The Mole

BIG Idea The mole represents

a large number of extremely
small particles.
10.1 Measuring Matter
MAIN Idea Chemists use the mole
to count atoms, molecules, ions,
and formula units.
10.2 Mass and the Mole 50-cent rolls
MAIN Idea A mole always
contains the same number of
particles; however, moles of different
substances have different masses.
10.3 Moles of Compounds
MAIN Idea The molar mass of
a compound can be calculated
from its chemical formula and can
be used to convert from mass to
moles of that compound.
10.4 Empirical and Molecular
Formulas
MAIN Idea A molecular formula
of a compound is a whole-
number multiple of its empirical
formula.
10.5 Formulas of Hydrates MAIN Single penny
Idea Hydrates are solid ionic
compounds in which water
molecules
are trapped.

ChemFacts
• The U.S. Mint has never officially
produced a coin called the
“penny”; the official name is the
United States one-cent coin.
• The present-day penny is copper-
plated zinc, and has a
composition of 97.5% Zn and
2.5% Cu.
• The Denver and Philadelphia
Mints produce 65 million to 80
million coins a day.
318
(t)©Tom Pantages, (b)©Royalty-Free/Corbis, (bkgd)©Tom Stack/Tom Stack & Associates
 Start-
Sta t-Up Activitie
ies

NC Lab
LAUNCH La Conversion Factors Make the
following Foldable to help you
How much is a mole? organize information about
conversion factors.
Counting large numbers of items is easier when you
use counting units such as decades or dozens.
STEP 1 Collect three
Chemists use a counting unit called the mole.
sheets of paper. Fold each
sheet in half. Measure and
draw a line about 3 cm
from the left edge. Cut
along
the line to the fold.
Repeat for each sheet of
paper.

STEP 2 Label each

Moles/Number
top sheet with a of Particles
description of the
conversion factor.

Procedure have the

1. Read and complete the lab safety form. same mass as a mole of the other item? Design an inves-
tigation to determine if there is a relationship between
2. Select an item to measure, such as a paper clip, mass and moles.
gum drop, or marshmallow, from the choices
provided by your teacher.
WARNING: Do not eat or taste any items used
in the lab.
3. Use a ruler to measure the length of your item to
the nearest 0.1 cm.

Analysis
1. Calculate If a mole is 6.02 × 1023 items, how far
will a mole of your items, placed end-to-end
length-
wise, extend into space? Express your answer in
meters.
2. Calculate Convert the distance in Question 1
to light-years (ly). (1 ly = 9.46 × 1015 m)
3. Compare the distance you calculated in
Question 2 with these astronomical distances:
a. distance to nearest star (other than the Sun) =
4.3 ly
b. distance to the center of our galaxy = 30,000 ly
c. distance to nearest galaxy = 2 × 106 ly
Inquiry Compare your item to another used by
one of your classmates. Would a mole of your item
 STEP 3 Staple the
sheets together along
the outer edge of the Moles/Number
Visit glencoe.com to:
of
narrow flaps. ▶ study the entire chapter online
Particles
▶ explore
▶ take Self-Check Quizzes
&/,$!",%3 Use this Foldable with Sections ▶ use the Personal Tutor to work Example
10.1, 10.2, and 10.3. As you read the sections, Problems step-by-step
record information about conversion factors ▶ access Web Links for more information,
and summarize the steps involved in each projects, and activities
conversion. ▶ find the Try at Home Lab, Calculating
Carbon Percentages

Chapter 10 • The Mole 319

Matt Meadows

Section 10.1
10.
Objectives
◗ Explain how a mole is used to
Measuring Matter
indirectly count the number of MAIN Idea Chemists use the mole to count atoms, molecules, ions,
particles of matter.
and formula units.
◗ Relate the mole to a common
everyday counting unit. Real-World Reading Link Has your class ever had a contest to guess how
◗ Convert between moles and many pennies or jelly beans were in a jar? You might have noticed that
number of representative particles. the smaller the object is, the harder it is to count.

Review Vocabulary Counting Particles

molecule: two or more atoms that If you were buying a bouquet of roses for a special occasion, you
covalently bond together to form a probably would not ask for 12 or 24; you would ask for one or two
unit
dozen. Similarly, you might buy a pair of gloves, a ream of paper
New Vocabulary for your printer, or a gross of pencils. Each of the units shown in
Figure 10.1—a pair, a dozen, a gross, and a ream—represents a
mole
specific number of items. These units make counting objects easier.
Avogadro’s number
It is easier to buy and sell paper by the ream—500 sheets—than by
the individual sheet.
Each of the counting units shown in Figure 10.1 is appropriate for
certain kinds of objects, depending primarily on their size and
function. But regardless of the object—gloves, eggs, pencils, or paper
—the num- ber that the unit represents is always constant.
Chemists also need a convenient method for accurately counting the
number of atoms, mole- cules, or formula units in a sample of a
substance. However, atoms are so small and there are so many of
them in even the smallest sample that it is impossible to count them
directly. Because of this, chemists created a counting unit called the
mole. In the Launch Lab, you probably found that a mole of any
object is an enormous number of items.

■ Figure 10.1 Different units are used to count different types of objects. A
pair is two objects, a dozen is 12, a gross is 144, and a ream is 500.
List What other counting units are you familiar with?
320 Chapter 10 • The Mole
Matt Meadows

The mole The mole, abbreviated mol, is the SI base unit used to
measure the amount of a substance. A mole is defined as the VOCABULARY
number of carbon atoms in exactly 12 g of pure carbon-12. SCIENCE USAGE V. COMMON USAGE
Through years of Mole
Science usage: an SI base unit
experimentation, it has been established that a mole of anything used to measure the quantity of
contains 6.0221367 × 1023 representative particles. A representative matter The chemist measured out
particle is a mole of the compound.
any kind of particle, such as an atom, a molecule, a formula unit,
an electron, or an ion. If you write out Avogadro’s number, it looks Common usage: a small
like this. burrowing animal
The damage to the lawn was caused
602,213,670,000,000,000,000,000 by a mole.

The number 6.0221367 × 1023 is called Avogadro’s number, in

honor of the Italian physicist and lawyer Amedeo Avogadro, who,
in 1811, determined the volume of 1 mol of a gas. In this book,
Avogadro’s number is rounded to three significant figures, 6.02 ×
1023.
To count extremely small particles, such as atoms, Avogadro’s
num- ber must be an enormous quantity. As you might imagine,
Avogadro’s number would not be convenient for measuring a quantity
of marbles. Avogadro’s number of marbles would cover the surface
of Earth to a depth of more than six kilometers! Figure 10.2,
however, shows that it is convenient to use the mole to measure
amounts of substances. One- mole quantities of water, copper, and
salt are shown, each with a different representative particle. The
representative particle in a mole of water is the water molecule, the
representative particle in a mole of copper is the copper atom, and
the representative particle in a mole of sodium chloride is the NaCl
formula unit.
Figure 10.2 The amount of each substance shown is 6.02 × 1023 or 1 mol of repre- sentative particles. The representative particle for each substance is

Molecule Atom

Section 10.1 • Measuring Matter 321

Matt Meadows
 Converting Between Moles and Particles
Suppose you buy three-and-one-half dozen roses and want to know
how many roses you have. Recall what you have learned about
conver- sion factors. You can multiply the known quantity (3.5 dozen
roses) by
a conversion factor to express the quantity in the units you want
(number of roses). First, identify the mathematical relationship that
relates the given unit with the desired unit. Figure 10.3 shows the
relationship.
Relationship: 1 dozen roses = 12 roses
By dividing each side of the equality by the other side, you can write
two conversion factors from the relationship.
tical relationship between the units you are converting. The relationship shown here, 12 roses = 1 dozen roses,
12 can be used to write two conversion factors.
Conversion factors: 1 dozen roses
and
roses 1 dozen 12 roses
roses
Then choose the conversion factor that, when multiplied by the
known quantity, results in the desired unit. When set up correctly, all
units cancel except those required for the answer.
12
Conversion: 3.5 dozen roses × = 42 roses
roses 1 dozen
roses

Here, dozens of roses cancels, leaving roses as the desired unit.

Reading Check Describe how you can tell if the wrong conversion
factor has been used.

Moles to particles Now suppose you want to determine how

many particles of sucrose are in 3.50 mol of sucrose. The relationship
between moles and representative particles is given by Avogadro’s
&/,$!",%3 number.
Incorporate information from this section into
1 mol of representative particles = 6.02 × 1023 representative particles
your Foldable.

Using this relationship, you can write two different conversion

factors that relate representative particles and moles.
6.02 × 1023 representative
particles 1 mol

1 mol
6.02 × 1023 representative particles

By using the correct conversion factor, you can find the number of
rep- resentative particles in a given number of moles.
6.02 × 1023 representative particles
number of moles × 1
= number of representative molparticles

As shown in Figure 10.4, the representative particle of

sucrose is a molecule. To obtain the number of sucrose molecules
contained in
3.50 mol of sucrose, you need to use Avogadro’s number as a
conversion factor.
 6.02 × 1023 molecules sucrose
3.50 mol sucrose ×
1 mol
= 2.11 × 10 molecules
24 sucrosesucrose

There are 2.11 × 1024 molecules of sucrose in 3.50 mol of sucrose.

