 a2 a 1 1 1
1 2 2 2 2
Alternatively: LHS = 1 b ca = b b 2 abc · = b b 1 =– 1 b b =– a b c2
1 c ab c c2 abc abc c c 2 1 1 c2 c a b c

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a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
= 1 1 1 =– a b c ]
a b c 1 1 1

Q.7
[Sol.(A) Expanding by the first column,

 a (b 2  ca )  b(a 2  bc) =  ab2  a 2 b  b 2c  ca 2  = 0]

Q.8

log x log y log z

log x log x log x
log x log y log z
[Sol.(A) gives by taking common factor from the columns and the rows.
log y log y log y
log x log y log z
log z log z log z

1 1 1
1 1 1 = 0]
1 1 1
Q.9
[Sol.(B) C1  C1 + C2 + C3 gives
1 cos x cos x
(sin x + 2 cos x) 1 sin x cos x = 0 R2  R2 – R1 and R3  R3 – R1 gives
1 cos x sin x

1 cos x cos x
(sin x + 2 cos x) 0 (sin x  cos x ) 0 = 0  (sin x + 2 cos x) (sin x – cos x)2 = 0
0 0 (sin x  cos x )


 tan x = – 2 does not lie in (– /4, /4), tan x = 1  x= ]
4
Q.10
Sol.(A) an = a1rn – 1, r is the common ratio log an = log a1 + (n – 1) log r
R2  R2 – R1, R3  R3 – R1 in  gives
log a n log a n 1 log a n  2
3 log r 3 log r 3 log r = 0 since R2 and R3 are proportional ]
6 log r 6 log r 6 log r
Q.11
[Sol.(B) R1 R1 + R2 + R3
1 1 1
= (a + b + c) 2b b  c  a 2b C2 – C1  C2, C3 – C1 C3
2c 2c ca b

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1 0 0
 = (a + b + c) 2b  (a  b  c) 0 = (a + b + c)3. ]
2c 0  (a  b  c )
Q.12
[Sol.(A) Taking common factors x from C2, (x + 1) from C3 and (x – 1) from R3, we have
1 1 1
C  C 2  C3
f (x) = x (x2 – 1) 2x x  1 x 3
C  C1  C 2
3x x  2 x 2

1 0 0
= x (x2 – 1) 2x  ( x  1) 1 = 0  f (100) = 0 ]
3x  2( x  1) 2
Q.13
[Sol.(D) C1 + C2 + C3 C1 gives

1 x2 y2
1 y2 2 xy
= (x + y)2 R2 – R1  R2, R3 – R1 R3
1 2 xy x2

y2  x 2 2 xy  y 2
= (x + y)2 = – (x + y)2 [(x2 – y2) – (2xy – x2) (2xy – y2)
2 xy  x 2 x 2  y2
= – (x + y)2 [x2 – xy + y2]2 = – (x3 + y3)2 ]
Q.14
[Sol.(C) C1 + C2 + C3 C1 gives

1 (1  b 2 )x (1  c 2 ) x 1 (1  b 2 )x (1  c 2 )x
f (x) = 1 1  b 2 x (1  c 2 ) x R 2  R1  R 2 = 0 1 x 0 = (x – 1)2 ]
0 0 1  x
1 (1  b 2 )x 1  c 2 x R  R  R
3 1 3

Q.15
[Sol.(A,C) R1  R1 – R3 and R2  R2 – R3
1 0 1
0 1 1 =0
2 2
sin  cos  1  4 sin 4

1 7  11
sin2 + cos2 + 1 + 4 sin 4 = 0  sin 4 = –  = , ]
2 24 24
Q.16
a b a  b
[Sol.(B,D) b b  c C3 –  C1 – C2  C3
c
a  b b   c 0

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a b 0
= b c 0 = (b2 – ca) (a2 + 2b + c) = 0
2
a  b b  c  (a  2 b  c)
if a, b, c are in G.P. or  is a root of ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 ]
Q.17
Sol.(A,C,D) Expanding by the first row
1 (sin d)x – a (sin 2d)x + a2 (sin d)x which does not depend on p. ]

50 20 1
Q.18 [[Ans. ] Hint: an = ; d= ]
21 n 20

Q.19 
[Ans. 5 3 2  5 3 ] 
Q.20 [[Ans. 0]
1 1 1
Sol. Let the H.P. be , , ,.......
   d   2d
1 1 1
=  + (p – 1)d; =  + (q – 1)d ; =  + (r – 1)d
a b c
Dividing R1 by abc, we get

1 1 1
a b c   (p  1)d   (q  1)d   (r  1)d
abc p q r = abc p q r (R1  R1 – d R2 – R3)
1 1 1 1 1 1

d d d
abc p q r = 0 since R and R are proportional ]
1 3
1 1 1
Q.21 [Ans. 0000]
Sol. Put a = x2, b = kx, c = 4 + kx
a b c  ( a  b ) 2  ( b  c) 2  ( c  a ) 2 
Hence, f(x) = b c a = – (a + b + c)   > 0  x R.
 2 
c a b  

 – (x2 + 2kx + 4) > 0  x  R 12th, 26-08-2012,  x2 + 2kx + 4 < 0  x  R,

which is not possible. Hence, no value of k is possible.]

SOLUTION OF CHAPTER DRILL-02

Q.1 [Sol(C) Hint: Use c2  c2 – c1 & c3  c3 – c2 & then open by R3.]

Q.2 [Sol(B) 1 = 20 2 = 21 = 40

n
3 = 22 = 80 4 = 23 = 16
0 and so on n = 20 Ans. ]

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Q.3

3u 2 2u 3 1
2
[Sol.(A) 3v 2 2v3 1 =0 th, 07-12-2008, R1  R1 – R2 and R2  R2 – R3
3w 2w 3 1

u 2  v2 u 3  v3 0 uv u 2  v 2  vu 0
 v2  w 2 v3  w 3 0 =0  vw v 2  w 2  vw 0 =0
w2 w3 1 w2 w3 1

R1  R1 – R2

uw (u 2  w 2 )  v (u  w ) 0 1 uwv 0
vw v 2  w 2  vw 0 vw v 2  w 2  vw 0 =0
 =0 
w2 w3 1 w2 w3 1

 (v2 + w2 + vw) – (v + w) [(v + w) + u] = 0  v2 + w2 + vw = (v + w)2 + u (v + w)

 uv + vw + wu = 0 Ans.
Aliter: y = mx + c x = 3t2; y = 2t3 ]
Q.4
[Sol.(C) Consider the det. B, using R1  R1 + R2 + R3 [12th (28-5-2006)]
apx bq y crz
B=2 ax b y cz using R2  R2 – R1 and R3  R3 – R1
ap bq cr

apx bq y crz

=2 p q r using R1  R1 + R2 + R3  B = 2 det. A = 2 · 6 = 12 ]
x y z

Q.5
sin   cos    1
[Hint:(D) for non trivial solution cos  sin    = 0 ; this gives 2 cos (2 +  + 1) = 0 ]
   1 cos 

Q.6 [Sol.(D) for non trivial solution [12th, 20-07-

2008, P-1]
1  cos  cos 2
 cos  1  cos  = 0 using C1  C1 – C3
cos 2  cos  1

2 sin 2   cos  cos 2 1  cos  cos 2

0 1  cos  = 0  2 sin2 0 1  cos  = 0
 2 sin 2   cos  1  1  cos  1
sin2 = 0 or 1[1 – cos2] – 1[cos2 – cos 2]
sin2 – [cos2 – (cos2 – sin2)]  sin2 – sin2 = 0
hence D = 0    R  (D) ]
Q.7 [Hint: D  0  consistency]

Q.8 [Hint:(C) D simplifies to – 4(2t + 1) = 0 ]

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1 2 1
Q.9 [Sol.(B) D = 2 1  2 which vanishes; hence for atleast one solution D1 = D2 = D3 =
1 3 3
0
a 2 1
 D1 = b 1  2 = 0  a–b+c=0 [13th, 08-03-2009, P-2]
c 3 3

Q.10 [Sol.(A) x17 = kl = 100x + 10 + 7 ; 3y6 = km = 300 + 10y + 6

12z = kn = 100 + 20 + z; use R2  R2 + 100R1 + 10R3 to get the result]

Q.11 [Hint:(B) N = 770 = 2 × 5 × 7 × 11 th Test (2-Hence no. of ways = 2n – 1 = 23 = 8 ]

1 2a a
Q.12 [Hint:(B) For non zero solution 12th Test (16-1-2005)] 1 3b b = 0 ]
1 4c c

Q.13 [ Sol:(B)]
Q.14 [ Sol:(D)]
Q.15 [Sol.(B) Using R3  R3 – (R1 + R2) in F (x) [12th, 20-07-2008]
1 1  sin x 1  sin x  cos x
F (x) = 2 3  2 sin x 4  3 sin x  2 cos x R2  R2 – 2R1
0 2 5  2 sin x

1 1  sin x 1  sin x  cos x

F (x) = 0 1 2  sin x expanding (5 + 2 sin x) – (4 + 2 sin x) = 1
0 2 5  2 sin x


hence F (x) = 1  F'   =0 ]
2

2 3
Q.16 [Sol.(B) 2 = 12 3 = 22 = 14 Hence 1  ]
2
Q.17 [Sol.(A,B,D)]

Q.18 [Sol.(A,C) p = a ; q = a+ d ; r = a + 2d ; s = a + 3d  f (x) =  2 d2

Also use R1  R1 – R2 and R2  R2 – R3 ]
1 2 1
Q.19 [Sol.(A,C) Here = 2 1 1 =0 [13th, 12-02-2012, P-1]
4 5 3
 system of linear equations has either infinitely many solutions or no solution.
1 2 1

Now, 1 = 2 1 1 = 2 –  – 2 = ( – 2) ( + 1)
 5 3

1 1 1
2 = 2 2 1 = 2 –  – 2 = ( – 2) ( + 1)
4  3
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1 2 1
and 3 = 2 1 2 = – 3(2 –  – 2) = – 3( – 2) ( + 1)
4 5 
 The system has infinitely many solutions when  = – 1 or 2 and
no solution when   R – {– 1, 2}  (A) and (C) are correct. Ans.
Aliter :
Given, x + 2y + z = 1 ........(1)
2x + y + z =  ........(2)
4x + 5y + 3z = 2 ........(3)
(1) and (2)  x – y =  – 1  x = y – 1 +  ........(4)
 Putting above value of x in equation (1), we get
 z = 1 – x – 2y = 1 – y + 1 –  – 2y
z = 2 – 3y –  ........(5)
Now, putting x and z from equation (4) and equation (5) in equation (3), we get
4(y – 1 + ) + 5y + 3(2 – 3y – ) = 2
4y – 4 + 4 + 5y + 6 – 9y – 3 = 2
2 –  – 2 = 0 ; ( – 2) ( + 1) = 0 ;  If  = 2 or – 1  infinite solution
and  R – {– 1, 2}  No solution.  (A) and (C) are correct. Ans. ]

Q.20
sin 3  1 1
[Ans. 5] Sol. We have cos 2 4 3 = 0 th, 016-09-2009, Expanding along C1, we get
2 7 7
7 sin3 + 14 cos2 – 14 = 0 sin3 – 2(1 – cos2) = 0 3 sin – 4 sin3 – 4 sin2 = 0
1 
sin (2 sin – 1) (2 sin + 3) = 0 sin = 0 or sin = = sin
2 6
   5 
 = n, n + (–1)n where n  I  0, , , , 2  5 values Ans.]
6  6 6 
Q.21 [Ans. 119 where L = 110, M = 10, N = 1]
1 1 1
[Sol. Clearly,  = 2 1 3 = 1 (a – 6) – 1(2a – 3) + 1 (4 – 1) (Expanding along R1)
1 2 a
 =–a
Case-I : If a  0, then system of equations has unique solution.
Case-II: If a = 0, put z = k, we get x + y = 4 – k and 2x + y = 6 – 3k
 On solving, we get x = 2 – 2k, y = 2 + k
Now, substituting these values of x, y and z in equation x + 2y + a · z = b, we get
(2 – 2k) + 2 (2 + k) + a · k = bn  6 + 0k = b i.e, b = 6
Thus for b  6, there is no solution and for b = 6, there are infinite solution.
Hence, for unique solution a  0, b  R  L = 10 × 11 = 110
for no solution we must have a = 0, b  6  M = 1 × 10 = 10
for infinite solution a = 0 and b = 6  N=1×1=1
 L + M – N = 110 + 10 – 1 = 119 Ans.