322 Chapter 10 • The Mole

©Royalty-Free/Corbis
 PRACTICE Problems Extra Practice Page 981 and
Zinc (Zn) is used to form a corrosion-inhibiting surface on galvanized steel. Determine the number of Zn atoms in 2.50 mol of Zn.
Calculate the number of molecules in 11.5 mol of water (H2O).
Silver nitrate (AgNO3) is used to make several different silver halides used in photographic films. How many formula units of AgNO3 are ther
Challenge Calculate the number of oxygen atoms in 5.0 mol of oxygen molecules. Oxygen is a diatomic molecule, O2.

Particles to moles Now suppose you want to find out how many
moles are represented by a certain number of representative particles.
To do this, you can use the inverse of Avogadro’s number as a
conversion factor.
number of
1 mol
representative particles × 6.02 × 1023 representative particles
= number of moles
For example, if instead of knowing how many moles of sucrose
you have, suppose you knew that a sample contained 2.11 × 1024
molecules of sucrose. To convert this number of molecules of sucrose
to moles of sucrose, you need a conversion factor that has moles in
the numerator and molecules in the denominator.
1 mol
2.11 × 1024 molecules sucrose ×
6.02 10 molecules sucrose
= 3.50 mol sucrose
Thus, 2.11 × 1024 molecules of sucrose is 3.50 mol of sucrose.
You can convert between moles and number of representative
parti- cles by multiplying the known quantity by the proper
conversion factor. Example Problem 10.1 further illustrates the
conversion process.

Reading Check List the two conversion factors that can be

written from Avogadro’s number.

Figure 10.4 The representative particle of sucrose is a molecule. The ball- and-stick model shows that a molecule of sucrose is a
Analyze Use the ball-and-stick model of sucrose to write the chemical formula for sucrose.

Sucrose
 Section 10.1 • Measuring Matter 323

EXAMPLE Problem 10.1

Converting Particles to Moles Zinc (Zn) is used as a corrosion-resistant coating Math Handbook
on iron and steel. It is also an essential trace element in your diet. Calculate the Scientific Notation
pages 946–947
number of moles of zinc that contain 4.50 × 1024 atoms.
1 Analyze the Problem
You are given the number of atoms of zinc and must find the equivalent number of
moles. If you compare 4.50 × 1024 atoms Zn with 6.02 × 1023, the number of atoms in
1 mol, you can predict that the answer should be less than 10 mol.
Known Unknown
number of atoms = 4.50 × 1024 atoms Zn moles Zn = ? mol
1 mol Zn = 6.02 × 1023 atoms Zn

2 Solve for the Unknown

Use a conversion factor—the inverse of Avogadro’s number—that relates moles to atoms.
1 mol
number of atoms ×
6.02 × 1023 atoms = number of moles Apply the conversion factor.
24 1 mol Zn
4.50 × 10 atoms Zn × = 7.48 mol Substitute number of Zn atoms = 4.50 × 1024.
6.02 × 1023 atoms Zn Multiply and divide numbers and units.
Zn
3 Evaluate the Answer
Both the number of Zn atoms and Avogadro’s number have three significant figures.
Therefore, the answer is expressed correctly with three digits. The answer is less than
10 mol, as predicted, and has the correct unit, moles.

PRACTICE Problems Extra Practice Page 981 and glencoe.com

5. How many moles contain each of the following?

a. 5.75 × 1024 atoms Al b. 2.50 × 1020 atoms Fe
6. Challenge Identify the representative particle for each formula, and convert the given
number of representative particles to moles.
a. 3.75 × 1024 CO2 b. 3.58 × 1023 ZnCl2

Section 10.1 Assessment

Section Summary 7. MAIN Idea Explain why chemists use the mole.
◗ The mole is a unit used to count 8. State the mathematical relationship between Avogadro’s number and 1 mol.
parti- cles of matter indirectly. One
mole of a pure substance contains 9. List the conversion factors used to convert between particles and moles.
Avogadro’s number of 10. Explain how a mole is similar to a dozen.
representative particles.
11. Apply How does a chemist count the number of particles in a given
◗ Representative particles include atoms, number of moles of a substance?
ions, molecules, formula units,
12. Calculate the mass of 0.25 mol of carbon-12 atoms.
elec- trons, and other similar
particles. 13. Calculate the number of representative particles of each substance.
◗ One mole of carbon-12 atoms a. 11.5 mol Ag c. 0.150 mol NaCl
has a mass of exactly 12 g. b. 18.0 mol H2O d. 1.35 × 10–2 mol CCH4
◗ Conversion factors written from 14. Arrange these three samples from smallest to largest in terms of
Avogadro’s relationship can be number of representative particles: 1.25 × 1025 atoms of zinc (Zn), 3.56
used to convert between moles and mol of iron (Fe), and 6.78 × 1022 molecules of glucose (C6H12O6).
number of representative particles.
324 Chapter 10 • The Mole Self-Check Quiz glencoe.com
Section 10.2
10.
Objectives
◗ Relate the mass of an atom to the Mass and the Mole
mass of a mole of atoms.
MAIN Idea A mole always contains the same number of particles;
◗ Convert between number of however, moles of different substances have different masses.
moles and the mass of an
element. Real-World Reading Link When purchasing a dozen eggs, you can pick from
◗ Convert between number of several sizes—medium, large, and extra-large. The size of the egg does not affect
moles and number of atoms of an how many come in the carton. A similar situation exists with the size of the atoms
element.
that make up a mole.
Review Vocabulary
conversion factor: a ratio of
The Mass of a Mole
equivalent values used to express the You would not expect a dozen limes to have the same mass as a
same quantity in different units dozen eggs. Because eggs and limes differ in size and
composition, it is not surprising that they have different masses,
New Vocabulary as shown in Figure 10.5. One-mole quantities of two different
molar mass substances have different masses for the same reason—the substances
have different compositions. For example, if you put one mole of
carbon and one mole of copper on sepa- rate balances, you would
see a difference in mass, just as you do for the eggs and the limes.
This occurs because carbon atoms differ from cop- per atoms.
Thus, the mass of 6.02 × 1023 carbon atoms does not equal the
mass of 6.02 × 1023 copper atoms.
Recall from Chapter 4 that each atom of carbon-12 has a mass of
12 amu. The atomic masses of all other elements are established
relative to carbon-12. For example, an atom of hydrogen-1 has a mass
of approx- imately 1 amu, one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
The mass of an atom of helium-4 is approximately 4 amu, one-third
the mass of one atom of carbon-12.
You might have noticed, however, that the atomic-mass values
given on the periodic table are not exact integers. For example,
you will find
12.011 amu for carbon, 1.008 amu for hydrogen, and 4.003 amu
for helium. These noninteger values occur because the values are
weighted averages of the masses of all the naturally occurring
isotopes of each element.

Figure 10.5 A dozen limes has approximately twice the mass of a dozen eggs. The difference in mass is reasonable because limes are different from egg
Section 10.2 • Mass and the Mole 325
Matt Meadows
 Figure 10.6 One mole of iron, represented by a bag of particles, contains Avogadro’s number of atoms and has a mass equal to its atomic mass in grams. A

Interactive Figure To see an animation of molar mass, visit

Molar Mass How does the mass of one atom relate to the mass of
one mole of that atom? Recall that the mole is defined as the
number of carbon-12 atoms in exactly 12 g of pure carbon-12.
Thus, the mass of one mole of carbon-12 atoms is 12 g. Whether
you are considering
a single atom or Avogadro’s number of atoms (a mole), the masses of all
atoms are established relative to the mass of carbon-12. The mass in
grams of one mole of any pure substance is called its molar mass.
The molar mass of any element is numerically equal to its atomic
mass and has the units g/mol. As given on the periodic table, an atom of
iron has an atomic mass of 55.845 amu. Thus, the molar mass of iron
is 54.845 g/mol, and 1 mol (or 6.02 × 1023 atoms of iron) has a
mass of 55.845 g. Note that by measuring 55.845 g of iron, you
indirectly count out 6.02 × 1023 atoms of iron. Figure 10.6 shows the
relationship between molar mass and one mole of an element.

Pro
oblem-solviing
lab
la
Formulate a Model
How are molar mass, Avogadro’s
number, and the atomic nucleus related?
A nuclear model of mass can provide a simple
picture of the connections among the mole,
molar mass, and the number of representative
particles in a mole.
Hydrogen - 1 Helium - 4
Analysis 2. Draw Carbon-12 contains six protons and six
The diagram to the right shows the space-filling neutrons. Draw the carbon-12 nucleus and
models of hydrogen-1 and helium-4 nuclei. The calculate the mass of one atom in amu and g.
hydrogen-1 nucleus contains one proton with a 3. Apply How many atoms of hydrogen-1 are in
mass of 1.007 amu. The mass of a proton, in a 1.007-g sample? Recall that 1.007 amu is
grams, has been determined experimentally to the mass of one atom of hydrogen-1. Round
be 1.672 × 10-24 g. The helium-4 nucleus con- your answer to two significant digits.
tains two protons and two neutrons and has a 4. Apply If you had samples of helium and
mass of approximately 4 amu. carbon that contained the same number of
atoms as you calculated in Question 1, what
Think Critically would be the mass in grams of each
1. Apply What is the mass in grams of one heli- sample?
um atom? (The mass of a neutron is approxi- 5. Conclude What can you conclude about
mately the same as the mass of a proton.) the relationship between the number of
atoms and the mass of each sample?

326 Chapter 10 • The Mole

Matt Meadows
Using Molar Mass
Imagine that your class bought jelly beans in bulk to sell by the dozen
at a candy sale. You soon realize that it is too much work to count
out each dozen, so you instead decide to measure the jelly beans
by mass. You find that the mass of 1 dozen jelly beans is 35 g. This
relationship and the conversion factors that stem from it are as
follows:
Personal Tutor For an online tutorial on using conversion factors, visit
1 dozen jelly beans = 35 g jelly beans
35 g jelly beans
1 dozen jelly beans
1 dozen jelly
beans and 35 g jelly beans
What mass of jelly beans should you measure if a customer wants
5 dozen jelly beans? To determine this mass, you would multiply
the number of dozens of jelly beans to be sold by the correct
conversion factor. Select the conversion factor with the units you
are converting to in the numerator (g) and the units you are
converting from in the denominator (dozen).
35 g jelly beans
5 dozen jelly × 1 dozen jelly beans = 175 g jelly beans.
beans of 5 dozen jelly beans has a mass of 175 g.
A quantity

Reading Check Compare How are the jelly bean conversion factors
used above similar to the molar mass of a compound?

Moles to mass Now suppose that while working in a chemistry &/,$!",%3

lab, you need 3.00 mol of copper (Cu) for a chemical reaction. Incorporate information
How would you measure that amount? Like the 5 dozen jelly beans, from this section into
your Foldable.
the number of moles of copper can be converted to an equivalent
mass and measured on a balance.
To calculate the mass of a given number of moles, simply
multiply the number of moles by the molar mass.
mass in grams
number of moles × 1 = mass
mole
If you check the periodic table, you will find that copper, element 29,
has an atomic mass of 63.546 amu. You know that the molar mass
of an ele- ment (in g/mol) is equal to its atomic mass (given in amu).
Thus, copper has a molar mass of 63.546 g/mol. By using the molar
mass, you can convert 3.00 mol of copper Figure to grams
10.7 of copper.
To measure 3.00 mol of copper, place a weighing paper on a balance, tare the balance, and t
63.546 g Cu
3.00 mol Cu × _
1 mol = 191 g Cu
Cu
So, as shown in Figure 10.7, you can measure the 3.00 mol of
copper needed for the reaction by using a balance to measure out 191
g of copper. The reverse conversion—from mass to moles—also
involves the molar mass as a conversion factor, but it is the inverse
of the molar mass that is used. Can you explain why?
ConnectionBiology Cellular biologists continually discover new
biologic proteins. After a new biomolecule is discovered,
biologists determine the molar mass of the compound using a
technique known as mass spectrometry. In addition to the molar
mass, mass spectrometry also provides additional information that
helps the biologist reveal the compound’s composition.
 Section 10.2 • Mass and the Mole 327
Matt Meadows

EXAMPLE Problem 10.2

Mole-to-Mass Conversion Chromium (Cr), Math Handbook
a transition element, is a component of Rounding
chrome plating. Chrome plating is used on page 952
metals and in steel alloys to control corrosion.
Calculate the mass in grams of 0.0450 mol Cr.
1 Analyze the Problem
Real-World Chemistry You are given the number of moles of chromium and must convert it
to an equivalent mass using the molar mass of chromium from the
The Importance of periodic table. Because the sample is less than one-tenth of a mole,
Chromium the answer should be less than one-tenth of the molar mass.
Known Unknown
number of moles = 0.0450 mol Cr mass Cr = ? g
molar mass Cr = 52.00 g/mol Cr

2 Solve for the Unknown

Use a conversion factor—the molar mass—that relates grams of
chromium to moles of chromium. Write the conversion factor with
moles of chromium in the denominator and grams of chromium in the
numerator. Substitute the known values into the equation and solve.
grams Cr
moles Cr × _ = grams Cr Apply the conversion factor.
1 mol Cr
52.00 g Cr
0.0450 mol Cr × _ = 2.34 g Cr Substitute 0.450 mol for
1 mol Cr moles Cr and 52.00 g/mol for
molar mass of Cr. Multiply
Chromium What gives these rims and divide number and units.
their mirrorlike finish? The metal
alloy rim has been plated, or coated,
with a thin layer of chromium. 3 Evaluate the Answer
Chrome plating has been used in the The known number of moles of chromium has the smallest number
automobile industry for decades of significant figures, three, so the answer is correctly stated with
because of its beauty and its three digits. The answer is less than one-tenth the mass of 1 mol,
corrosion resistance. as predicted, and is in grams, a mass unit.

PRACTICE Problems Extra Practice Page 981 and glencoe.com

15. Determine the mass in grams of each of the following.

a. 3.57 mol Al
b. 42.6 mol Si
16. Challenge Convert each given quantity in scientific notation to mass
in grams expressed in scientific notation.
a. 3.45 × 102 mol Co
b. 2.45 × 10 -2 mol Zn

If you examine the atomic mass values given on the periodic

table, you will notice that the values differ in their number of
significant fig- ures; most atomic mass values have four or five
significant figures.
When you use an atomic mass value from the periodic table, use
all the significant figures provided. If your calculation involves
several steps, do not round answers until the end of the calculation.
By doing this, you increase the precision of any calculation
 involving atomic mass.

328 Chapter 10 • The Mole

©Jeff Greenberg/PhotoEdit

EXAMPLE Problem 10.3

Mass-to-Mole Conversion Calcium (Ca), Math Handbook
the fifth most-abundant element on Earth, is Dimensional Analysis
always found combined with other elements page 956
because of its high reactivity. How many moles
of calcium are in 525 g Ca?
1 Analyze the Problem
You must convert the mass of calcium to moles of calcium. The
mass of calcium is more than ten times larger than the molar
mass. Therefore, the answer should be greater than 10 mol.
Known Unknown
mass = 525 g Ca number of moles Ca = ? mol
molar mass Ca = 40.08 g/mol Ca

2 Solve for the Unknown

Use a conversion factor—the inverse of molar mass—that relates moles
of calcium to grams of calcium. Substitute the known values and solve.
mass Ca × _ = moles Ca
1
Apply the conversion factor.
mol Ca
grams Ca
Substitute mass Ca = 525 g,
= 13.1 mol Ca
525 g Ca ×
_1 mol Ca
40.08 g Ca and inverse molar mass of
Ca = 1 mol/40.08 g. Multiply
and divide numbers and units.

3 Evaluate the Answer

The mass of calcium has the fewest significant figures, three, so the
answer is expressed correctly with three digits. As predicted, the
answer is greater than 10 mol and has the expected unit.

PRACTICE Problems Extra Practice Page 981 and glencoe.com

17. Determine the number of moles in each of the following.

a. 25.5 g Ag b. 300.0 g S
18. Challenge Convert each mass to moles. Express the answer in
scientific notation.
a. 1.25 × 103 g Zn b. 1.00 kg Fe

Converting between mass and atoms So far, you have learned

how to convert mass to moles and moles to mass. You can go one
step further and convert mass to the number of atoms. Recall the jelly
beans you were selling at the candy sale. At the end of the day, you
find that 550 g of jelly beans is left unsold. Without counting, can
you determine how many jelly beans that is? You know that 1
dozen jelly beans has a mass of 35 g and that 1 dozen is 12 jelly
beans. Thus, you can first con- vert the 550 g to dozens of jelly
beans by using the conversion factor that relates dozens and mass.
1 dozen jelly beans
550 g jelly beans × 35 g jelly = 16 dozen jelly beans
beans
Next, you can determine how many jelly beans are in 16 dozen by
mul- tiplying by the conversion factor that relates number of
particles (jelly beans) and dozens.

Section 10.2 • Mass and the Mole 329

 The conversion factor relating number of jelly beans and dozens
is, 12 jelly beans/dozen. Applying it yields the answer in jelly
beans.
12 jelly beans
16 dozen × _ = 192
1
dozen
jelly beans The 550 g of leftover jelly beans is equal to

192 jelly beans.