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EXERCISE–I

2
7 5  3i  4i
3
Q.1 (a) Prove that the value of the determinant 5  3i 8 4  5i is real.
2
 4i 4  5i 9
3
(b) On which one of the parameter out of a, p, d or x, the value of the determinant

1 a a2
cos(p  d) x cos px cos(p  d) x does not depend.
sin(p  d) x sin px sin(p  d) x
x3 1 x2 x
(c) If y3  1 y 2 y = 0 and x , y , z are all different then , prove that xyz =  1.
z3  1 z 2 z
Q.2 Prove that

a 2  2a 2a  1 1 1 1 1
(a) 2a  1 a  2 1 = (a  1)3 (b) x y z = [(xy) (yz) (zx) (x+y+z)]
3 3 1 x3 y3 z3

3
x 1
2
Q.3 (a) Let f (x) = 2 2 1 . Find the minimum value of f (x) (given x > 1).
1 0 1
x 1 2
(b) If a2 + b 2 + c2 + ab + bc + ca  0  a, b, c  R, then find the value of the determinant

(a  b  2 ) 2 a 2  b2 1
1 ( b  c  2) 2 b  c2 .
2

c  a2
2
1 (c  a  2) 2

a b c bc ca a b
Q.4 If D = c a b and D = a  b b  c c  a then prove that D= 2 D.
b c a ca a b bc

1  a 2  b2 2ab  2b
Q.5 Prove that 2ab 1  a 2  b2 2a = (1 + a² + b²)3.
2 2
2b  2a 1 a  b

sin x sin( x  h ) sin( x  2h )

Q.6 Let f (x) = sin( x  2h ) sin x sin( x  h ) .
sin( x  h ) sin( x  2 h ) sin x

f ( x)
If Lim has the value equal to k(sin 3x + sin3x) find k  N.
h 0 h2
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      4       2 1
Q.7 Prove that       4       2 1 =  64(  )(  )(  )(  ) (  ) ( )
      4       2 1

Q.8 If a, b and c are the roots of the cubic x3 – 3x 2 + 2 = 0 then find the value of the determinant

( b  c) 2 a2 a2
b2 (c  a ) 2 b2
c2 c2 (a  b ) 2

Q.9 Solve for x

x  2 2 x  3 3x  4 x  2 2 x  3 3x  4
(a) 2 x  3 3x  4 4 x  5 = 0. (b) x  4 2 x  9 3x  16 = 0.
3x  5 5x  8 10 x  17 x  8 2x  27 3x  64

ax c b
Q.10 If a + b + c = 0 , solve for x : c bx a = 0.
b a cx
Q.11 Let a, b, c are the solutions of the cubic x3 – 5x2 + 3x – 1 = 0, then find the value of the determinant
a b c
a b bc ca .
bc ca ab

a2   ab ac
2
Q.12 Show that, ab b   bc is divisible by 2 and find the other factor..
2
ac bc c 

a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
Q.13 Prove that : (a  1) 2 ( b  1) 2 2
(c  1)  4 a b c .
(a  1) 2 ( b  1) 2 ( c  1) 2 1 1 1

cot A2 cot B2 cot C2

Q.14 In a  ABC, determine condition under which tan B2  tan C2 tan C2  tan A2 tan A2  tan B2 = 0
1 1 1
0 2x  2 2x  8 3 3
Q.15 If (x) = x  1 4 x 2  7 and f(x) =   a ij cij where aij is the element of ith row
0 0 x4 j 1 i 1

and jth column in (x) and cij is the cofactor aij  i and j, then find the greatest value of f(x) when
x  [– 3, 18].

(a  p) 2 (a  q) 2 (a  r) 2 (1  ap) 2 (1  aq) 2 (1  ar) 2

Q.16 Prove that : (b  p) 2 (b  q) 2 (b  r) 2  (1  bp) 2 (1  bq) 2 (1  br) 2
(c  p) 2 (c  q) 2 ( c  r) 2 (1  cp) 2 (1  cq) 2 (1  cr) 2

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Q.17 If a, b, c are the roots of the equation x3 – 12x2 + 39 x – 21 = 0, then find the value of the determinant
a bc cb
ac b ca .
ab ba c
Q.18 If ax1² + by1² + cz12 = ax22 + by22 + cz22 = ax32 + by32 + cz32 = d
and ax2x3 + by2y3 + cz2z3 = ax3x1 + by3y1 + cz3z1 = ax1x2 + by1y2 + cz1z2 = f,
x1 y1 z1 1/ 2
 d  2f 
then prove that x 2 y2 z 2 = (d  f)  (a , b , c  0)
 abc 
x3 y3 z3

S0 S1 S2
Q.19 If Sr = r + r + r then show that S1 S2 S3 = (  )2 ( )2 (  )2 .
S2 S3 S 4

Q.20 If u = ax2 + 2 bxy + cy2 , u = ax2 + 2 bxy + cy2. Prove that

y2  xy x 2
ax  by bx  cy 1 u u
a b c   .
  
axby bxcy  y ax  by a x  by
a b c
EXERCISE–II
Q.1 Solve the following using Cramer’s rule and state whether consistent or not.
x  yz6  0 x  2y  z  1 7 x  7 y  5z  3
(a) 2x  y  z  1  0 (b) 3x  y  z  6 (c) 3x  y  5z  7
x  y  2z  3  0 x  2y  0 2 x  3y  5z  5
Q.2 For what value of K do the following system of equations possess a non trivial (i.e. not all zero)
solution over the set of rationals Q?
x + K y + 3 z = 0 , 3 x + K y  2 z = 0 , 2 x + 3 y  4 z = 0.
For that value of K , find all the solutions of the system.
Q.3 The system of equations
x + y + z =  – 1
x + y + z =  – 1
x + y + z =  – 1
has no solution. Find .
Q.4 If the equations a(y + z) = x, b(z + x) = y, c(x + y) = z have nontrivial solutions, then find the value of
1 1 1
  .
1 a 1 b 1 c
Q.5 Given x = cy + bz ; y = az + cx ; z = bx + ay where x , y , z are not all zero , prove that
a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 abc = 1.
x y z
Q.6 Given a = ;b= ;c= where x, y, z are not all zero, prove that: 1 + ab + bc + ca = 0.
yz zx xy
Q.7 If sin q  cos q and x, y, z satisfy the equations
x cos p – y sin p + z = cos q + 1
x sin p + y cos p + z = 1 – sin q
x cos(p + q) – y sin (p + q) + z = 2
then find the value of x2 + y2 + z2.
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Q.8 Investigate for what values of ,  the simultaneous equations x + y + z = 6;

x + 2 y + 3 z = 10 & x + 2 y +  z =  have;
(a) A unique solution.(b) An infinite number of solutions. (c) No solution.
Q.9 For what values of p , the equations : x + y + z = 1 ; x + 2 y+ 4 z = p &
x + 4y + 10z = p2 have a solution? Solve them completely in each case.

Q.10 Solve the equations : K x + 2 y  2 z = 1, 4 x + 2 K y  z = 2, 6 x + 6 y + K z = 3

considering specially the case when K = 2.

Q.11(a) Let a, b, c, d are distinct numbers to be chosen from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. If the least possible positive
p
solution for x to the system of equations ax  by  1  can be expressed in the form where p and q
cx  dy  2 q
are relatively prime, then find the value of (p + q).
(b) Find the sum of all positive integral values of a for which every solution to the system of equations
x + ay = 3 and ax + 4y = 6 satisfy the inequalities x > 1, y > 0.
ap a p
Q.12 If bc + qr = ca + rp = ab + pq =  1 show that bq b q = 0.
cr c r

Q.13 If the following system of equations (a  t)x + by + cz = 0 , bx + (c  t)y + az = 0 and

cx + ay + (b  t)z = 0 has nontrivial solutions for different values of t , then show that we can express
product of these values of t in the form of determinant.
Q.14 Show that the system of equations
3x – y + 4z = 3 , x + 2y – 3z = –2 and 6x + 5y + z = – 3
has atleast one solution for any real number . Find the set of solutions of  = –5.

z  ay  a 2 x  a 3  0 
Q.15 Solve the system of equations ; z  by  b2 x  b3  0

z  cy  c 2 x  c3  0 
Q.16 Consider the system of equations
x – y + z = 
x – y + z = 1
x – y + z = 1
If L, M and N denotes the number of integral values of  in interval [–10, 10] for which the system
of the equations has unique solution, no solution and infinite solutions respectively, then find the value of
(L – M + N).

* * * *

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ANSWER

EXERCISE–I
Q.1 (b) p Q.3 (a) 4, (b) 65 Q.6 3 Q.8 – 108
3 2
Q.9 (a) x =  1 or x =  2; (b) x = 4 Q.10 x = 0 or x = ±
2

a  b2  c2 
Q.11 80 Q.12 2( a2 + b2 + c2 + ) Q.14 Triangle ABC is isosceles.
Q.15 0 Q.17 792
EXERCISE–II
Q.1 (a) x = 1 , y = 2 , z = 3 ; consistent (b) x = 2 , y =  1 , z = 1 ; consistent
(c) inconsistent
33 15
Q.2 K = , x : y: z =  : 1 :  3 Q.3 –2 Q.4 2 Q.7 2
2 2
Q.8 (a)   3 (b)  = 3,  =10 (c)  = 3,   10
Q.9 x = 1 + 2K , y =  3K , z = K, when p = 1 ; x = 2K, y = 1  3K , z = K when p = 2 ; where K  R
x y z 1
Q.10 If K  2,    ,
2
2(K6) 2K3 6(K2) 2 K 2K15  
1  2
If K= 2, then x = , y = and z = 0 where   R Q.11(a) 19, (b) 4
2
a b c
Q.13 b c a
c a b
4 9
Q.14 If   –5 then x = ; y = – and z = 0 ;
7 7
4  5K 13K  9
If  = 5 then x = ;y= and z = K where K  R
7 7
Q.15 x = (a + b + c) , y = ab + bc + ca , z = abc Q.16 Ans: 21

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MATHEMATICS

MATRICES
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KEY CONCEPTS
MATRICES
1. Definition: Rectangular array of m n numbers . Unlike determinants it has no value.
 a11 a12 ...... a1n   a11 a12 ...... a1n 
a   
 21 a22 ...... a2 n   a21 a22 ...... a2n 
A =  : : : :  or  : : : : 
   
am1 am2 ...... amn   am1 am2 ...... amn 

Abbreviated as : A =  ai j  1  i  m ; 1  j  n, i denotes the row and j denotes the column is

called a matrix of order m × n.

2. Special Type Of Matrices :

(a) Row Matrix : A = [ a11 , a12 , ...... a1n ] having one row . (1 × n) matrix.
(or row vectors)
 a11 
a 
A =  : 
21
(b) Column Matrix : having one column. (m × 1) matrix
(or column vectors)  
 am1 
(c) Zero or Null Matrix : (A = Om  n)
An m  n matrix all whose entries are zero .
 0 0  0 0 0
A =  0 0  is a 3  2 null matrix & B =  0 0 0 is 3  3 null matrix
 0 0   0 0 0
(d) Horizontal Matrix : A matrix of order m × n is a horizontal matrix if n > m.
1 2 3 4 
2 5 1 1 
  2 5
1 1 
(e) Verical Matrix : A matrix of order m × n is a vertical matrix if m > n. 
3 6
 
(f) Square Matrix : (Order n) 2 4

If number of row = number of column  a square matrix.

Note (i) In a square matrix the pair of elements aij & aj i are called Conjugate Elements.
 a11 a12 
e.g.  
 a21 a22 
(ii) The elements a11 , a22 , a33 , ...... ann are called Diagonal Elements . The line along which
the diagonal elements lie is called " Principal or Leading " diagonal.
The qty  ai i = trace of the matrice written as , i.e. tr A

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Square Matrix
Triangular Matrix Diagonal Matrix denote as
ddia (d1 , d2 , ....., dn) all elements
 1 3  2  1 0 0 except the leading diagonal are zero
   
A = 0 2 4 ; B =  2  3 0
    diagonal Matrix Unit or Identity Matrix
0 0 5  4 3 3
Upper Triangular Lower Triangular  d1 0 0
0 d  1 if i  j 
ai j = 0  i > j ai j = 0  i < j
 2 0  aij =  
 0 if i  j 
Note that : Minimum number of zeros in  0 0 d3 
a triangular matrix of Note: (1) If d 1 = d 2 = d 3 = a Scalar Matrix
order n = n(n–1)/2 (2) If d 1 = d 2 = d 3 = 1 Unit Matrix
Note: Min. number of zeros in a diagonal matrix of order n = n(n – 1)
"It is to be noted that with square matrix there is a corresponding determinant formed by the elements of A in the
same order."
3. Equality Of Matrices :
Let A = [a i j ] & B = [b i j ] are equal if ,
(i) both have the same order . (ii) ai j = b i j for each pair of i & j.
4. Algebra Of Matrices :
Addition :  
A + B = ai j  bi j where A & B are of the same type. (same order)
(a) Addition of matrices is commutative.
i.e. A+B = B+A A=mn ; B=mn
(b) Matrix addition is associative .
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C) Note : A , B & C are of the same type.
(c) Additive inverse.
If A + B = O = B + A A = mn
5. Multiplication Of A Matrix By A Scalar :
a b c   ka k b kc 
If A = b c a  ; k A =  kb kc ka 
c a b  kc ka k b 
   
6. Multiplication Of Matrices : (Row by Column)
AB exists if , A = m  n & B= np
23 33
AB exists , but BA does not  AB  BA
 A  prefactor
Note : In the product AB , 
 B  post factor

 b1 
b 
2
A = (a1 , a2 , ...... an) & B=  : 
 
 b n 
1n n1
A B = [a1 b1 + a2 b2 + ...... + an bn]
n
 
If A = ai j m  n & B =  bi j  n  p matrix , then (A B)i j = 
r 1
ai r . b r j

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Properties Of Matrix Multiplication :
1. Matrix multiplication is not commutative .
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
A = 0 0 ; B =  0 0  ; AB =  0 0  ; BA =  0 0 
       
 AB  BA (in general)
 1 1   1 1  0 0
2. AB =  2 2   1 1 =  0 0   AB = O   A = O or B = O
     