Just as you could not make a direct conversion from the mass of
jelly beans to the number of jelly beans, you cannot make a direct
conversion from the mass of a substance to the number of
representative particles of that substance. You must first convert
mass to moles by multiplying by a conversion factor that relates
moles and mass. That conversion fac- tor is the molar mass. The
number of moles must then be multiplied by a conversion factor
that relates the number of representative particles to moles. For this
conversion, you use will use Avogadro’s number. This two-step
process is shown in Example Problem 10.4.

EXAMPLE Problem 10.4

Math Handbook
Mass-to-Atoms Conversion Gold (Au) is one of a group of metals called
Dimensional Analysis
the coinage metals (copper, silver, and gold). How many atoms of gold are
page 956
in a U.S. Eagle, a gold alloy bullion coin with a mass of 31.1 g Au?
1 Analyze the Problem
You must determine the number of atoms in a given mass of gold. Because you
cannot convert directly from mass to the number of atoms, you must first convert
the mass to moles using the molar mass. Then, convert moles to the number of
atoms using Avogadro’s number. The given mass of the gold coin is about one-sixth
the molar mass of gold (196.97 g/mol), so the number of gold atoms should be
approximately one-sixth Avogadro’s number.
Known Unknown
mass = 31.1 g Au number of atoms Au = ?
molar mass Au = 196.97 g/mol Au

2 Solve for the Unknown

Use a conversion factor—the inverse of the molar mass−that relates moles of gold to
grams of gold.
mass Au
= moles Au Apply the conversion factor.
×_
1 mol Au
grams Au

×_
1
31.1 g Au mol196.97
Au
g Au =
0.158 mol Au Substitute mass Au = 31.1 g and the inverse molar mass of
Au = 1 mol/196.97 g. Multiply and divide numbers and
units.

To convert the calculated moles of gold to atoms, multiply by Avogadro’s number.

6.02 × 10
moles Au × _
1 mol Au
23 = atoms Au Apply the conversion factor.

6.02 × 10 atoms Au
0.158 mol Au × 23 = 9.51 × 1022 atoms Au Substitute moles Au
1 mol Au = 0.158 mol,
and solve.

3 Evaluate the Answer

 The mass of gold has the smallest number of significant figures, three, so the answer is
expressed correctly with three digits. The answer is approximately one-sixth Avogadro’s
number, as predicted, and the correct unit, atoms, is used.

330 Chapter 10 • The Mole

EXAMPLE Problem 10.5

Atoms-to-Mass Conversion Helium (He) is an unreactive noble gas often found Math Handbook
in underground deposits mixed with methane. The mixture is separated by cooling Calculations with
the gaseous mixture until all but the helium has liquefied. A party balloon contains Significant Figures
pages 952–953
5.50 × 1022 atoms of helium gas. What is the mass, in grams, of the helium?
1 Analyze the Problem
You are given the number of atoms of helium and must find the mass of the gas. First,
convert the number of atoms to moles, then convert moles to grams.
Known Unknown
number of atoms He = 5.50 × 1022 atoms He mass = ? g He
molar mass He = 4.00 g/mol He

2 Solve for the Unknown

Use a conversion factor—the inverse of Avogadro’s number—that relates moles to number
of atoms.
1 mol He
atoms He ×
6.02 × 1023 atoms He = moles He Apply the conversion factor.
22 1 mol He
5.50 × 10 atoms He × = 0.0914 mol Substitute atoms He = 5.50 × 1022 atoms.
6.02 × 1023 atoms He He Multiply and divide numbers and units.

Next, apply a conversion factor—the molar mass of helium—that relates mass of helium to
moles of helium.
grams He
moles He × _
1 mol He = mass He Apply the conversion factor.

4.00 g He Substitute moles He = 0.0914 mol, molar mass

0.0914 mol He × _
1 mol He
= 0.366 g He He = 4.00 g/mol, and solve.

3 Evaluate the Answer

The answer is expressed correctly with three significant figures and is in grams,
a mass unit.

PRACTICE Problems Extra Practice Page 981 and glencoe.com

19. How many atoms are in each of the following samples?

a. 55.2 g Li
b. 0.230 g Pb
c. 11.5 g Hg

20. What is the mass in grams of each of the following?

a. 6.02 × 1024 atoms Bi
b. 1.00 × 1024 atoms Mn
c. 3.40 × 1022 atoms He
d. 1.50 × 1015 atoms N
e. 1.50 × 1015 atoms U

21. Challenge Convert each given mass to number of representative particles. Identify the
type of representative particle, and express the number in scientific notation.
a. 4.56 × 103 g Si
b. 0.120 kg Ti

Section 10.2 • Mass and the Mole 331

 1 mol
number of grams 6.02 × 1023 particles
1 mol
number of grams
1 mol
1 mol
6.02 × 1023 particles

Mass Moles
Representative particles
■ Figure 10.8 The mole is at the center of conversions between mass and particles
(atoms, ions, or molecules). In the figure, mass is represented by a balance, moles by
a bag of particles, and representative particles by the contents that are spilling out of the
bag. Two steps are needed to convert from mass to representative particles or the
reverse.

Now that you have practiced conversions between mass, moles,

and representative particles, you probably realize that the mole is at
the cen- ter of these calculations. Mass must always be converted to
moles before being converted to atoms, and atoms must similarly
be converted to moles before calculating their mass. Figure 10.8
shows the steps to fol- low as you complete these conversions. In the
Example Problems, two steps were used to convert either mass to
moles to atoms, or atoms to moles to mass. Instead of two separate
steps, these conversions can be made in one step. Suppose you want to
find out how many atoms of oxy- gen are in 1.00 g of oxygen. This
calculation involves two conversions— mass to moles and then
moles to atoms. You could set up one equation like this.
1 mol O 2
1.00 g O × _ 6.02 × 1023 atoms O2
2 × 1 mol O
31.998 g O2 2

= 1.88 × 10 atoms O2
22

Section 10.2 Assessment

Section Summary 22. MAIN Idea Summarize in terms of particles and mass, one-mole quantities
◗ The mass in grams of one mole of of two different monatomic elements.
any pure substance is called its 23. State the conversion factors needed to convert between mass and moles
molar mass.
of the element fluorine.
◗ The molar mass of an element is 24. Explain how molar mass relates the mass of an atom to the mass of a
numerically equal to its atomic mass.
mole of atoms.
◗ The molar mass of any 25. Describe the steps used to convert the mass of an element to the
substance is the mass in grams number of atoms of the element.
of Avogadro’s number of
representative particles of the 26. Arrange these quantities from smallest to largest in terms of mass: 1.0
substance. mol of Ar, 3.0 × 1024 atoms of Ne, and 20 g of Kr.

◗ Molar mass is used to convert 27. Identify the quantity that is calculated by dividing the molar mass of an
from moles to mass. The inverse ele- ment by Avogadro’s number.
of molar mass is used to convert 28. Design a concept map that shows the conversion factors needed to
from mass to moles. convert between mass, moles, and number of particles.
332 Chapter 10 • The Mole Self-Check Quiz glencoe.com
Section 10.3
10.
Objectives
◗ Recognize the mole relationships Moles of Compounds
shown by a chemical formula.
MAIN Idea The molar mass of a compound can be calculated from
◗ Calculate the molar mass of a its chemical formula and can be used to convert from mass to moles
compound.
of that compound.
◗ Convert between the number of
moles and mass of a compound. Real-World Reading Link Imagine checking two pieces of luggage at the
◗ Apply conversion factors to airport, only to find out that one of them is over the weight limit. Because
determine the number of atoms or the weight of each suitcase depends on the combination of the items packed
ions in a known mass of a inside, changing the combination of the items in the two suitcases changes the
compound. weight of each.
Review Vocabulary
Chemical Formulas and the Mole
representative particle: an atom,
molecule, formula unit, or ion You have learned that different kinds of representative particles are
counted using the mole. In the last section, you read how to use
molar mass to convert among moles, mass, and number of
particles of an element. Can you make similar conversions for
compounds and ions? Yes, you can, but to do so you will need to
know the molar mass of the compounds and ions involved.
Recall that a chemical formula indicates the numbers and
types of atoms contained in one unit of the compound. Consider the
compound dichlorodifluoromethane with the chemical formula
CCl2F2. The sub- scripts in the formula indicate that one molecule
of CCl2F2 consists of one carbon (C) atom, two chlorine (Cl)
atoms, and two fluorine (F) atoms. These atom are chemically
bonded together. The C-Cl-F ratio in CCl2F2 is 1:2:2.
Now suppose you had a mole of CCl2F2. The representative
parti- cles of the compound are molecules, and a mole of CCl2F2
contains Avogadro’s number of molecules. The C-Cl-F ratio in
one mole of CCl2F2 would still be 1:2:2, as it is in one molecule
the compound.
Figure 10.9 illustrates this principle for a dozen CCl2F2 molecules.
Check for yourself that a dozen CCl2F2 molecules contains one
dozen carbon atoms, two dozen chlorine atoms, and two dozen
fluorine atoms. The chemical formula CCl2F2 not only represents an
individual mole- cule of CCl2F2, it also represents a mole of the
compound.

Figure 10.9 A dozen freon molecules contains one dozen carbon atoms, two dozen chlorine atoms, and
Interpret How many of each kind of atom—carbon, chlorine, and fluorine—are contained in 1 mol of
 Section 10.3 • Moles of Compounds 333

VOCABULARY In some chemical calculations, you might need to convert between

ACADEMIC VOCABULARY moles of a compound and moles of individual atoms in the
Ratio compound. The following ratios, or conversion factors, can be
the relationship in size or quantity written for use in these calculations for the molecule CCl2F2.
of two or more things; proportion
1 mol C 2 mol Cl 2 mol F atoms
The test results showed his LDL-to-
atoms 1 mol atoms 1 mol 1 mol CCl2F2
HDL cholesterol ratio was too high.
CCl2F2 CCl2F2
To find out how many moles of fluorine atoms are in 5.50 moles
of freon, you multiply the moles of freon by the conversion factor
relating moles of fluorine atoms to moles of freon.
F atoms
moles CCl2F2 × moles
= moles F atoms
1 mol CCl 2 2
2Fmol F atoms
5.50 mol CCl2F2 × = 11.0 mol F atoms
22
1 mol CCl
Conversion factors such as the one
F just used for fluorine can be
written for any element in a compound. The number of moles of
the element that goes in the numerator of the conversion factor is
the subscript for that element in the chemical formula.

EXAMPLE Problem 10.6

Math Handbook
Mole Relationships from a Chemical Formula Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), often
Dimensional Analysis
called alumina, is the principal raw material for the production of aluminum (Al).
page 956
Alumina occurs in the minerals corundum and bauxite. Determine the moles of
aluminum ions (Al3+) in 1.25 mol of Al2O3.
1 Analyze the Problem
You are given the number of moles of Al2O3 and must determine the number of moles
of Al3+ ions. Use a conversion factor based on the chemical formula that relates moles
of Al3+ ions to moles of Al2O3. Every mole of Al2O3 contains 2 mol of Al3+ ions. Thus, the
answer should be two times the number of moles of Al2O3.
Known Unknown
number of moles = 1.25 mol Al2O3 number of moles = ? mol Al3+ ions

2 Solve for the Unknown

Use the relationship that 1 mol of Al2O3 contains 2 mol of Al3+ ions to write
a conversion factor.
2 mol Al3+ ions
Create a conversion factor relating moles of Al 3+ ions to moles of Al O .
2 3
1 mol Al2O3

To convert the known number of moles of Al 2O3 to moles of Al3+ ions, multiply by the
ions-to-moles conversion factor.
moles Al2O3 × 2 mol Al3+ ions = moles Al3+ ions Apply the conversion factor.
1 mol Al2O3
2 mol Al ions
1.25 mol Al O × 3+ = 2.50 mol Al3+ ions Substitute moles Al O
= 1.25 mol Al O and solve.
2 3 2 3 23
1 mol Al2O3

3 Evaluate the Answer

Because the conversion factor is a ratio of whole numbers, the number of significant digits
is based on the moles of Al2O3. Therefore, the answer is expressed correctly with three
significant figures. As predicted, the answer is twice the number of moles of Al2O3.

334 Chapter 10 • The Mole

 PRACTICE Problems Extra Practice Pages 981–982 and
Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) is used in soldering flux, an alloy used to join two metals together. Determine the moles of Cl - ions in 2.50 mol ZnCl2
PlantsFigure 10.10 Because
and animals dependeach sub- stance
on glucose contains different
(C6H12O6) numbers
as an energy and kinds
source. of atoms,
Calculate thetheir molarof
number masses
molesareofdifferent. The molar
each element in mass
1.25 of
moleach com
C6H12
Iron(III) sulfate[Fe2(SO4)3] is sometimes used in the water purification process. Determine the number of moles of sulfate ions present in
3.00 mol of Fe2(SO4)3.
How many moles of oxygen atoms are present in 5.00 mol of diphosphorus pentoxide (P2O5)?
Challenge Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen atom
1.15 × 101 mol of water. Express the answer in scientific nota

The Molar Mass of Compounds

The mass of your backpack is the sum of the mass of the pack and
the masses of the books, notebooks, pencils, lunch, and miscellaneous
items you put into it. You could find its mass by determining the
mass of each item separately and adding them together. Similarly, the
mass of a mole of a compound equals the sum of the masses of all Potassium chromate (K2CrO4)
the particles that make up the compound.
Suppose you want to determine the molar mass of the
compound potassium chromate (K2CrO4). Start by looking up the
molar mass of each element present in K2CrO4. Then, multiply each
molar mass by the number of moles of that element in the chemical
formula. Adding the masses of each element yields the molar mass
of K2CrO4.
39.10 g K
2 mol K × _
1 mol = 78.20 g
K
52.00 g Cr
1 mol Cr × _1 mol
= 52.00 g 4Cr
mol O ×
1 mol
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
_16.00O g O = 64.00 g

molar mass K2CrO4 = 194.20 g

The molar mass of a compound demonstrates the law of conserva-
tion of mass; the total mass of the reactants that reacted equals the
mass of the compound formed. Figure 10.10 shows equivalent
masses of one mole of potassium chromate, sodium chloride,
and sucrose.

PRACTICE Problems Extra Practice Pages 981–982 and

mine the molar mass of each ionic compound.
b. CaCl2c. KC2H3O2
ate the molar mass of each molecular compound.
OHb. HCNc. CCl4 Sucrose (C12H22O11)
nge Identify each substance as a molecular compound or an ionic compound, and then calculate its molar mass.
NO3)2b. (NH4)3PO4c. C12H22O11
Section 10.3 • Moles of Compounds 335
Matt Meadows
 Converting Moles
of a Compound to Mass
Suppose you need to measure a certain number of moles of a
compound for an experiment. First, you must calculate the mass in
grams that cor- responds to the necessary number of moles. Then,
you can measure that mass on a balance. In Example Problem 10.2,
you learned how to con- vert the number of moles of elements to
mass using molar mass as the conversion factor. The procedure is
the same for compounds, except that you must first calculate the
molar mass of the compound.

EXAMPLE Problem 10.7

Math Handbook
Mole-to-Mass Conversion for Compounds The characteristic odor of garlic
Calculations with
is due to allyl sulfide [(C3H5)2S]. What is the mass of 2.50 mol of (C3H5)2S?
Significant Figures
pages 952–953
1 Analyze the Problem
You are given 2.50 mol of (C3H5)2S and must convert the moles to mass using the molar
mass as a conversion factor. The molar mass is the sum of the molar masses of all the
elements in (C3H5)2S.
Known Unknown
number of moles = 2.50 mol (C3H5)2S molar mass = ? g/mol (C3H5)2S
mass = ? g (C3H5)2S

2 Solve for the Unknown

Calculate the molar mass of (C3H5)2S.
32.07 g S
1 mol S × _ = 32.07 g S Multiply the moles of S in the compound by the molar mass of S.
1 mol S
12.01 g C
6 mol C × _ = 72.06 g C Multiply the moles of C in the compound by the molar mass of C.
1 mol C
1.008 g H
10 mol H × _
1 mol H = 10.08 g H Multiply the moles of H in the compound by the molar mass of H.

molar mass = (32.07 g + 72.06 g + 10.08 g) = 114.21 g/mol (C3H5)2S Total the mass values.

Use a conversion factor—the molar mass—that relates grams to moles.

grams (C3H5)2S
moles (C3 H5 ) S × = mass (C H52)3 S Apply the conversion factor.
1 mol (C3H5)2S 2
114.21 g (C3H5)2S
2.50 mol (C3H5)2S × = 286 g (C3H5)2S Substitute moles (C H ) S = 2.5 mol, molar
1 mol (C3H5)2S 352
mass (C H
3 5)2 S
= 114.21 g/mol, and solve.

PRACTICE Problems Extra Practice Pages 981–982 and glencoe.com

37. The United States chemical industry produces more sulfuric acid (H2SO4), in terms of
mass, than any other chemical. What is the mass of 3.25 mol of H2SO4?
38. What is the mass of 4.35 × 10 -2 mol of zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 )?
39. Challenge Write the chemical formula for potassium permanganate, and then calculate
the mass in grams of 2.55 mol of the compound.
336 Chapter 10 • The Mole
Converting the Mass
of a Compound to Moles
Imagine that an experiment you are doing in the laboratory produces
5.55 g of a compound. How many moles is this? To find out, you
calcu- late the molar mass of the compound and determine it to be
185.0 g/mol. The molar mass relates grams and moles, but this time
you need the inverse of the molar mass as the conversion factor.
1 mol
5.50 g ×
compound = 0.0297 mol compound
compound 185.0 g
compound

EXAMPLE Problem 10.8

Math Handbook
Mass-to-Mole Conversion for Compounds Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] is
Calculations with
used to remove sulfur dioxide from the exhaust gases emitted by power plants
Significant Figures
and for softening water by the elimination of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. Calculate the pages 952–953
number of moles of calcium hydroxide in 325 g of the compound.
1 Analyze the Problem
You are given 325 g of Ca(OH)2 and must solve for the number of moles of Ca(OH) 2.
You must first calculate the molar mass of Ca(OH) 2.
Known Unknown
mass = 325 g Ca(OH)2 molar mass = ? g/mol Ca(OH)2
number of moles = ? mol Ca(OH)2

2 Solve for the Unknown

Determine the molar mass of Ca(OH) 2.
40.08 g Ca
1 mol Ca × _ = 40.08 g Multiply the moles of Ca in the compound by the molar mass of Ca.
1mol Ca
2 mol O × _16.00 g O = 32.00 g Multiply the moles of O in the compound by the molar mass of O.
1 mol O
1.008 g H
2 mol H × _
1 mol H = 2.016 g Multiply the moles of H in the compound by the molar mass of H.

molar mass = (40.08 g + 32.00 g + 2.016 g) = 74.10 g/mol Ca(OH)2 Total the mass values.