Note: If A and B are two non- zero matrices such that AB = O then A and B are called the divisors of
zero. Also if [AB] = O  | AB |  | A | | B | = 0  | A | = 0 or | B | = 0 but not the converse.
If A and B are two matrices such that
(i) AB = BA  A and B commute each other
(ii) AB = – BA  A and B anti commute each other
3. Matrix Multiplication Is Associative :
If A , B & C are conformable for the product AB & BC, then
(A . B) . C = A . (B . C)
4. Distributivity :
A (B  C)  A B  A C
 Provided A, B & C are conformable for respective products
(A  B) C  A C  BC
5. POSITIVE INTEGRAL POWERS OF A SQUARE MATRIX :
For a square matrix A , A2 A = (A A) A = A (A A) = A3 .
Note that for a unit matrix I of any order , Im = I for all m  N.
6. MATRIX POLYNOMIAL :
If f (x) = a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + ......... + anx0 then we define a matrix polynomial
f (A) = a0An + a1An–1 + a2An–2 + ..... + anIn
where A is the given square matrix. If f (A) is the null matrix then A is called the zero or root of the
polynomial f (x).
DEFINITIONS :
(a) Idempotent Matrix : A square matrix is idempotent provided A2 = A.
Note that An = A  n > 2 , n  N.
(b) Nilpotent Matrix: A square matrix is said to be nilpotent matrix of order m, m  N, if
Am = O , Am–1  O.
(c) Periodic Matrix : A square matrix is which satisfies the relation AK+1 = A, for some positive integer K,
is a periodic matrix. The period of the matrix is the least value of K for which this holds true.
Note that period of an idempotent matrix is 1.
(d) Involutary Matrix : If A2 = I , the matrix is said to be an involutary matrix.
Note that A = A–1 for an involutary matrix.
7. The Transpose Of A Matrix : (Changing rows & columns)
Let A be any matrix . Then , A = ai j of order m  n
 AT or A = [ aj i ] for 1  i  n & 1  j  m of order n  m
Properties of Transpose : If AT & BT denote the transpose of A and B ,
(a) (A ± B)T = AT ± BT ; note that A & B have the same order.
IMP. (b) (A B)T = BT AT A & B are conformable for matrix product AB.
(c) (AT)T = A
(d) (k A)T = k AT k is a scalar .

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General : (A1 , A2 , ...... An)T = A Tn , ....... , A 2T , A 1T (reversal law for transpose)

8. Symmetric & Skew Symmetric Matrix :
 
A square matrix A = ai j is said to be ,
symmetric if ,
ai j = a j i  i & j (conjugate elements are equal) (Note A = AT)
n (n  1)
Note: Max. number of distinct entries in a symmetric matrix of order n is .
2
and skew symmetric if ,
ai j =  aj i  i & j (the pair of conjugate elements are additive inverse
of each other) (Note A = –AT )
Hence If A is skew symmetric, then
ai i =  ai i ai i = 0  i
Thus the digaonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are all zero , but not the converse .
Properties Of Symmetric & Skew Matrix :
P  1 A is symmetric if AT = A
T
A is skew symmetric if A =  A
P  2 A + AT is a symmetric matrix
A  AT is a skew symmetric matrix .
Consider (A + AT)T = AT + (AT)T = AT + A = A + AT
A + AT is symmetric .
Similarly we can prove that A  AT is skew symmetric .
P  3 The sum of two symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix and
the sum of two skew symmetric matrix is a skew symmetric matrix .
Let AT = A ; BT = B where A & B have the same order .
T
(A + B) = A + B
Similarly we can prove the other
P  4 If A & B are symmetric matrices then ,
(a) A B + B A is a symmetric matrix
(b) AB  BA is a skew symmetric matrix .
P  5 Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
1 1
A= (A + AT) + (A  AT)
2 2

P Q
Symmetric Skew Symmetric
9. Adjoint Of A Square Matrix :
 a11 a12 a13 
 
Let A =  
ai j =  a 21 a 22 a 23  be a square matrix and let the matrix formed by the
a a 33 
 31 a 32
 C11 C12 C13 
 
cofactors of [ai j ] in determinant A is =  C 21 C 22 C 23  .
C C33 
 31 C32
 C11 C 21 C31 
 
Then (adj A) =  C12 C 22 C 32 
C 
 13 C 23 C33 
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V. Imp. Theorem : A (adj. A) = (adj. A).A = |A| In , If A be a square matrix of order n.
Note : If A and B are non singular square matrices of same order, then
(i) | adj A | = | A |n – 1
(ii) adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
(iii) adj(KA) = Kn–1 (adj A), K is a scalar
Inverse Of A Matrix (Reciprocal Matrix) :
A square matrix A said to be invertible (non singular) if there exists a matrix B such that,
A B = I = BA
B is called the inverse (reciprocal) of A and is denoted by A 1 . Thus
A 1 = B  A B = I = B A .
We have , A . (adj A) = A In
A 1 A (adj A) = A 1 In 
In (adj A) = A 1 A In
(adj A )
 A 1 =
|A |
Note : The necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix A to be invertible is that A 0.
Imp. Theorem : If A & B are invertible matrices ofthe same order , then (AB) 1 = B 1 A 1. This is reversal
law for inverse.
Note :
(i) If A be an invertible matrix , then AT is also invertible & (AT) 1 = (A 1)T.
(ii) If A is invertible, (a) (A 1) 1 = A ; (b) (Ak) 1 = (A 1)k = A–k, k  N
(iii) If A is an Orthogonal Matrix. AAT = I = ATA
(iv) A square matrix is said to be orthogonal if , A 1 = AT .
1
(v) | A–1 | =
|A|

SYSTEM OF EQUATION & CRITERIAN FOR CONSISTENCY

GAUSS - JORDAN METHOD
x+y+ z = 6
xy+z =2
2x+ y z = 1
 x  y z   6
 x  yz   
or   =  2
 2x  yz  1

1 1 1  x  6
 1 1 1   y  2
    = 1
 2 1 1  z  
AX = B  A 1 A X = A 1 B

( adj. A ).B
X = A 1 B = .
|A|
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Note :
(1) If A 0, system is consistent having unique solution
(2) If A 0 & (adj A) . B  O (Null matrix) ,
system is consistent having unique non  trivial solution .
(3) If A 0 & (adj A) . B = O (Null matrix) ,
system is consistent having trivial solution .

(4) If A= 0 , matrix method fails

If (adj A) . B = null matrix = O If (adj A) . B  O

Consistent (Infinite solutions) Inconsistent (no solution)

SOLVED EXAMPLES
[STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE]
1 378
Q.1 If the product of n matrices 1 1 1 2 1 3 .......... 1 n  is equal to the matrix 0 1 
0 1 0 1  0 1 0 1 
then the value of n is equal to
(A) 26 (B) 27 (C) 377 (D) 378
 n ( n  1) 
1 1 1  2  3  ....  n 
[Sol.(B) Product =  2  ; p = 0 1 
0 1 

n ( n  1)
 = 378  n = 27 Ans. ]
2

LM1 2 x OP 1 2 yLM OP
Q.2 If A = M0 PP MM PP
1 0 and B = 0 1 0 and AB = I , then x + y equals
MN0 0 1 Q 0 0 1 N 3
Q
(A) 0 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) none of these
LM1 2 x OP LM1 2 y OP LM
1 0 xy OP
We have I = AB = M0 1 0 PP MM0 PP
1 0 = 0 1 0MM PP
[Sol.(A) 3
MN0 0 1 Q N0 0 1 Q
0 0 1 N
 x + y = 0]
Q
LM3 4 OP and B = LM2 5OP then X such that A + 2X = B equals
Q.3 If A =
N1 6Q N 6 1Q
L 2 3OP
(A) M (B) M
L 3 5OP (C) M
L 5 2OP
N 1 0 Q N 1 0 Q N 1 0 Q (D) none of these

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1 LM
1 5 1 OP
[Sol:(D) X=
2
(B – A) =
2 5 7N ]
Q
a b 
Q.4 If A = c d  satisfies the equation x2 – (a + d)x + k = 0, then
 
(A) k = bc (B) k = ad (C) k = ad–bc (D) k = a2 + b2 + c2 + d2
2
a b  a b  a  bc ab  bd  a (a  d ) b (a  d ) k 0 
[Sol.(C) We have A2 = c d  c d  =  ac  cd bc  d 2  ; (a + d)A = c(a  d ) d (a  d ) ;  0 k 
        

bc  ad 0 
 A2 –(a + d)A =  0 bc  da  = (bc – ad) I

As A2 – (a + d)A + kI = 0, we get (bc –ad)I + kI = 0  k = ad – bc
Aliter: Use Cayley Hamilton Theorem.]

 1 0 2  x 
Q.5 If x  5  1 0 2 1   4  = O, then x equals
 2 0 3  1 
  

(A) ± 2 3 (B) ± 4 3 (C) ± 3 2 (D) ± 4 2

1 0 2  x 
[Sol.(B) Given, x  5  113 0 2 1  4 = 0
2 0 3  1 
  33   31

x 
 x  2  10 2 x  813 4 = 0
1 
 31

 (x – 2)x – 40 + (2x – 8) = 0  x2 = 48  x = ± 4 3 Ans.]

1 2 0  2  1 5
Q.6 Let A + 2B =  6  3 3 and 2A – B =  2  1 6
 5 3 1  0 1 2
then Tr (A) – Tr (B) has the value equal to
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) none

[Sol:(C) tr(A) + 2 tr(B) = – 1 (from the given matrix) and 2 tr(A) – tr(B) = 3 (from the given matrix)
Let tr(A) = x and tr(B) = y
x + 2y = – 1
2x – y = 3
solving x = 1 and y = – 1
Hence tr(A) – tr(B) = x – y = 2 ]

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Q.7 The number of solutions of the matrix equation X2 =I other than I, is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) more than 2
(where I is the 2 × 2 unit matrix )
a b a b 1 0
[Sol.(D) X2 =  c d   c d  =  0 1 
     
 a 2  bc ab  bd  1 0
=  ac  cd bc  d 2  =  0 1 
   
They should be simultaneously satisfied
a2 + bc = 1 ....(1)
b(a + d) = 0 ....(2)
c(a + d) = 0 ....(3)
bc + d2 = 1 ....(4)
from (1) bc = 1 – a2
from (4) 1 – a2 + d 2 = 1
a2 – d 2 = 0  a = d or a = – d
Case-I : a = d
from (2), 2ab = 0 and 2ac = 0
1
if a = 0 then d = 0 and from (1) c =
b
hence general matrix X satisfying X2 = I can be
0 b
1   infinite in number with b  R – {0}]
 0
b 

1 3 1 0 
Q.8 Given A = 2 2 ; I = 0 1  . If A – I is a singular matrix then
   
(A)    (B) 2 – 3 – 4 = 0 (C) 2 + 3 + 4 = 0 (D) 2 – 3 – 6 = 0
[Sol(B) A – I
1 3  0  1   3 
=  2 2 –  0   =  2 2   
    
since A – I is singular  det. (A – I) = 0;
1  3 2
now 2 2   = (1 – ) (2 – ) – 6 =  – 3 – 4
hence 2 – 3 – 4 = 0 ]
 1 sin  1 
Q.9 Let A =  sin  1 sin  , where 0   < 2, then
  1  sin  1 
(A) Det (A) = 0 (B) Det A  (0, ) (C) Det (A)  [2, 4] (D) Det A  [2, )
1 sin  1
[Sol.(C) | A | =  sin  1 sin  = 1(1 + sin2) – sin(– sin + sin) + (1 + sin2) = 2 (1 + sin2)
1  sin  1
| sin |  1  –1  sin  1  0  sin2  1
 1  1 + sin2  2  2  2(1 + sin2)  4  | A |  [2, 4] ]

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3  x 2 2 
 2 4x 1  is singular, is
Q.10 Number of real values of x for which the matrix A =  
  2  4  1  x 
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) infinite
[Sol:(B) x = 0 or 3 ]

 1 tan x  T –1
Q.11 A =  tan x 1  then let us define a function f (x) = det. (A A ) then which of the following can

not be the value of f f f f ...........f (x )  is (n  2)

n times

(A) f n(x) (B) 1 (C) f n – 1(x) (D) n f (x)

 1 tan x 
[Sol.(D) A =  tan x 1 

hence det. A = sec2x
 det AT = sec2x
det . (A T )
now f (x) = det. (AT A–1) = (det. AT) (det. A–1) = (det. AT) (det. A)–1 = =1
det .( A )
hence, f (x) = 1. Ans.]

 1   1  1  1 
Q.12 A is a 2 × 2 matrix such that A 1 =  2  and A2 1 = 0  . The sum of the elements of A, is
       
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) 5
 1   1
[Sol.(D) A 1 =  2  ....(1)
   
 1  1 
and A2 1 = 0  ....(2)
   
a b  a b  1   1 a  b   1
Let A be given by A = c d  ; hence c d  1 =  2  ; c  d  =  2 
  
         
The first equation gives
a–b=–1 ....(3) and c–d=2 ....(4)
1  1   1  1 
For second equation, A2 1 = A A 1  = A  2   = 0  .
        
This gives – a + 2b = 1 ....(5) and – c + 2d = 0 ....(6)
(3) + (5)  b = 0 and a = – 1
(4) + (6)  d = 2 and c = 4
so the sum a + b + c + d = 5 Ans.]

Q.13 In a square matrix A of order 3 the elements, ai i's are the sum of the roots of the equation
x2 – (a + b)x + ab = 0; ai , i + 1's are the product of the roots, ai , i – 1's are all unity and the rest of the
elements are all zero. The value of the det. (A) is equal to
(A) 0 (B) (a + b) 3 (C) a3 – b3 (D) (a2 + b2)(a + b)
[Sol.(D) Given a11 = a22 = a33 = a + b

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a12 = a23 = ab; a21 = 1 = a32, all others are zero.
a  b ab 0
Det (A) = 1 a  b ab = (a2 + b2)(a + b)]
0 1 ab

Q.14 Let Dk is the k × k matrix with 0's in the main diagonal, unity as the element of 1st row and  f (k ) th
column and k for all other entries. If f (x) = x – {x} where {x} denotes the fractional part function then
the value of det. (D2) + det. (D3) equals
(A) 32 (B) 34 (C) 36 (D) none
0 1
[Sol.(B) Det. (D2) = 2 0 ( f (2) = 2  1st and 2nd column = 1)

0 3 1
|||ly Det. (D3) = 3 0 3 ( f (3) = 3  a13 = 1)
3 3 0
Det. (D2) = – 2 ; Det. (D3) = 36
 Det. (D2) + Det. (D3) = 34.]

50
1 2 r  1
Q.15 For a matrix A = 0
 1  , the value of  r 1
1 2r  1 is equal to
0 1 

1 100 1 4950 1 5050 1 2500

(A) 0 1  (B) 0 1  (C) 0 1  (D) 0 1 
    
[Sol.(D)

0 1  1 A
Q.16 A is an involutary matrix given by A = 4  3 4  then the inverse of will be
2
3  3 4 

A 1 A
(A) 2A (B) (C) (D) A2
2 2

[Sol.(A) A is involutary  A2 = I  A = A–1

1
A A
now A2 =   (2A) = I  2A =   ]
2 2

2 1  3 4  3  4
Q.17 Let three matrices A = 4 1 ; B = 2 3 and C =  2 3  then
     

 ABC   A ( BC) 2   A ( BC) 3 

tr(A) + tr  
 +t     + ....... +  =
4  + tr  8 
 2  r   
(A) 6 (B) 9 (C) 12 (D) none
 3 4  3  4 1 0 
[Sol.(A) BC = 2 3  2 3   BC = 0 1  = I
    

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A A
tr(A) + tr   + tr  2  + .......
2 2 
1 1
= tr(A) + tr(A) + 2 tr(A) + .......
2 2
t r (A )
= = 2 tr(A) = 2(2 + 1) = 6 Ans. ]
1  1 2

Q.18 If A is an idempotent matrix satisfying,

(I – 0.4A)–1 = I – A
where I is the unit matrix of the same order as that of A then the value of  is equal to
(A) 2/5 (B) 2/3 (C) – 2/3 (D) 1/2
[Sol.(C) Given A2 = A
I = (I – 0.4A)(I – A)
= I – IA – 0.4AI + 0.4A2
= I – A – 0.4A + 0.4A
= I – A(0.4 + ) + 0.4A
hence 0.4 = 0.4 +   = – 2/3 Ans. ]

3 1 
Q.19 Consider a matrix A =  6  2 , then (I + A)99 equals (where I is a unit matrix of order 2)
 
(A) I + 298A (B) I + 299A (C) I + (299 + 1)A (D) I + (299 – 1)A
3 13 1 3 1
[Sol.(D) A2 =  = 
 6  2  6  2  6  2
  
 A2 = A
 A is an idempotent matrix.
Now, (I + A)99 = 99C0 I + 99C1 A + 99C2 A2 + ....... + 99C99 A99
= I + A (99C1 + 99C2 + ....... + 99C99) { A = A2 = A3 = ......... = A99}
99
= I + (2 – 1)A ]

Q.20 If A is a non-null diagonal matrix of order 3 such that A2 = A, then number of possible matrices A, is
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 8 (D) 7
[Sol.(D) A2 = A  d1, d2, ........ dn be the diagonal matrix of A, then
A2 = A  d12 = d1, d22 = d2, ....... , dn2 = dn
Now, d12 = d1  either di = 0 or di = 1
Number of ways in which diagonal elements can be filled up is 23
 Number of required matrices is 23 –1 = 7.]

2 0 7    14 7 
Q.21 Let A = 0 1 0 and B =  0 1 0  . If AB = I, where I is an identity matrix
1  2 1     4  2 
   
of order 3 then trace B has value equal to
2 1
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D) 5
5 5

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[Sol.(B) We have AB = I, so
2 0 7    14 7  1 0 0 
 0 1 0  0 1 0  = 0 1 0 
1  2 1     4  2  0 0 1 
     

5 0 0  1 0 0 
 0 1 0  = 0 1 0  (Given)
 0 10  2 5  0 0 1 
   
1
 5 = 1   =
5
1 3 2
Now, trace (B) = (–) + 1 + (–2) = 1 – 3 = 1 – 3   = 1 – = .]
5 5 5

3 2  3 1 9 –1
Q.22 Let the matrix A and B be defined as A =  and B = 7 3 . If det(2A B ) = – 2,
2  
then the number of distinct possible real values of  equals
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
[Sol.(B) We have
9
22 A
det(2A9B–1) = –2  = – 2  4 (3 – 4)9 = – 2 (2)  (3 – 4)9 = – 1,
B
which is possible when 3 – 4 = – 1  3 = 3   = 1.
So, only one real value of  exists. ]

[COMPREHENSION TYPE]
Paragraph for Question no. 23 to 25

3 0 1 
 
Let A = [aij] be a 3 × 3 matrix such that A = 0 1  1 . Suppose u1, u2, u3 are three
1 1 0 

1   1 0 
  1 1 
column vectors such that Au1 = 0  , Au2 =   and Au3 =  .
0   0  2 
B is a 3 × 3 matrix whose first, second and third columns are u1, u2 and u3 respectively.

Q.23 The trace of matrix B is equal to

[Note : The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries.]
2 4
(A) (B) 1 (C) (D) 2
3 3

Q.24 The value of det. (2B) is equal to

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 8

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3i
Q.25 Let C = [cij] be a 3 × 3 matrix where cij = a for 1 i, j 3, then the determinant of matrix
9 j ij
C is equal to
(A) 2(314) (B) 2(315) (C) 2(318) (D) 2(319)

 a1   b1   c1 
[Sol. Let u1 = a 2  , u2 = b 2  , u = c2 
a  b  3 c 
 3  3  3

3 0 1   a1  3a1  a 3  1 
Au1 = 0 1  1 a 2  =  a 2  a 3  = 0 
1 1 0  a   a  a  0 
   3  1 2   
 3a1 + a3 = 1, a2 – a3 = 0, a1 + a2 = 0.
1 1 1
 a1 = ,a = ,a =
2 2 2 3 2

3 0 1   b1  3b1  b3   1
Similarly Au2 = 0 1  1 b 2  =  b 2  b3  =  1 
1 1 0   b   b  b   0 
   3  1 3   
 3b1 + b3 = – 1, b2 – b3 = 1, b1 + b2 = 0
b1 = 0, b3 = – 1, b2 = 0

3 0 1   c1  3c1  c3  0 
Similarly Au3 = 0 1  1 c2  =  c 2  c3  = 1 
1 1 0  c   c  c  2 
   3  1 2   
 3c1 + c3 = 0, c2 – c3 = 1, c1 + c2 = 2

1  1
2 0
2
1 5 3  1 5
c1 = ,c = ,c =  B=  0  .
2 2 2 3 2 2 2
 1  1 3 
 2 2 

1 3 4
(23)(D)trace (B) =  0  = = 2.
2 2 2
(24)(D)det (2B) = 23 | B | where
1 5 1 1  5 1
B =  0      0 =  = 1
2 2 2  2  4 4
3
Hence, det (2B) = (2) · 1 = 8.

(25)(C)As, cij = 3i + 2j aij , 1  i, j  3

33 a11 35 a12 37 a13 

 4 6 
Now, C =  3 a 21 3 a 22 38 a 23 
 35 a 7
39 a 33 
 31 3 a 32

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a11 a12 a13 a11 a12 a13

 C = 33 35 37 3 a 21 3 a 22 3 a 23 = 33 35 37 3 32 a 21 a 22 a 23
32 a 31 32 a 32 32 a 33 a 31 a 32 a 33

3 0 1
= 318 0 1  1 = 318 3(0  1)  1(0  1)   C = 2(318). Ans.]
1 1 0

Paragraph for question nos. 26 to 28

If A is a symmetric and B skew symmetric matrix and A + B is non singular and C = (A + B)–1(A – B)
then
Q.26 CT(A + B)C =
(A) A + B (B) A – B (C) A (D) B

Q.27 CT(A – B)C =

(A) A + B (B) A – B (C) A (D) B

Q.28 CTAC =
(A) A + B (B) A – B (C) A (D) B
[Sol.
(26)(A)(A + B)C = (A + B)(A + B)–1(A – B)  (A + B)C = A – B ....(1)


CT = (A – B)T (A  B) 1 T


= (A + B) (A  B)T 
1
{as | A + B |  0  | (A + B)T |  0  | A – B |  0}
= (A + B)(A – B)–1 ....(2)
(1) & (2) CT (A + B)C = (A + B)(A – B)–1(A – B) = (A + B) ....(3) Ans.

(27)(B)taking transpose in (3) CT (A + B)T (CT)T = (A + B)T, CT(A – B)C = A – B ....(4)

(28)(C)adding (3) and (4) CT [A + B + A – B]C = 2A, CTAC = A Ans. ]

[INTEGER TYPE]
Q.29 Let A and B are two square idempotent matrices such that AB ± BA in a null matrix, then the value of
the det. (A – B) can be equal
(A) – 1 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 2
[Sol.(A,B,C) Given A2 = A and B2 = B
(A – B)(A + B) = A – B
det (A – B) · det (A + B) = det (A – B) ....(1)
det (A – B) = 0 or det (A + B) = 1
and (A – B)2 = A2 + B2 – (AB + BA) = A2 + B2 = A + B
{det.(A – B)}2 = det (A + B)
if det (A + B) = 1 then det (A – B) = ± 1
 det (A – B) = 0, + 1, – 1 Ans. ]

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SOLVED EXAMPLES (FOR XII APPEARING ONLY)

 4 4 4   1 1 1 
  
Q 01. Determine the product  7 1 3   1 2 2  and use it to solve the system of
 5 3 1   2 1 3 

equations : x  y  z  4, x  2y  2z  9, 2x  y  3z  1 .

 1 1 1   4 4 4 
   
Sol :Let A   1 2 2  and C   7 1 3 .
 2 1 3   5 3 1 

 4 4 4   1 1 1 
Then the given product is CA   7 1

3   1 2 2 

 5 3 1   2 1 3 

 4  4  8 4  8  4 4  8  12   8 0 0  1 0 0
     
 CA  7  1  6 7  2  3
 7  2  9    0 8 0   CA  8  0 1 0   8I3
 5  3  2 5  6  1 5  6  3   0 0 8   0 0 1 

 4 4 4 
1 1  1 [By def. of inverse] 1 1 
1
 CA  I3   C  A  I3  A  C erse]  A    7 1 3  …(1)
8 8  8 8
 5 3 1 

 1 1 1   4 
  
The given system of equations can be written in matrix form as  1 2 2   9  or AX  B ,
 2 1 3   1 

 1 1 1  x 4
   
where A   1 2 2  , X   y  and B   9 
 2 1 3   z   1 

 4 4 4   4 
1  
The solution of this system of equations is given by X  A 1B  X  8  7 1 3   9  [Using (1)]
 5 3 1   1 

x  16  36  4   24   3 
 y   1  28  9  3   1  16    2 
   8  8     x  3, y  2 and z  1
 z   20  27  1   8   1 

Q 02. Using matrices, solve the following system of equat ions

3x  y  z  5, 2x  2y  3z  7, x  y  z  1 .

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Sol: The given system of equation can be written
3 1 1  x 5
as AX  B ,where A  2 2 3  , X   y  and B   7 
   
1 1 1   z   1

3 1 1
Now, A  2 2 3  3  2  3    1  2  3   1  2  2   3  5  4  4  0
1 1 1

 A 1 exist sand so the given system has a unique solution X  A 1 B

2 3 2 3 2 2 1 1
Here, A 11   1, A 12    5, A 13   4; A 21    0,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 3 1
A 22    4, A 23    4 A 31    1, A 32    7, A 33   4;
1 1 1 1 2 3 2 3 2 2

t
 1 5 4   1 0 1   1 0 1 
    1 1 1 
 adjA  0 4 4  5 4 7  A  adjA    5 4 7 
    A 4
 1 7 4  4 4 4  4 4 4 

 1 0 1   5   5  0  1   4   1 
 X  A 1B  
1      1 25  28  7    1  4    1
5 4 7   7 
4 4  4   
 4 4 4   1 20  28  4   4   1 

x  1 
 y    1
      x  1, y  1,z  1 . Hence, the solution of the given system of equation is
 z   1 

x  1, y  1, z  1

Q 03. Solve the following system of equations, using matrices:

2 3 10 4 6 5 6 9 20
   4,    1,    2; where x, y, z  0
x y z x y z x y z

1 1 1
Sol: Let x  a, y  b and  c, then the given system of equations become
z

2a  3b  10c  4 , 4a  6b  5c  1 , 6a  9b  20c  2

2 3 10  a  4 
     
This system of equations can be written as AX  B …(i)wheree A  4 6 5  , X   b and B  1 
6 9 20   c  2 

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2 3 10 1 1 2 0 1 2
Now, A  4 6 5  2.3.5 2 2 1  30 4 2 1  30   4  6  4   300  4  1200  0
6 9 20 3 3 4 0 3 4

 A1 exists and so the system (i) has a unique solution X  A 1B

6 5 4 5 4 6
A 11   75, A 12    110, A 13   72;
9 20 6  20 6 9

3 10 2 10
A 21    150, A 22    100,
9 20 6  20

2 3 3 10 2 10 2 3
A 23    0; A 31   75, A 32    30, A 33   24
6 9 6 5 4 5 4 6

t
 75 110 72   75 150 75   75 150 75 
    1 1 1  
 AdjA  150 100 0   110 100 30   A   adjA   110 100 30 
 A 1200 
 75 30 24  72 0 24   72 0 24 

 75 150 75   4  300  150  150 600 

1 
1   1   1  
X  A B 110 100 30  1   440  100  60   400 
1200  120  1200 
 72 0 24   2  288  0  48  240 

 a  1 / 2
 b   1 / 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
     a  , b  , c    ,  ,   x  2, y  3, z  5
 c  1 / 5 2 3 5 x 2 y 3 z 5

Hence, the solution of the given system of equation is: x  2, y  3, z  5

Q 04. The cost of 4kg onion, 3kg wheat and 2kg rice is Rs.93 the cost of 2kg onion. 4kg wheat
and 6kg rice is Rs.144 the cost of 6kg onion, 2kg wheat and 3kg rice is Rs. 112 Find the
cost of each item per kg using matrix method

Sol: Let the cost of onion, wheat and rice per kg be Rs. x, Rs. y and Rs.
s. z respectively..