Use a conversion factor—the inverse of the molar mass—that relates moles to grams.
1 mol Ca(OH)2
325 g Ca(OH) × Apply the conversion factor. Substitute mass Ca = 325 g,
2 74.10 g Ca(OH)2 = 4.39 mol Ca(OH)2 inverse molar mass Ca(OH)2 = 1 mol/74.10 g, and solve.

3 Evaluate the Answer

To check the reasonableness of the answer, round the molar mass of Ca(OH) 2 to
75 g/mol and the given mass of Ca(OH) 2 to 300 g. Seventy-five is contained in
300 four times. Thus, the answer is reasonable. The unit, moles, is correct, and
there are three significant figures.

PRACTICE Problems Extra Practice Pages 981–982 and glencoe.com

40. Determine the number of moles present in each compound.

a. 22.6 g AgNO3 b. 6.50 g ZnSO4 c. 35.0 g HCl
41. Challenge Identify each as an ionic or molecular compound and convert the given mass
to moles. Express your answers in scientific notation.
a. 2.50 kg Fe2O3 b. 25.4 mg PbCl4
 Section 10.3 • Moles of Compounds 337

Converting the Mass of

a Compound to Number of Particles
&/,$!",%3 Example Problem 10.8 illustrated how to find the number of moles
Incorporate information of a compound contained in a given mass. Now, you will learn
from this section
into how to calculate the number of representative particles—molecules
your Foldable. or formula
units—contained in a given mass and, in addition, the number of
atoms or ions.
Recall that no direct conversion is possible between mass and
num- ber of particles. You must first convert the given mass to moles
by mul- tiplying by the inverse of the molar mass. Then, you can
convert moles to the number of representative particles by
multiplying by Avogadro’s number. To determine numbers of
atoms or ions in a compound, you will need conversion factors
that are ratios of the number of atoms or ions in the compound to
1 mol of compound. These are based on the chemical formula.
Example Problem 10.9 provides practice in solving this type of
problem.

EXAMPLE Problem 10.9

Math Handbook
Conversion from Mass to Moles to Particles Aluminum chloride (AlCl3)
Calculations with
is used in refining petroleum and manufacturing rubber and lubricants. A sample
Significant Figures
of aluminum chloride has a mass of 35.6 g. pages 952–953
a. How many aluminum ions are present?
b. How many chloride ions are present?
c. What is the mass, in grams, of one formula unit of aluminum chloride?

1 Analyze the Problem

You are given 35.6 g of AlCl3 and must calculate the number of Al3+ ions, the number of
Cl - ions, and the mass in grams of one formula unit of AlCl 3. Molar mass, Avogadro’s
number, and ratios from the chemical formula are the necessary conversion factors.
The ratio of Al 3+ ions to Cl - ions in the chemical formula is 1:3. Therefore, the calculated
numbers of ions should be in that same ratio. The mass of one formula unit in grams
will be an extremely small number.
Known Unknown
mass = 35.6 g AlCl3 number of ions = ? Al3+ ions
number of ions = ? Cl- ions
mass = ? g/formula unit AlCl3

2 Solve for the Unknown

Determine the molar mass of AlCl3.
26.98 g Al
1 mol Al × _ = 26.98 g Al Multiply the moles of Al in the compound by
1 Mol Al the molar mass of Al.

3 mol Cl × _35.45 g Cl = 106.35 g Cl Multiply the moles of Cl in the compound by

1 mol Cl the molar mass of Cl.

molar mass = (26.98 g + 106.35 g) = 133.33 g/mol AlCl3 Total the molar mass values.

Use a conversion factor—the inverse of the molar mass—that relates moles to grams.
1
mass AlCl × _
mol AlCl 3 3 = moles AlCl3 Apply the conversion factor.
grams AlCl3
1 mol AlCl3 133.33 g AlCl3
35.6 g AlCl ×
3
 = 0.267 mol AlCl3 Substitute mass AlCl3 = 35.6 g and inverse
molar mass AlCl3 = 1 mol/133.33 g, and solve.

338 Chapter 10 • The Mole

 Use Avogadro’s number.
0.267 mol AlCl3 6.02 × 1023 formula
×
units Multiply and divide numbers and units.
1 mol AlCl3
= 1.61 × 1023 formula units AlCl3

To calculate the number of Al3+ and Cl- ions, use the ratios from the chemical formula as
conversion factors.
1 Al ion
1.61 × 1023 formula units × 3+ Multiply and divide numbers and units.
AlCl3 1 AlCl3 formula unit

= 1.61 × 1023 Al3+ ions

3 Cl ions
1.61 × 1023 formula units × - Multiply and divide numbers and units.
1 AlCl3 formula unit
AlCl3
= 4.83 × 10 23 Cl - ions

Calculate the mass in grams of one formula unit of AlCl 3. Use the inverse
of Avogadro’s number as a conversion factor.
133.33 g AlCl3 1 mol
× Substitute mass AlCl = 133.33 g, and solve.
1 mol 6.02 × 10 23
formula units 3

= 2.21 × 10 -22 g AlCl 3/formula unit

3 Evaluate the Answer

A minimum of three significant figures is used in each value in the calculations.
Therefore, the answers have the correct number of digits. The number of Cl- ions is
three times the number of Al3+ ions, as predicted. The mass of a formula unit of AlCl3
can be checked by calculating it in a different way. Divide the mass of AlCl3 (35.6 g) by
the number of formula units contained in the mass (1.61 × 1023 formula units) to
obtain the mass of one formula unit. The two answers are the same.

PRACTICE Problems Extra Practice Pages 981–982 and glencoe.com

42. Ethanol (C2H5OH), a domestically produced fuel source, is often blended with gasoline.
A sample of ethanol has a mass of 45.6 g.
a. How many carbon atoms does the sample contain?
b. How many hydrogen atoms are present?
c. How many oxygen atoms are present?
43. A sample of sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) has a mass of 2.25 g.
a. How many Na+ ions are present?
b. How many SO 3 2- ions are present?
c. What is the mass in grams of one formula unit of Na2SO3?
44. A sample of carbon dioxide (CO2) has a mass of 52.0 g.
a. How many carbon atoms are present?
b. How many oxygen atoms are present?
c. What is the mass in grams of one molecule of CO2?
45. What mass of sodium chloride (NaCl) contains 4.59 × 1024 formula units?
46. Challenge A sample of silver chromate has a mass of 25.8 g.
a. Write the formula for silver chromate.
b. How many cations are present in the sample?
c. How many anions are present in the sample?
d. What is the mass in grams of one formula unit of silver chromate?

Section 10.3 • Moles of Compounds 339

■ Figure 10.11 Note the central position
of the mole. To go from the left, right, or
top of the diagram to any other place, you
must go through the mole. The conversion
factors on the arrows provide the means
for making the conversions.
Moles of atoms or ions

1 mol compound mol atoms or ions

mol atoms or ions 1 mol compound
1 mol
number of grams 6.02 × 1023 particles
1 mol

number of grams
1 mol
1 mol
6.02 × 1023 particles

Mass of compound Moles of compound Representative particles

Conversions between mass, moles, and the number of particles

are summarized in Figure 10.11. Note that molar mass and the
inverse of molar mass are conversion factors between mass and
number of moles. Avogadro’s number and its inverse are the
conversion factors between moles and the number of representative
particles. To convert between moles and the number of moles of
atoms or ions contained in the com- pound, use the ratio of moles
of atoms or ions to 1 mole of compound or its inverse, which are
shown on the upward and downward arrows in Figure 10.11. These
ratios are derived from the subscripts in the chemical formula.