According to the given conditions of the question, we have,

4x  3y  2z  93 , 2x  4y  6z  144 i.e., x  2y  3z  72 , 6x  2y  3z  112

 4 3 2  x   93 
     
The given system of equations can be written as AX  B wheree A   1 2 3 , X  y  and B   72 
6 2 3  z  112

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Now A  4  6  6   3 3  18   2 2  12   45  20  25  0

 A 1 exists, so the given system has a unique solution X  A 1B

Here, A 11  0, A 12  15, A 13   10, A 21   5, A 22  0, A 23  10, A 31  5, A 32   10, A 33  5

0 15 10  0 5 5 
1 1 1   1  
A  adjA  5 0 10   15 0 10
A 25  25 
 5 10 5   10 10 5 

x   0 5 5   93  200  8 
 y   1  15 0 10  72   1 275  11 
   25    25      x  8, y  11, z  14
 z   10 10 5  112 350 14 

 Cost of onion Rs.8, wheat Rs.11 and rice Rs.14 per kg. C1

Q 05. Gaurav purchases 3pens, 2bags and 1 instrument box and pays Rs.41. From the same
shop, Dheeraj purchases 2pens, 1bagand 2 instrument boxes and pays Rs.29, while
Ankur purchases 2pens, 2bags and 2instrument boxes and pays Rs.44. Translate the
problem in to a system of equations. Solve the system of equations by matrix method
and hence find the cost of 1pen, 1bag and 1 in strument box.

Sol: s. y and price of 1 instrument boxx  Rs.

Let price of 1pen  Rs. x , price of 1bag  Rs. s. z

 By the given conditions, 3x  2y  z  41 , 2x  y  2z  29 , 2x  2y  2z  44

3 2 1 x  41  3 2 1
1 2 2 2 2 1
Let A   2 1 2  , X   y  , B   29   AX  B Now,
w, A  2 1 2  3 2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
 2 2 2   z   44  2 2 2

 3  2  4   2  4  4   1  4  2   6  0  2  4  0  The system AX  B has unique solution.

1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1
For A, A11   2 , A 12    0 , A 13   2 , A 21    2 ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 1 3 2 2 1 3 1 3 2
A 22   4 , A 23    2 , A 31   3 , A 32     4 , A33   1
2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1

 2 0 2   2 2 3 
 adjA  2 4 2    0

4 4 

  
 3 4 1   2 2 1 

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 2  2 3   1 / 2 1 / 2  3 / 4 
adjA 1    
 A 1

A

4 
0 4 4    0 1 1 
 2 2 1   1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 4 

 The unique solution X  A 1B implies

 82  58  132   8 
 4   4   2 
 x   1 / 2 1 / 2 3 / 4   41       
y  0 1 1   29   15    15    15 
    82  58  44   20   5 
 z   1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 4   44       
 4   4 

 x  2, y  15, z  5  Price of one pen  Rs.2

 Price of one bag  Rs.15  Price of one instrument  Rs.5

3 1 2
 
Q 06. Using elementary row transformation find the inverse of the matrix A = 2 0 1 .
3 5 0 

3 1 2 1 0 0  1 1 1 1 1 0
     
Sol: We have A= I A or 2 0 1 = 0 1 0  A  2 0 1 = 0 1 0 A (R1R1R2)
3 5 0  0 0 1  3 5 0  0 0 1
   

1 1 1   1 1 0  1 1 1   1 1 0

 0 2 1  =
  2 3 0  A  0  = 1 3/ 2 0 A (R  1 R )
  1 1/ 2  2
  2 2
0 2 3   3 3 1  0 2 3  3 3 1
 
( R 2  R 2 2R 1and R 3  R 3 3R 1 )

1 0 1/2  0 1/ 2 0
 
 0 1 1/ 2  = 1 3/2 0 A (R1R1+R2andR3R3+2R2)
0 0 4   5 6 1
 

1 0 1/2  0 1/2 0  1 0 0  5 / 8 5 / 4 1/8 

1
 0 1 1/ 2  =  1 3/ 2 0  A
  
(R3 R3)  0 1 0 =  3 / 8 3 / 4 1 / 8  A
4    
0 0 1   5 / 4 3 / 2 1 / 4 0 0 1  5/ 4 3/ 2 1 / 4 

 5/ 8 5 / 4 1 / 8 
1 1  
(R1R1+ R3andR2R2+ R3) Hence A-1=  3/ 8 3 / 4 1 / 8  .
2 2  5 / 4 3 / 2 1 / 4 

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Q 07. Find the inverse of the following matrices, if they exist, by elementary row operations

3 0 1 1 2 3 2 1 4 
     
(i) 2 3 0  (ii)  2 5 7  (iii) 4 0 2 
0 4 1  2 4 5 3 2 7 

3 0 1 3 0 1 1 0 0
A 2 3 0  ,    
Sol: (i)Let    then A  I3 A  2 3 0   0 1 0 A
0 4 1  0 4 1  0 0 1 

1 3 1 1 1 0
   
 2 3 0   0 1 0 A [Operating R 1  R 1  R 2 ]
0 4 1  0 0 1

1 3 1  1 1 0 
   
 0 9 2    2 3 0  A [Operating R 2  R 2  2R 1 ]
0 4 1   0 0 1 

1 1 0  1 1 1 
   
 0 1 0   2 3 2 A [Operating R 1  R 1  R 3 , R 2  R 2  2R 3 ]
0 4 1   0 0 1 

1 0 0   3 4 3 
   
 0 1 0    2 3 2 A [Operating R 1  R 1  R 2 , R 3  R 3  4R 2 ]
0 0 1   8 12 9 

3 4 3 
 I3  BA , where B   2 3 2 . Hence, A 1  B .
 8 12 9 

1 2 3 1 2 3  1 0 0 
(ii) Let A   2 5 7  , then A  I3 A   2 5 7   0 1 0  A
  
 2 4 5  2 4 5 0 0 1 

1 2 3  1 0 0 
Apply R 2  R 2  2R 1 , R 3  R 3  2R 1 , 0 1 1   2 1 0  A
0 0 1  2 0 1 

1 0 1 5 2 0 
Apply R 1  R 1  2R 2 , 0 1 1   2 
1 0 A
  
0 0 1  2 0 1 

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1 0 0  3 2 1
   
Apply R 1  R 1  R 3 , R 2  R 2  R 3 , 0 1 1    4 1 1 A
0 0 1   2 0 1 

 3 2 1 
A   4 1 1 
1
 I3  BA  A  1 B 
 2 0 1 

2 1 4 2 1 4  1 0 0
   
(iii) Let A  4 0 2 , then A  I3 A  4 0 2   0 1 0 A
3 2 7  3 2 7  0 0 1 

2 1 4   1 0 0
   
Apply R 2  R 2  2R 1 , R 3  R 3  R 1 , 0 2 6    2 1 0 A
1 1 3   1 0 1 

1 1 3   1 0 1 
1 1 3   1 0 1     
Apply R 3  R 1 , 0 2 6    2 1 0 A Apply R 3  R 3  2R 1 , 0 2 6    2 1 0  A
0 1 2  3 0 2
2 1 4   1 0 0

1 1 3   1 0 1 
   
Apply R 2  R 3 , 0 1 2   3 0 2 A
0 2 6   2 1 0 

1 0 1   2 0 1
   
Apply R 1  R 1  R 2 , R 3  R 3  2R 2 , 0 1 2   3 0 2 A
0 0 2  8 1 4 

1 0 1  2 0 1
1 0 1 2  3 0 2 A
Apply R3   R 3 ,   
2 0 0 1  4 1 / 2 2

1 0 0  2 1 / 2 1 
   
Apply R 1  R 1  R 3 , R 2  R 2  2R 3 , 0 1 0  11 1 6  A
0 0 1  4 1 / 2 2

 2 1 / 2 1 
 A I3  B A  A
1
 B   11 1 6 
 4 1 / 2 2 

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CHAPTER DRILL :01
[STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE]
Q.1 If A and B are non singular Matrices of same order then Adj. (AB) is
(A) Adj. (A) (Adj. B) (B) (Adj. B) (Adj. A)
(C) Adj. A + Adj. B (D) none of these

LMx   x x OP
Q.2 Let A = M x x x
P , then A –1 exists if
MN x x x   PQ
(A) x  0 (B)  0
(C) 3x +  0,  0 (D) x  0,  0

Q.3 Which of the following statements is incorrect for a square matrix A. ( | A |  0)

(A) If A is a diagonal matrix, A–1 will also be a diagonal matrix
(B) If A is a symmetric matrix, A–1 will also be a symmetric matrix
(C) If A–1 = A  A is an idempotent matrix
(D) If A–1 = A  A is an involutary matrix

Q.4 Identify the correct statement :

(A) If system of n simultaneous linear equations has a unique solution, then coefficient matrix is singular
(B) If system of n simultaneous linear equations has a unique solution, then coefficient matrix is non
singular
(C) If A–1 exists , (adjA)–1 may or may not exist

cos x  sin x 0
 
(D) F(x) =  sin x cos x 0 , then F(x) . F(y) = F(x – y)
 0 0 0

 3  3 4
Q.5 If A = 2  3 4 , then A–1 =
0  1 1
(A) A (B) A2 (C) A3 (D) A4

0 2b c 
Q.6 If A = a b  c is orthogonal, then | abc | is equal to
a  b c 
 
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
2 3 6

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3, when i  j
Q.7 Let A = [aij]3 × 3 be such that aij = 
 0, otherwise
 detadj adjA 
then   equals
 5 
[Note : {k} denotes fractional part of k.]
2 1 2 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 5 5 3

Q.8 Let A, B, C, D be (not necessarily square) real matrices such that

A T = BCD; BT = CDA; CT = DAB and DT = ABC
for the matrix S = ABCD, consider the two statements.
I S3 = S
II S2 = S4
(A) II is true but not I (B) I is true but not II
(C) both I and II are true (D) both I and II are false.

Q.9 If A is a non singular matrix satisfying A = AB – BA , then which one of the following holds true
(A) det. B = 0 (B) B = 0 (C) det. A = 1 (D) det. (B + I) = det. (B – I)

F 0 sin  sin  sin  I

Q.10
G
Let A = G  sin  0 JJ
cos  cos  , then
H  sin  sin   cos  cos  0 K
(A) |A| is independent of  and  (B) A–1 depends only on 
(C) A–1 depends only on  (D) none of these

4 6  1  2 4 3 
Q.11 Consider the matrices A =  3 0 2  ,B=  0 1  , C = 1  . Out of the given matrix products
1  2 5   1 2 2
(i) (AB)TC (ii) CTC(AB)T (iii) CTAB and (iv) ATABBTC
(A) exactly one is defined (B) exactly two are defined
(C) exactly three are defined (D) all four are defined

[COMPREHENSION TYPE]
Paragraph for question nos. 12 to 14
Let S be the following set of 2 × 2 matrices :
 a b 
S = A    : a , b  1, 0, 1
 a b 
Q.12 The number of A in S such that the trace of A is divisible by 2 but det (A) is not divisible by 2, is
(A) 0 (B) 5 (C) 3 (D) 2
[ Note : The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries.]

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Q.13 The number of non-zero A in S for which the system of linear equations
 x   0
A     
 y   0
is inconsistent, is
(A) atleast 2 but less than 5 (B) less than 2
(C) exactly 8 (D) greater than 4 but at most 7

Q.14 The number of A in S such that A is either symmetric or skew-symmetric but not both, is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

[INTEGER TYPE]
Q.15 Find the number of 2 × 2 matrices A whose entries are either 0 or 1 and for which the system
x   0
A      has at least two distinct solutions.
y
   0

 cos  sin  
Q.16 Let A =  and matrix B is defined such that B = A + 4A2 + 6A3 + 4A4 + A5.
 sin  cos  
If det (B) = 1, then find the number of values of  in [– 2, 2].

Q.17 Find the number of all possible symmetric matrices of order 3 × 3 with entries –1, 0, 1 and
whose trace equal to 1.