Section 10.3 Assessment

Section Summary 47. MAIN Idea Describe how to determine the molar mass of a compound.
◗ Subscripts in a chemical formula 48. Identify the conversion factors needed to convert between the number of
indicate how many moles of each moles and the mass of a compound.
element are present in 1 mol of the
compound. 49. Explain how you can determine the number of atoms or ions in a given
mass of a compound.
◗ The molar mass of a compound is
calculated from the molar masses 50. Apply How many moles of K, C, and O atoms are there in 1 mol of K2C2O4?
of all the elements in the 51. Calculate the molar mass of MgBr2.
compound.
52. Calculate Calcium carbonate is the calcium source for many vitamin
◗ Conversion factors based on a tablets. The recommended daily allowance of calcium is 1000 mg of Ca2+
com- pound’s molar mass are ions. How many moles of Ca2+ does 1000 mg represent?
used to convert between moles
53. Design a bar graph that will show the number of moles of each element
and mass of a compound.
present in 500 g of a particular form of dioxin (C12H4Cl4O2), a powerful
poison.
340 Chapter 10 • The Mole Self-Check Quiz glencoe.com

Section 10.4
10.
Objectives
◗ Explain what is meant by the
Empirical and
percent composition of a
compound. Molecular Formulas
◗ Determine the empirical and MAIN Idea A molecular formula of a compound is a whole-number
molecular formulas for a compound multiple of its empirical formula.
from mass percent and actual mass
data. Real-World Reading Link You might have noticed that some beverage bottles
and food packages contain two or more servings instead of the single
Review Vocabulary serving you expect. How would you determine the total number of calories
percent by mass: the ratio of the contained in the package?
mass of each element to the total
mass of the compound expressed Percent Composition
as a percent
Chemists, such as those shown in Figure 10.12, are often involved
New Vocabulary in developing new compounds for industrial, pharmaceutical, and
percent composition home uses. After a synthetic chemist (one who makes new
empirical formula compounds)
molecular formula has produced a new compound, an analytical chemist analyzes
the compound to provide experimental proof of its composition
and its chemical formula.
It is the analytical chemist’s job to identify the elements a
compound contains and determine their percents by mass.
Gravimetric and volu- metric analyses are experimental procedures
based on the measurement of mass for solids and liquids,
respectively.
Percent composition from experimental data For example,
consider a 100-g sample of a compound that contains 55 g of
Element X and 45 g of Element Y. The percent by mass of any
element in a com- pound can be found by dividing the mass of the
element by the mass of the compound and multiplying by 100.
mass of
percent by mass (element) = × 100
mass of
element
compound

■ Figure 10.12 New compounds are first made on a small scale by a synthetic
chemist like the one shown on the left. Then, an analytical chemist, like the one
shown on the right, analyzes the compound to verify its structure and percent
composition.
Section 10.4 • Empirical and Molecular Formulas 341
(l)©Comstock Images/Alamy, (r)©GECO UK/Photo Researchers, Inc.
 Careers In chemistry Because percent means parts per 100, the percents by mass of all
the elements of a compound must always add up to 100.
Medicinal Chemist Much like 55 g element
a chef trying to perfect a recipe, the
X × 100 = 55% element X
medicinal chemist works to perfect
the best combination of reactants. 100 g
They use their knowledge of the compound 45
effects of toxins and medicines on g element Y
the human body to synthesize new × 100 = 45% element Y
molecules that target disease. For 100 g compound
more information on chemistry Thus, the compound is 55% X and 45% Y. The percent by mass of
careers, visit glencoe.com. each element in a compound is the percent composition of a
compound.
Percent composition from the chemical formula The
percent composition of a compound can also be determined from
its chemical formula. To do this, assume you have exactly 1 mol
of the compound and use the chemical formula to calculate the
compound’s molar mass. Then, determine the mass of each element
in a mole of the compound by multiplying the element’s molar mass
by its subscript in the chemical formula. Finally, use the equation
below to find the per- cent by mass of each element.

Percent by Mass from the Chemical Formula

percent = mass of element in 1 mol of compound × 100
by mass molar mass of compound

The percent by mass of an element in a compound is the mass of the element in 1 mol of the compound divided by the molar mass of the compo

Example Problem 10.10 covers calculating percent composition.

Analyze Chewing Gum 6. Use a 10-cm × 10-cm piece of window screen

Are sweetening and flavoring added as a to strain the water from the gum. Pat the gum
coating or mixed throughout chewing gum? dry using paper towels. Measure and record
the mass of the dried gum.
Procedure
Analysis
1. Read and complete the lab safety form.
1. Calculate For the uncut piece of gum, calculate
2. Unwrap two pieces of chewing gum. Place each
the mass of sweeteners and flavorings that dis-
piece on a weighing paper. Measure and record
solved in the water. The mass of sweeteners
each mass using a balance.
and flavorings is the difference between the
WARNING: Do not eat any items used in the lab. original mass of the gum and the mass of the
3. Add 150 mL of cold tap water to a 250-mL dried gum.
beaker. Place one piece of chewing gum in the
2. Calculate For the gum cut into small
water, and stir with a stirring rod for 2 min.
pieces, calculate the mass of dissolved
4. Pat the gum dry using paper towels.
sweeteners and flavorings.
Measure and record the mass of the dried
gum. 3. Apply For each piece of gum, determine the
5. Use scissors to cut the second piece of gum percent of the original mass from the soluble
into small pieces. Repeat Step 3 using fresh sweeteners and flavorings.
water. Keep the pieces from clumping together. 4. Infer What can you infer from the two percent-
WARNING: Use caution with scissors. ages? Is the gum sugar-coated or are the sweet-
eners and flavorings mixed throughout?
342 Chapter 10 • The Mole

EXAMPLE Problem 10.10

Math Handbook
Calculating Percent Composition Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3), also Percents
called baking soda, is an active ingredient in some antacids used for the relief of page 965
indigestion. Determine the percent composition of NaHCO 3.
1 Analyze the Problem
You are given only the chemical formula. Assume you have 1 mol of NaHCO 3.
Calculate the molar mass and the mass of each element in 1 mol to determine
the percent by mass of each element in the compound. The sum of all percents
should be 100, although your answer might vary slightly due to rounding.
Known Unknown
formula = NaHCO3 percent Na = ?
percent H =
? percent C =
? percent O
=?

2 Solve for the Unknown

Determine the molar mass of NaHCO3 and each element’s contribution.
22.99 g Na
1 mol Na × _ = 22.99 g Na Multiply the molar mass of Na by the number of Na atoms in the compound.
1 mol Na
1.008 g H
1 mol H × _
1 mol H = 1.008 g H Multiply the molar mass of H by the number of H atoms in the compound.

12.01 g C
1 mol C × _ = 12.01 g C Multiply the molar mass of C by the number of C atoms in the compound.
1 mol C
16.00 g O
3 mol O × _ = 48.00 g O Multiply the molar mass of O by the number of O atoms in the compound.
1 mol O

molar mass = (22.99 g + 1.008 g + 12.01 g + 48.00 g) Total the mass values.

= 84.01 g/mol NaHCO3

Use the percent by mass equation.

% mass element = mass of element in 1 mol of compound × 100 State the equation.
molar mass of compound
22.99 g/mol Substitute mass of Na in 1 mol compound = 22.99 g/mol
percent Na = _
84.01 g/mol × 100 = 27.37% Na and molar mass NaHCO3 = 84.01 g/mol. Calculate % Na.

_1.008 g/mol × 100 = 1.200% H Substitute mass of H in 1 mol compound = 1.0089 g/mol
percent H = 84.01 g/mol and molar mass NaHCO3 = 84.01 g/mol. Calculate % H.

_12.01 g/mol × 100 = 14.30% C Substitute mass of C in 1 mol compound = 12.01 g/mol
percent C = 84.01 g/mol and molar mass NaHCO3 = 84.01 g/mol. Calculate % C.

_48.00 g/mol × 100 = 57.14% O Substitute mass of O in 1 mol compound = 48.00 g/mol
percent O = 84.01 g/mol and molar mass NaHCO3 = 84.01 g/mol. Calculate % O.

NaHCO3is 27.37% Na, 1.200% H, 14.30% C, and 57.14% O.

3 Evaluate the Answer

All masses and molar masses contain four significant figures. Therefore, the percents
are correctly stated with four significant figures. When rounding error is accounted for,
the sum of the mass percents is 100%, as required.

Section 10.4 • Empirical and Molecular Formulas 343

 PRACTICE Problems Extra Practice Page 982 and
What is the percent composition of phosphoric acid (H3PO4)?
Which has the larger percent by mass of sulfur, H2SO3 or H2S2O8?
Calcium chloride (CaCl2) is sometimes used as a de-icer. Calculate the percent by mass of each element in CaCl2.
Challenge Sodium sulfate is used in the manufacture of detergents.
Identify each of the component elements of sodium sulfate, and write the compound’s chemical formula.
Identify the compound as ionic or covalent.
Calculate the percent by mass of each element in sodium sulfate.