 6 4 4 
Q.18 Let A = [aij]3 × 3 be a matrix. If A + AT = a 21  a12 10 a 23  a 32  where a12, a23 and a31
a  a 4 8 
 31 13 

are the positive root of the equation x3 – 6x2 + px – 8 = 0, p  R then find the value of det (A).
[Note : AT denotes the transpose of matrix A.]

CHAPTER DRILL :02

[STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE]

Q.1 Let , ,  are the real roots of the equation x3 + ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a, b, c  R and a  0).
If the system of equations (in u, v and w) given by
u + v + w = 0
u + v + w = 0
u + v + w = 0, has non-trivial solutions, then a2 equals
(A) b (B) 2b (C) 3b (D) 4b

l m n
Q.2 Let A = p q r  and B = A 2.
1 1 1 
 
If (l – m)2 + (p – q)2 = 9, (m – n)2 + (q – r)2 = 16, (n – l)2 + (r – p)2 = 25,
then the value of det. B equals
(A) 36 (B) 100 (C) 144 (D) 169
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Q.3 If A = dia. (d1, d2, d3, d4) where di > 0  i = 1, 2, 3, 4 is a diagonal matrix of order 4 such that
 
d1 + 2d2 + 4d3 + 8d4 = 16 then the maximum value of f(x) = log(tan x + cot x)(det(A)) where x   0, 
 2
is equal to
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

Q.4 Let {1, 2, ........., n} be the the set of all determinants of order 3 that can be made with the distinct
real numbers from the set S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. Then which one of the following is correct?
n n n n
(A)  i  0 (B)  i  9 (C)   i  9! (D)   i  36
i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1

  1
Q.5 Let A =  and det (A4) = 16, then the product of all possible real values of  equals
1 2
1 1
(A) (B) (C) 0 (D) 2
2 2

[REASONING TYPE]
 cos   sin  
Q.6 Let A =  sin   cos 
 
–1
Statement-1: A exists for every   R.
because
Statement-2: A is orthogonal.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

Q.7 Statement-1: If A and B are 2 × 2 matrices such that det. (A – B) = 0, then A = B.

Statement-2: If A and B are square matrices of same order such that AB = O and B is
not a null matrix, then A must be singular.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

Q.8 Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with non-zero entries such that A2 = I, where I is a 2 × 2 identity matrix.
Define Tr(A) = Sum of diagonal elements of A and |A| = determinant of matrix A.
Statement-1: Tr (A) = 0
Statement-2: | A | = 1
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

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[COMPREHENSION TYPE]
Paragraph for question nos. 9 to 11
 2  2  4  4  3  3
If A0 =  1 3 4  and B0 = 1 0 1
 1  2  3  4 4 3 
Bn = adj(Bn – 1), n  N and I is an identity matrix of order 3 then answer the following questions.

Q.9 det. (A0 + A 02 B20 + A 30 + A 40 B40 + ....... 10 terms) is equal to

(A) 1000 (B) – 800 (C) 0 (D) – 8000

Q.10 B1 + B2 + ........ + B49 is equal to

(A) B0 (B) 7B0 (C) 49B0 (D) 49I
Q.11 For a variable matrix X the equation A0X = B0 will have
(A) unique solution (B) infinite solution
(C) finitely many solution (D) no solution

Paragraph for question nos. 12 to 14

1 2 0
There exists a matrix Q such that PQPT= N, where P = 2 1 0 .
0 0 1 
 
Given N is a diagonal matrix of form N = diag. (n1, n2, n3 ) where n1, n2, n3 are three values of n
satisfying the equation det. (P – n I) = 0, n1 < n2 < n3 .
[Note : I is an identity matrix of order 3 × 3.]

Q.12 The value of det. (adj N) is equal to

[ Note : adj M denotes the adjoint of a square matrix M. ]
1 1
(A) 4 (B) (C) (D) 9
4 9
Q.13 If QT = Q + I, then the value of  is equal to
1
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D)
3
Q.14 The trace of matrix P2012 is equal to
[Note: The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries.]
(A) 32011 + 2 (B) 32012 (C) 32012 + 2 (D) 32011

[MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE TYPE]

Q.15 Which of the following is(are) correct?
(A) If A and B are two square matrices of order 3 and A is a non-singular matrix such that
AB = O, then B must be a null matrix.

(B) If A, B, C are three square matrices of order 2 and det. (A) = 2, det.(B) = 3, det. (C) = 4, then
the value of det. (3ABC) is 216.
1
(C) If A is a square matrix of order 3 and det. (A) = , then det. (adj. A–1) is 8.
2
(D) Every skew symmetric matrix is singular.

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Q.16 Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct ?
(A) If A, B and C are square matrices of order 3 such that AB = AC and det. (A) = 0 then B = C.
(B) If A = dia. (2, 1, – 3) and B = dia. (1, 1, 2) then det. (A B–1) = 3.
1 1 1
(C) If A = 1 1 1 then A3 = 9A.
1 1 1
(D) If A is a square matrix of order 3 (where A  O ) such that A2 = A and B = I – A, then
AB + BA + I – (I – A)2 equals A.
[Note: I is an identity matrix of order 3.]

LM1 1 0 OP
Q.17 If A–1 = M0 2
PP
1 , then
MN0 0 1 Q
(A) |A| = 2 (B) A is non-singular
LM1 / 2 1 / 2 0 OP
(C) Adj. A = M 0 1 1/ 2
P (D) A is skew symmetric matrix
MN 0 0 1 / 2 PQ
Q.18 If A and B are two 3 × 3 matrices such that their product AB is a null matrix then
(A) det. A  0  B must be a null matrix.
(B) det. B  0  A must be a null matrix.
(C) If none of A and B are null matrices then atleast one of the two matrices must be singular.
(D) If neither det. A nor det. B is zero then the given statement is not possible.

Q.19 Which of the following statement(s) is/are CORRECT?

(A) Every skew-symmetric matrix is non-invertible.
(B) If A and B are two 3 × 3 matrices such that AB = O then alteast one of A and B must be null
matrix.
(C) If the minimum number of cyphers in an upper triangular matrix of order n is 5050, then
the order of matrix is 101.
(D) If A and B are two square matrices of order 3 such that det. A = 5 and det. B = 2,
then det. (10AB) equals 104.

Q.20 Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct?

(A) If A is square matrix of order 3, then A  A 

T 2011
is equal to 0.
(B) If A is a skew - symmetric matrix of order 3, then matrix A4 is symmetric.
1 2 2 
 
(C) If 3A =  2 1  2  and AAT = I, then (x + y) is equal to – 3.
x 2 y 
 
(where I is identity matrix of order 3)
  
(D) If , ,  are the roots of the cubic x3 + px2 + q = 0, then the value of the determinant   
  
is equal to – p3.

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[INTEGER TYPE]
Q.21 Let A be 3 × 3 matrix given by A = [aij] and B be a column vector such that BTAB is a null matrix
for every column vector B. If C = A – AT and a13 = 1, a23 = – 5, a21 = 15, then find the value of
det (adj A) + det (adj C).
[Note : adj M denotes the adjoint of a square matrix M.]

5 5
 1  1
0 
2  1  1
10 0
  2
2   x  5x  20 = [40]
Q.22 If  and  are roots of the equation 1 25
1 2 0  
  1   x  2 
1   1 
 2  2
then find the value of (1 – ) (1 – ).

t 2  3t  4
Q.23 If t is real and  = , then find number of solutions of the system of equations
t 2  3t  4
3x – y + 4z = 3, x + 2y – 3z = – 2, 6x + 5y + z = – 3 for a particular value of .

ANSWER

CHAPTER DRILL-1
Q.1 B Q.2 C Q.3 C Q.4 B Q.5 C
Q.6 C Q.7 B Q.8 C Q.9 D Q.10 A
Q.11 C Q.12 A Q.13 B Q.14 C Q.15 10
Q.16 4 Q.17 162 Q.18 28

CHAPTER DRILL -2
Q.1 C Q.2 C Q.3 B Q.4 A Q.5 B
Q.6 A Q.7 D Q.8 C Q.9 C Q.10 C
Q.11 D Q.12 D Q.13 B Q.14 C Q.15 AB
Q.16 CD Q.17 BC Q.18 ABCD Q.19 CD Q.20 ABC
Q.21 0 Q.22 51 Q.23 1

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SOLUTION OF CHAPTER DRILL :01
Q.1 [Sol.(B) A adj A = |A| I ....(1)
(AB) (adj AB) = |AB| In consider (AB)(adj B . adj A) = A (B adj B) adj A (associativity)
= A |B| In AdjA = |B| A adj A , (AB) (adj.B · adj A) = |B| |A| In or |AB| In ....(2)
from (1) and (2) adj (AB) = (adj B) · (adj A) ]

Q.2 [Sol.(C)

x x x 3x   x x 1 x x
x 1 x x
We have |A| = x x = 3x   x x
= (3x +)
x x x 3x   x x 1 x x

1 x x
= (3x + ) 0  0 = 2(3x + ) [Take 3x +  common and use R  R – R , R  R – R ]
2 2 1 3 3 1
0 0 
Thus, A–1 will exist if  0 and 3x +   0 ]

Q.3 [Sol.(C) A2 = I  Involutary Matrix A2 = A  Idempotent Matrix ]

adj A
Q.4 [Sol.(B) (A) It should be non singular (C) since A–1 = ,
|A|
hence adj A must be a non singular matrix. Its inverse must exist. (D) It should be F( x + y) ]

Q.5 Sol.(C) | A | = 3 (– 3 + 4) + 3(2 – 0) + 4(–2 – 0) = 1

 3 4 4  1 0 0
A2 = A · A =  2 1 0   A4 = A2 = 0 1 0 = I
· A2
 2 2  3 0 0 1
 A4 = I  A4 · A–1  I · A–1  A3 = A–1 ]

Q.6 [Sol.(C) The rows of A are unit orthogonal vectors.

   
Hence R 1 ·R 2 = 0  2b2 = c2 R 2 ·R 3 = 0  a2 – b 2 – c2 = 0
 
R 3 ·R 3 = 1  a2 + b 2 + c2 = 1
1 2 1 1 1
 a2 = , b = , c2 =  | abc | = Ans.]
2 6 3 6

 3 0 0
 
Q.7 [Sol.(B) Clearly A =  0 3 0  = 33 = 27.
0 0 3
 det adj adj A = | A |4 = (27)4 = (25 + 2)4 = 25 + 16,
where  is some positive integer.
 detadj adjA   25  16  16  15  1  1
Clearly,   =  5
 =   = 
5 5
 = . Ans.]
 5        5

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Q.8
[Sol.(C) S = ABCD = A(BCD) = AAT ....(1)
3
S = (ABCD)(ABCD)(ABCD) = (ABC)(DAB)(CDA)(BCD)
= DTCTBTAT = (BCD)TAT = AAT ....(2)
from (1) and (2) S  S3  I is correct
multiply both sides by S
S2  S4  II is correct  Both I and II are true Ans. ]

Q.9
[Sol.(D) A is non singular det A  0
Given AB – BA = A hence AB = A + BA = A(I + B)
det. A · det. B = det. A · det. (I + B) (det A  0)
det. B = det. (I + B) ....(1) (as A is non singular)
again AB – A = BA, A(B – I) = BA
(det. A) · det.(B – I) = det. B · det. A  det. (B – I) = det. (B) ....(2)
from (1) and (2), det. (B – I) = det. (B + I) Ans. ]

Q.10 [Sol.(A) Skew symmetric matrix of odd order  | A | = 0  A is singular  A–1 does not exist]

a b 
Q.11 [Sol.(C) We have A   where a, b  {–1, 0, 1}
a b 
Clearly, number of such matrices A in S are 9 as follows :
 1  1 0 0  1 1  1 0  0  1
 1  1 , 0 0  , 1 1 ,  1 0  , 0  1

 1 1 1  1 0 1 1 0
 1 1 , 1  1 , 0 1 , 1 0

(12) (A) As det (A) = ab – ab = 0, so number of such matrices A in S is zero.

(13) (B) Clearly, number of such non-zero matrices A in S is zero, because for each non-zero matrix A
in S, the system is consistent having infinitely many solution.

(14) (C) For symmetric matrix, b = a.

 1  1 1 1 0 0 
So,   , and  are possible.

 1  1 1 1 0 0 
0 0
But  being null matrix is both symmetric and skew-symmetric, so number of such matrices
0 0 
A in S is 2. ]

Q.15 [Ans. 10]

[Sol. Since two lines either intersect at one point or no point of intersection and if they intersect at more than
one point, then both are identical

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 | A | = 0; a, b, c, d {0, 1} ; ax  by  0 ; D1 = D2 = 0 [12th, 17-10-2010, Vec]

cx  dy  0 
for two or more solutions, D = 0
a b
Let | A | = = ad – bc = 0
c d
(i) ad = 1, bc = 1 if all a, b, c, d are 1  Number of matrices = 1
(ii) ad = 0, bc = 0
for ad = 0 either a = 0 & d = 1 or a = 1, d = 0 or a = 0, d = 0
 Numbers of cases = 3 similarly for bc = 0 there are 3 possibilities
 number of matrices = 9  Total number of matrices = 9 + 1 = 10 Ans.]

Q.16 [Ans. 4]
[Sol. B = A (I + 4A + + 6A2 4A3 + A4 )= A (I + A)4
4
|B |= |A| |I +A| = 1 (Given) (As |A| = 1)
4

1  cos  sin 
 sin  1  cos 
 2 
 4
 1  1  cos    sin   1  16 (1 + cos)4 = 1

1 1
 1 + cos =  cos =
2 2
 Number of values of  in [– 2, 2] are 4. Ans.]

Q.17 [Ans. 162]

[Sol. For trace = 1,
only possibilities of diagonal elements are – 1, 1, 1 or 0, 0, 1
 Number of possible symmetric matrices of order 3 × 3
= 2 × 3 × 3C1 × 3C1 × 3C1 = 6 × 27 = 162. Ans.]

Q.18 [Ans. 0028]

[Sol. A + AT is symmetric
 a21 + a12 = 4, a31 + a13 = 4 and a23 + a32 = 4
a21, a23 and a31 are the positive roots of the equation x3 – 6x2 + px – 8 = 0

a12  a 23  a 31 6 
AM   2 
3 3   a12 = a23 = a31 = 2.
1 1

GM  a12 · a 23 · a 31 3  (8) 3  2

 a21 = a32 = a13 = 2.

 3 2 2
 A =  2 5 2
 2 2 4
 

A = 3(20 – 4) – 2 (8 – 4) + 2(4 – 10) = 48 – 8 – 12 = 28. Ans.]

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SOLUTION OF CHAPTER DRILL :02
Q.1

[Sol.(C) We have x3 + ax2 + bx + c = 0

 ++= –a
 +  +  = b
Since the given system of equations has non-trivial solutions, so
  
   =0
  
 3 + 3 + 3 – 3 = 0  ( +  + )[2 + 2 + 2 –  –  – ] = 0
 ( +  + )[( +  + )2 – 3( +  + )] = 0
 – a[a2 – 3b] = 0
Hence a2 = 3b (as a  0) ]
Q.2
[Sol.(C) det. A is twice the area of the triangle with vertices (l, p), (m, q), (n, r) with sides 3, 4, 5.
2 = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)
2 = 6(6 – 3)(6 – 4)(6 – 5)
2 = 36  =6
Now det A = 2 = 12  det. B = (det A)2 = 42 = 144 ]

Q.3
Sol.(B) A = diag (d1, d2, d3, d4)
det (A) = d1 d2 d3 d4
d1  2d 2  4d 3  8d 4
Now,  (d1 · 2d2 · 4d3 · 8d4)1/4
4
4  23/2 (d1 d2 d3 d4)1/4
 d1 d2 d3 d4  4
 det (A)  (0, 4]
log det( A )   
f (x)  tan x + cot x  2  x   0, 
log (tan x  cot x )  2
 
log (det A)   0, 
 2
f(x) will be maximum when Nr is maximum and Dr is minimum.
log 4
 f ( x ) max   2 Ans.]
log 2

Q.4
[Sol.(A) Total number of 3rd order determinants = 9 !
9!
Since number of determinants are even and there will be pairs of determinants in number which are
2
n
obtained by interchanging 2-rows hence  i  0 . ]
i 1

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Q.5
[Sol.(B) We have
| A | = 22 + 1
So, det (A A A A) = 16  | A |4 = 16  (22 + 1)4 = (± 2)4  22 + 1 = ± 2 22 = ± 2 – 1
 22 = 1 or – 3
1 1 3
So, 2 =  = ± (Reject 2 = , as   R)
2 2 2

 1   1  1
 Product of all possible real values of  =    = .]
 2  2 2
Q.6
[Sol.(A)

Q.7 [Sol.(D) Statement-1: For example : A   3 5 , B  1 2   A – B = 2 3

 4 7   2 4  2 3
 det. (A – B) = 0 but AB.
Statement-2: Suppose A is non-singular, then A–1 will exist.
 AB = O  A–1 AB = A–1 O  B = O (which is not so.)
So, A must be singular. Ans. ]

Q.8
a b
[Sol.(C) Let A =   , where abcd  0
c d

 a b   a b   a 2  bc ab  bd   1 0 
A2 =    = 2 =  
 c d   c d   ac  cd bc  d   0 1 
 a2 + bc = 1, bc + d2 = 1
ab + bd = ac + cd = 0  (a + d)b = 0 and c(a + d) = 0
As c  0 and b  0  a + d = 0
 Tr (A) = 0
Also | A | = ad – bc = a (– a) – bc = – a2 – bc = – 1.
 Statement - 1 is true and Statement-2 is false. ]

Q. (9,10,11)
 2  2  4
[Sol. A 20 =  1 3 4  = A0 (idempotent)
 1  2  3

1 0 0
= 0 1 0 = I (involutory)
B20
0 0 1
(9)(C) det.(A0 + A0I + A0 + A0I2 + ....... + A0I5) = det.(A0 + A0 + A0 + ....... 10 times)
2 2 4
det.(10A0) = 1000  1 3 4 = 1000[2(–1) + 2(–1) – 4(2 – 3)] = 0 Ans.
1 2 3

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(10)(C) B20 = I  B0 = B 0 1 | B0 | = – 4(– 4) + 3(–1) – 3(4) = 1

 adj (B0) = | B0 | B 0 1 = B0  B1 = adj (B0) = B0

B2 = adj (B1) = B0 and so on.  Bn = B0  n  N
(B1 + B2 + ....... + B49) = 49B0 Ans.
(11)(D)as | A0 | | X | = | B0 | O=1  no solution ]
[Sol.(12,13,14) (12)(D) As det. (P – nI) = 0
1 n 2 0
 2 1 n 0 =0  (1 – n) (n – 3) (n + 1) = 0  n = –1, 1, 3
0 0 1 n

  1 0 0
So, N =  0 1 0  det. (N) = –3  det (adj N) = (det N)2 = (– 3)2 = 9.
 0 0 3
 

(13)(B)Given, PQPT = N  P1 P Q P T (P T )1 = P–1 N (PT)–1

  
 –1 –1
Q = P N (P )T [As, (PT)–1 = (P–1)T]

 1 2   1 2 
3 0 3 0  1 0 0

3 3 
    3 
    1 0 0  
2 1  2 1   1

 Q=  0  0 1 0 0 = 0 0
3 3   0 0 3 3 3   3 
       
0 0 1  0 0 1   0 0 3 
 
 QT = Q + I  = 0 Ans.
Aliter :Given, QT = Q + I .........(1) Take transpose on both sides, we get Q = QT + I.......(2)
 Using (2) in (1), we get QT = QT + 2I   = 0. Ans.]

1 2 0 1 2 0  1 2 0  5 4 0
(14)(C)Given, P = 2 1 0 So, P2 = P P =  2 1 0   2 1 0  =  4 5 0
0 0 1  0 0 1  0 0 1  0 0 1 
       

5 4 0  1 2 0  13 14 0
Now, P3 = P2 P = 4 5 0  2 1 0  = 14 13 0
0 0 1  0 0 1   0 0 1 
     

13 14 0  1 2 0  41 40 0
P4 = P3 P = 14 13 0  2 1 0 = 40 41 0
 0 0 1  0 0 1   0 0 1 
     

 41 40 0  1 2 0  121 122 0
Also, P5 = P = 40 41 0  2 1 0  = 122 121 0
P4
 0 0 1  0 0 1   0 0 1 
    
 Tr. (P) = 3, Tr. (P3) = 27 = 33 , Tr. (P5) = 243 = 35
 Tr (P2011) = 32011 Also, Tr. (P2) = 11 = 32 + 2
4 4
Tr. (P ) = 3 + 2 Tr. (P2012) = 32012 + 2 ]
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Q.15
[Sol.(A,B)
(A) Given that AB = O, where det. (A)  0 .......(1)
So, A–1 exists. Now, pre-mutiplying equation (1) with A–1, we get
(A–1A) B = A–1O  B = Onull matrix.
(B) Given, det. (A) = 2, det. (B) = 3, det. (C) = 4
So, det. (3ABC) = 32 det. (A) det. (B) det. (C) = 9(2) (3) (4) = 216. Ans.
(As, A, B, C are square matrices of order 2.)
1
(C) Given, det. (A) = (order of matrix A is 3), As, det. (adj. A) = (det. A)n – 1 ......(1)
2
place A by A–1 in equation (1) and take n = 3, we get
2 1 1
det (adj. A–1) = A 1 = 2
 2
 4 . Ans.
A 1
 
2
(D) We know that skew symmetric matrix of odd order is singular. But , if order of skew symmetric matrix
is even, then it need not be singular. For example,
0  4 
A = 4 0  and det. A = 16 (non - singular). Ans.]
 

Q.16 [Sol.(C,D)
(A) The above statement is false because A–1 exist only when det. (A)  0.
det . ( A )  6
(B) The above statement is false. As, det. (A B–1) = det. (A) det. (B–1) = det . ( B) = = – 3.
2

1 1 1 3 3 3
(C) Given, A = 1 1 1  A2 = 3 3 3 = 3A.
1 1 1 3 3 3
 A3 = 3A2  A3 = 3(3A)  A3 = 9A. So, this statement is correct.
(D) Given, A2 = A and B = I – A
Now, AB + BA + I – ( I – A)2 = AB + BA + I – (I + A2 – 2A) = AB + BA + A (As, A2 = A)
= A(I – A) + (I – A) A + A = A – A + A – A + A = A (As, A2 = A and B = I – A)
So, this statement is correct. Ans.]

1 1 0
Q.17 [Sol.(B,C) We have |A–1| = 0 2 1 = 2, therefore, |A| = 1/2
0 0 1

LM1 / 2 1 / 2 0 OP
= M 0 P
1 1 1/ 2
Since A–1 = (Adj. A) we get Adj. A = |A|A–1
| A| MN 0 0 1 / 2 PQ
A cannot be skew symmetric as |A| = 0 for all skew symmteric matrices of order
(2n + 1) x (2n + 1)]

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Q.18 [Sol.(A,B,C,D) AB = O
 | AB | = 0  |A| | B |= 0
 det A  0
 A–1 exist
 A–1(AB) = A–1(0) = 0
IB = 0
B=0  B must be null matrix. ]

Q.19 [Sol.(C,D)
(A) Skew-symmetric matrix of even order can be invertible also.
 0 2
e.g.  2 0 
 
(B) If AB = O 
 that one of the matrices is zero.
0  1 5 5 
e.g. A = 0 2  , B = 0 0   AB = O.
   
n ( n  1)
(C) Minimum number of cyphers in an upper triangular matrix of order n is = 5050  n = 101.
2
(D) We have | 10 AB | = 103 |A| |B| = (103)(5)(2) = 104. ]

Q.20
[Sol.(A,B,C)
(A) If A is square matrix of order 3, then A – AT is skew symmetric of order 3.

 AA
T
  
= 0  A  AT 2010
 A  AT
2010
 0 Ans. ]

(B) Given AT = – A, Let C = A4 CT = A T   4

= (– A)4 = A4 = C
Hence C is symmetric matrix.  B is true
 9 0 x  4  2y   1 0 0 
1   
(C) We have AAT =  0 9 2 x  2  2y  =  0 1 0  (Given)
9 2 2  0 0 1 
 x  4  2 y 2x  2  2 y x  4  y   
 x = – 2, y = – 1 Hence (x + y) = (– 2) + (– 1) = – 3 Ans. ]
(D) We have  +  +  = – p,  +  +  = 0
Now, D = 3 – 3 – 3 – 3 = – ( +  + ) (( +  + )2 – 3( +  + ))
= p (p2) = p3Ans.]

Q.21 [Ans. 0 ]

 a11 a12 a13   x1 

[Sol. Let A =  a 21 a 22 a 23  and B =  x   BT = [x x x ]
a  2 1 2 3
 31 a 32 a 33   x 3 
Note that BTAB is a matrix of order 1 × 1.

 a11 a12 a13   x1 

Now, BTAB = [x1 x2 x3]  a 21 a 22 a 23   x  = O (Given BTAB is null matrix)
a  2
 31 a 32 a 33   x 3 
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 x1 
[ (a11x1 + a12x2 + a13x3) (a21x1 + a22x2 + a23x3) (a31x1 + a32x2 + a33x3) ]  x 2  = O
 
 x 3 
(a11x1 + a12x2 + a13x3)x1 + (a21x1 + a22x2 + a23x3)x2 + (a31x1 + a32x2 + a33x3)x3 = 0
 (a11x12 + a22x22 + a33x32) + (a12 + a21) x1x2 + (a13 + a31) x1x3 + (a23 + a32) x2x3 = 0
Above relation (1) hold good for every column vector B ( x1, x2, x3)
Hence aii = 0 i and aij = – aji i  j
 Matrix A must be skew symmetric. Also order of matrix A is 3 and every skew symmetric matrix of
odd order is singular.
We have a13 = 1, a23 = – 5, a21 = 15,  a31 = – 1, a32 = 5 and a12 = – 15 and aii = 0
 0  15 1 
Hence A =  15 0 5
 1 5 0 

Clearly det (A) = 0. Also C = A – AT is a skew symmetric matrix.
Hence det (C) = 0  det(adj A) + det(adj C) = 0 + 0 = 0 Ans.]
Q.22 [Ans. 51]
5 5
 1  1
0 10 0
2  1  1 
2
2   x  5x  20 = [40]
[Sol.711/mat 1 25
1  2 0   
1  x  2 

1   1 
 2  2

 1
0 2  and B = 1  1 ,
Let A =  Here, AB = BA = I
1 2 0 
 1 
 2
1 0  x 2  5x  20
 A5B10A5 = I , 1 25    = [40]
0 1  x  2 
 x 2  5x  20
 1 25   = [40]
 x2 

x2 – 5x + 20 + 25x + 50 = 40  x 2  20 x  30  0

(1 – ) (1 – ) = 1 – ( + ) +  = 1 – (–20) + 30 = 51 Ans.]

Q.23 [Ans. 1]
2
t  3t  4
[Sol. We have  =  ( – 1) t2 + 3 ( + 1) t + 4 ( – 1) = 0
t 2  3t  4
As t  R, so 9 ( + 1)2 – 16 ( – 1)2  0  (7 – ) (7 – 1)  0
3 1 4
1 1 
  7,Now, D = 1 2  3 = 7 ( + 5)  0   , 7 
7 6 5  7 

Hence, the given system has unique solution. ]

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EXERCISE-I
a  360
Q.1 Let M =  , where a, b and c are integers. Find the smallest positive value of b such that
b c 
M2 = O, where O denotes 2 × 2 null matrix.

Q.2 Find the number of 2 × 2 matrix satisfying

(i) aij is 1 or –1 ; 2 + 2 = 2 + 2 = 2 ; (iii) a a + a a = 0
(ii) a11 a12 a 21 a 22 11 21 12 22

Q.3 Find the value of x and y that satisfy the equations.

3  2  3 3
3 0   y y  = 3y 3y 
2 4   x x  10 10 

a b  p  0 
Q.4 Let A = c d  and B = q   0  . Such that AB = B and a + d = 5050. Find the value
     
of (ad – bc).
0 1  0
Q.5 Define A = 3 0  . Find a vertical vector V such that (A8 + A6 + A4 + A2 + I)V = 11
 
(where I is the 2 × 2 identity matrix).
1 0 2
Q.6 If, A = 0 2 1 , then show that the maxtrix A is a root of the polynomial f (x) = x3 – 6x2 + 7x + 2.
2 0 3

 3 r ·3r 2r 
1  4  3
Q.7 Let A =  2  , B =  2 2  and Cr =   be 3 given matrices.
1 2     0 (r  1)3r 
 
50
Compute the value of  tr.(AB) r C r . (where tr.(A) denotes trace of matrix A)
r 1

1 2 a b 
Q.8 If the matrices A = 3 4 and B = c d 
   
db
(a, b, c, d not all simultaneously zero) commute, find the value of . Also show that the
a cb
   2 3
matrix which commutes with A is of the form    

a b 
Q.9 If c 1  a  is an idempotent matrix. Find the value of f(a), where f(x) = x– x2, when bc = 1/4. Hence
 
otherwise evaluate a.
1 1
Q.10 If the matrix A is involutary, show that (I + A) and (I – A) are idempotent and
2 2
1 1
(I + A)· (I – A)=O.
2 2

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1 0
Q.11 Show that the matrix A = 2 1 can be decomposed as a sum of a unit and a nilpotent marix. Hence
 
2007
1 0
evaluate the matrix 2 1  .
 
0 1  1
Q.12 Let X be the solution set of the equation Ax = I, where A = 4  3 4  and I is the corresponding
3  3 4 
unit matrix and x  N then find the minimum value of  (cos x   sin x ) ,   R.

 3 a  1  d 3 a 
Q.13 A =  2 5 c  is Symmetric and B =  b  a e  2b  c  is Skew Symmetric, then find AB.
b 8 2   2 6  f 
  
Is AB a symmetric, Skew Symmetric or neither of them. Justify your answer.
1 2 5 
Q.14 Express the matrix  2 3 6 as a sum of a lower triangular matrix & an upper triangular matrix with zero
1 0 4 
in its leading diagonal. Also Express the matrix as a sum of a symmetric & a skew symmetric matrix.
Q.15
(a) A is a square matrix of order n.
l = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a triangular matrix
m = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a diagonal matrix
p = minimum number of zeroes if A is a triangular matrix
If l + 5 = p + 2m, find the order of the matrix.
(b) Let A be the set of all 3 × 3 skew symmetric matrices whose entries are either –1, 0 or 1. If there are
exactly three 0's, three 1's and three (–1)'s, then find the number of such matrices.
Q.16 If A is an idempotent non zero matrix and I is an identity matrix of the same order, find the value of
n, n  N, such that ( A + I ) n = I + 127 A.
1 2  5
Q.17 Consider the two matrices A and B where A = 4 3 ; B =  3 . If n(A) denotes the number of
   
elements in A such that n(XY) = 0, when the two matrices X and Y are not conformable for multiplication.


 n ( C ) | D | 2  n ( D) 
If C = (AB)(B'A); D = (B'A)(AB) then, find the value of  n ( A)  n ( B) .
 

5 7 3
Q.18 Let A =  1 5 2  and A–1 = A2 + pA + qI3 where I3 is an identity matrix of order 3. Find (p + q).
3 2 1
 

 1 3 5
Q.19 Given the matrix A =  1  3  5 and X be the solution set of the equation A x = A,
 1 3 5 
 x3 1 
where x  N – {1}. Evaluate   3  where the continued product extends  x  X.
 x 1 

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3x 2  ( x  2) 2 5x 2 2x 
   2 
Q.20(a) Let A =  1  , B = [a b c] and C =  5x 2x ( x  2) 2  be three given matrices,

6x 
  2x ( x  2) 2 5x 2 
 
where a, b, c and x R, Given that tr·(AB) = tr·(C) x R, where tr·(A) denotes trace of A. Find
the value of (a + b + c).
2 1 9 3
(b) Given A = 2 1 ; B = 3 1 . I is a unit matrix of order 2. Find all possible matrix X in the following
   
cases.
(i) AX = A (ii) XA = I (iii) XB = O but BX  O.
EXERCISE-II
Q.1(a) A3 × 3 is a matrix such that | A | = a, B = (adj A) such that | B | = b. Find the value of (ab2 + a2b + 1)S
1 a a 2 a3
where S =  3  5  ...... up to , and a = 3.
2 b b b
(b) If A and B are square matrices of order 3, where | A | = – 2 and | B | = 1, then find
A  adjB  adj2A 
–1 –1 –1
.

Q.2  
Let A be the 2 × 2 matrices given by A = a ij where a ij  0, 1, 2, 3, 4
such that a11 + a12 + a21 + a22 = 4
(i) Find the number of matrices A such that the trace of A is equal to 4.
(ii) Find the number of matrices A such that A is invertible.
(iii) Find the absolute value of the difference between maximum value and minimum value of det (A).
(iv) Find the number of matrices A such that A is either symmetric or skew-symmetric or both and det (A)
is divisible by 2.
 4 4 5 
Q.3 For the matrix A =  2 3  3 find A–2.
 3  3 4 

1 1 1
 2 3 1 0 1 
Q.4(a) Given A = 2 4 1 , B = 3 4 . Find P such that BPA = 0 1 0 
2 3 1    

3 2  2 4 
(b) Find the matrix A satisfying the matrix equation, 2 1  . A . 5 3 = 3 1 .
3 2    
Q.5 Let S be the set which contains all possible values of l, m, n, p, q, r for which

 l2 3 p 0 
 2 
A 0 m 8 q  be a non-singular idempotent matrix. Find the absolute value of sum
 r
 0 n 2  15 

of the products of elements of the set S taken two at a time.

cos x  sin x 0
Q.6 If F(x) =  sin x cos x 0 then show that F(x). F(y) = F(x + y)
 0 0 1
Hence prove that [ F(x) ]–1 = F(– x).

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Q.7 Let An and Bn be square matrices of order 3, which are defined as
2i  j 3i  j
An = [aij] and Bn = [bij] where aij = 2n and bij = for all i and j, 1  i, j  3.
3 2 2n
If 
l = Lim Tr. 3A1  32 A 2  33 A 3  ......  3n A n
n 

and 
m = Lim Tr. 2B1  22 B2  23 B3  ......  2 n Bn ,
n 

then find the value of (l + m).
[Note : Tr. (P) denotes the trace of matrix P.]
Q.8 Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that a11 = a33 = 2 and all the other aij = 1. Let A–1 = xA2 + yA + zI then
find the value of (x + y + z) where I is a unit matrix of order 3.
1 2 2 2 1 1 10
Q.9 Given that A = 2 2 3 , C = 2 2 1 , D = 13 and that Cb = D.
1  1 3 1 1 1  9 
Solve the matrix equation Ax = b.

2 0 7   x 14 x 7 x 
Q.10 Let A = 0 1 0 and B = 0 1 0  are two matrices such that AB = (AB)–1
1  2 1  x  4x  2x 
   
and AB  I (where I is an identity matrix of order 3 × 3).

Find the value of Tr. AB  ( AB) 2  (AB) 3  ........  (AB)100 
where Tr. (A) denotes the trace of matrix A.
Q.11 Let Mn = [mij] denotes a square matrix of order n with entries as follows
for 1  i  n, mi i = 10 ;
for 1  i  n – 1, mi + 1, i = mi, i + 1 = 3
and all other entries in Mn are zero.
Let Dn be the determinant of matrix Mn, then find the value of (D3 – 9D2).
5 1 3  1 1 2
Q.12 Find the product of two matrices A & B, where A =  7 1 5 & B = 3 2 1  and use it to
 1 1 1  2 1 3
 
solve the following system of linear equations,
x + y + 2z = 1 ; 3x + 2y + z = 7 ; 2x + y + 3z = 2.

 3  2 1  x   b 
Q.13 Determine the values of a and b for which the system 5  8 9  y    3 
2 1 a   z   1
(i) has a unique solution ; (ii) has no solution and (iii) has infinitely many solutions

1 2 3 1  1 2   x1 x 2 
Q.14 If A = 3 4 ; B = 1 0 ; C = 2 4 and X =  x x  then solve the following matrix equation.
       3 4

(a) AX = B – I (b) (B – I)X = IC (c) CX = A

Q.15 If A is an orthogonal matrix and B = AP where P is a non singular matrix then show that the matrix
PB–1 is also orthogonal.

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 1   1  1  1 
Q.16 Let M be a 2 × 2 matrix such that M   =   and M2   =   . If x1 and x2 (x1 > x2) are
1  2  1 0 
the two values of x for which det(M – xI) = 0, where I is an identity matrix of order 2 then find the
value of (5x1 + 2x2).
Q.17 The set of natural numbers is divided into arrays of rows and columns in the form of matrices as
6 7 8
 2 3  9 10 11
A1 = (1), A2 =  ,A =   .................... so on.
 4 5 3 12 13 14
 
Find the value of Tr (A10).
[Note : Tr(A) denotes trace of A.]

3  4 a b 
Q.18 APT
Consider the matrices A = 1  1  and B = 0 1  and let P be any orthogonal matrix and Q = PAP
   
and R = PTQKP also S = PBPT and T = PTSKP
Column I Column II
(A) If we vary K from 1 to n then the first row (P) G.P. with common ratio a
first column elements of R will form
(B) If we vary K from 1 to n then the 2nd row 2nd (Q) A.P. with common difference 2
column elements of R will form
(C) If we vary K from 1 to n then the first row first (R) G.P. with common ratio b
column elements of T will form
(D) If we vary K from 3 to n then the first row 2nd column (S) A.P. with common difference – 2.
elements of T will represent the sum of
Q.19 Consider a square matrix A of order 2 which has its elements as 0,1,2 and 4.
Let N denote the number of such matrices, all elements of which are distinct.
Column - I Column - II
(A) Possible non-negative value of det(A) is (P) 2
(B) Sum of values of determinants corresponding to N matrices is (Q) 4
(C) If absolute value of (det(A)) is least, then possible value of | adj(adj(adj A)) | (R) –2
(D) If det (A) is algebraically least, then possible value of det(4A–1) is (S) 0
(T) 8

* * 888* *

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ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE-I
0
3  
Q.1 10 Q.2 8 Q.3 x = , y = 2 Q.4 5049 Q.5 V= 1 
2
 
Q.7 3(49 · 350 + 1) Q.8 1 Q.9 f (a) = 1/4, a = 1/2 11 
 1 0
Q.11 4014 1 Q.12 2 Q.13 AB is neither symmetric nor skew symmetric
 

 1 0 0 0 2 5  1 2 2 0 0 3
Q.14  2 3 0 + 0 0 6 ; 2 3  3 +  0 0  3 Q.15 (a) 4, (b) 8
1 0 4 0 0 0  2  3 4   3 3 0 

Q.16 n = 7 Q.17 650 Q.18 4 Q.19 3/2

Q.20 (a) 7
 a b 
(b) (i) X = 2  2a 1  2b  for a, b  R; (ii) X does not exist;
 

a  3a 
(iii) X = c  3c  a, c  R and 3a + c  0; 3b + d  0.
 
EXERCISE-II
 17 4  19
Q.1(a) 225, (b) – 8 Q.2 (i) 5, (ii) 18, (iii) 8, (iv) 5 Q.3   10 0 13 
 21  3 25 
 4 7  7  1  48  25
Q.4 (a)   ; (b) Q.5 29 Q.7 21
 3  5 5  19 70 42 
Q.8 1 Q.9 x1 = 1, x2 = – 1, x3 = 1 Q.10 100 Q.11 1
Q.12 x = 2, y = 1, z =  1
Q.13 (i) a  – 3 , b  R ; (ii) a = – 3 and b  1/3 ; (iii) a = –3 , b = 1/3
 3  3
1 2
Q.14 (a) X=  5 
2  , (b) X =  1  2 , (c) no solution Q.16 8 Q.17 3355
 2 
Q.18 (A) Q; (B) S; (C) P; (D) P Q.19 (A) P, Q, T ; (B) S; (C) P, R ; (D) R

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