Empirical Formula
When a compound’s percent composition is known, its formula can
be calculated. First, determine the smallest whole-number ratio of
the moles of the elements in the compound. This ratio gives the
subscripts in the empirical formula. The empirical formula for a
compound is the formula with the smallest whole-number mole
ratio of the elements.
The empirical formula might or might not be the same as the
actual molecular formula. If the two formulas are different, the
molecular for- mula will always be a simple multiple of the
empirical formula. The empirical formula for hydrogen peroxide is
HO; the molecular formula is H2O2. In both formulas, the ratio of
oxygen to hydrogen is 1:1.
Percent composition or masses of the elements in a given mass
of compound can be used to determine the formula for the
compound. If percent composition is given, assume the total mass of
mposition. You can always assume that you have a 100-g samplethe
of the compound and
compound is use the percents of the elements as masses of the elements.
100.00 g and that the percent by mass of each element is equal to
the mass of that element in grams. This can be seen in Figure 10.13,
where
100.00 g of the 40.05% S and 59.95% O compound contains 40.05 g
of S and 59.95 g of O. The mass of each element is then converted
to moles.

40.05 g S × _
1 mol S
= 1.249 mol S
32.07 g
59.95% O40.05% S S1 mol O
59.95 g O × _16.00 g = 3.747 mol O
O
Thus, the mole ratio of S atoms to O atoms in the oxide is 1.249:3.747.
When the values in a mole ratio are not whole numbers, they
cannot be used as subscripts in a chemical formula. You can convert
Converts to
the ratio to whole numbers by recognizing that the element with the
smallest num- ber of moles might have the smallest subscript
possible, 1. To make the mole value of sulfur equal to 1, divide
both mole values by the moles of sulfur (1.249). This does not
59.95 g O 40.05 g S change the ratio between the two elements because both are divided
by the same number.
_
1.249
1.249 mol S
= 1 mol S _
1.249
3.747 mol O
= 3 mol O
The simplest whole-number mole ratio of S to O is 1:3. Thus, the
empir- ical formula is SO3. Sometimes, dividing by the smallest
mole value does not yield whole numbers. In such cases, each mole
value must then be multiplied by the smallest factor that will make
 it a whole number.
This is shown in Example Problem 10.11.
Reading Check List the steps needed to calculate the
empirical formula from percent composition data.

344 Chapter 10 • The Mole

EXAMPLE Problem 10.11

Math Handbook
Empirical Formula from Percent Composition Methyl acetate is a solvent
Ratios
commonly used in some paints, inks, and adhesives. Determine the empirical page 964
formula for methyl acetate, which has the following chemical analysis:
48.64% carbon, 8.16% hydrogen, and 43.20% oxygen.
1 Analyze the Problem
You are given the percent composition of methyl acetate and must find the empirical
formula. Because you can assume that each percent by mass represents the mass of
the element in a 100.00-g sample, the percent sign can be replaced with the unit grams.
Then, convert from grams to moles and find the smallest whole-number ratio of moles
of the elements.
Known Unknown
percent by mass C = 48.64% C empirical formula = ?
percent by mass H = 8.16% H
percent by mass O = 43.20% O

2 Solve for the Unknown

Convert each mass to moles using a conversion factor—the inverse of the molar mass—
that relates moles to grams.

48.64 g C × _
1
Substitute mass C = 48.64 g, inverse molar mass C = 1 mol/12.01 g,
mol C = 4.050 mol and calculate moles of C.
12.01 g C C

× Substitute mass H = 8.16 g, inverse molar mass H = 1 mol/1.008 g,

8.16 g H _1 = 8.10 mol
mol H and calculate moles of H.
1.008 g H H
Substitute mass O = 43.20 g, inverse molar mass O = 1 mol/16.00 g,
43.20 g O × = 2.700 mol O
_1 mol O
16.00 g O and calculate moles of O.

Methyl acetate has a mole ratio of (4.050 mol C):(8.10 mol H):(2.700 mol O).
Next, calculate the simplest ratio of moles of elements by dividing the moles of each
element by the smallest value in the calculated mole ratio.

_4.050 mol C = 1.500 mol C = 1.5 mol C Divide moles of C by 2.700.

2.700

_8.10 mol H = 3.00 mol H = 3 mol H Divide moles of H by 2.700.

2.700

_2.700 mol O = 1.000 mol O = 1 mol O Divide moles of O by 2.700.

2.700

The simplest mole ratio is (1.5 mol C):(3 mol H):(1 mol O). Multiply each number in the
ratio by the smallest number—in this case 2—that yields a ratio of whole numbers.

2 × 1.5 mol C = 3 mol C Multiply moles of C by 2 to obtain a whole number.

2 × 3 mol H = 6 mol H Multiply moles of H by 2 to obtain a whole number.

2 × 1 mol O = 2 mol O Multiply moles of O by 2 to obtain a whole number.

 The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms is (3 atoms C):(6 atoms H):(2 atoms O). Thus,
the empirical formula of methyl acetate is C3H6O2.

3 Evaluate the Answer

The calculations are correct, and significant figures have been observed. To check that the
formula is correct, calcualte the percent composition represented by the formula. The
percent composition checks exactly with the data given in the problem.

Section 10.4 • Empirical and Molecular Formulas 345

 PRACTICE Problems
The circle graph at the right gives the percent composition for a blue solid. What is the empirical formula for this solid?
Determine the empirical formula for a compound that contains 35.98% aluminum and 64.02% sulfur.
Propane is a hydrocarbon, a compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen. It is 81.82% carbon and 18.18% hydrogen. What is the empi
Challenge Aspirin is the world’s most-often used medication. The chemical analysis of aspirin indicates that the molecule is 60.00% carbon,

Molecular Formula
Would it surprise you to learn that substances with distinctly different
properties can have the same percent composition and the same
empiri- cal formula? How is this possible? Remember that the
subscripts in an empirical formula indicate the simplest whole-
number ratio of moles of the elements in the compound. But the
simplest ratio does not always indicate the actual ratio in the
compound. To identify a new compound, a chemist determine the
molecular formula, which specifies the actual number of atoms of
each element in one molecule or formula unit of the substance. Figure
10.14 shows an important use of the gas acetylene. It has the same
percent composition and the same empirical formula (CH) as
benzene, which is a liquid. Yet chemically and structurally, acetylene
and benzene are very different.
To determine the molecular formula for a compound, the molar
mass of the compound must be determined through experimentation
and compared with the mass represented by the empirical formula.
For example, the molar mass of acetylene is 26.04 g/mol, and the mass
of the empirical formula (CH) is 13.02 g/mol. Dividing the actual
molar mass by the mass of the empirical formula indicates that the
molar mass of acetylene is two times the mass of the empirical
formula.
experimentally determined molar mass of acetylene _26.04 g mol = 2.000
mass of empirical formula = 13.02 g mol
Because the molar mass of acetylene is two times the mass
represent- ed by the empirical formula, the molecular formula of
acetylene must contain twice the number of carbon and hydrogen
atoms as represented by the empirical formula.

Figure 10.14 Acetylene is a gas used for welding because of the high- temperature flame produced when it is burned with oxygen.

346 Chapter 10 • The Mole

©Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit
 Similarly, when the experimentally determined molar mass of
ben- zene, 78.12 g/mol, is compared with the mass of the empirical
formula, the molar mass of benzene is found to be six times the
mass of the empirical formula.

experimentally determined molar mass of benzene _78.12 g mol = 6.000

mass of the empirical formula CH = 13.02 g mol

The molar mass of benzene is six times the mass represented by

the empirical formula, so the molecular formula for benzene must
represent six times the number of carbon atoms and hydrogen
atoms shown in the empirical formula. You can conclude that the
molecular formula for acetylene is 2 × CH, or C2H2, and the
molecular formula for benzene is 6 × CH, or C6H6.
A molecular formula can be represented as the empirical
formula multiplied by an integer n.
molecular formula = (empirical formula)n
The integer is the factor (6 in the example of benzene above) by
which the subscripts in the empirical formula must be multiplied to
obtain the molecular formula.
The steps in determining empirical and molecular formulas
from percent composition or mass data are outlined in Figure
10.15. As in other calculations, the route leads from mass through
moles because formulas are based on the relative numbers of moles
of elements in each mole of compound.

10.15 Use this flowchart to guide you through the steps in determining the empirical and molecular formulas for compounds.
ibe How is the integer n related to the empirical and molecular formulas?

Express percent by mass in grams. Percent compositionMass of component elements

Find the number of moles of each element. Mass of each element Molar mass

Ratio of moles of elements

Examine the mole ratio. If not

If allall
arewhole
wholenumbers,
numbersmultiply by the smallest factor that will produce whole numbers

Write the empirical formula. Empirical formula

ermine the integer that relates the empirical and molecularExperimental

formulas. molar mass = n
Mass of empirical formula

Multiply the subscripts by n. (Empirical formula) n

Write the molecular formula. Molecular formula

Section 10.4 • Empirical and Molecular Formulas 347

EXAMPLE Problem 10.12
Math Handbook
Determining a Molecular Formula Succinic acid is a substance produced
by lichens. Chemical analysis indicates it is composed of 40.68% carbon, 5.08% Ratios
page 964
hydrogen, and 54.24% oxygen and has a molar mass of 118.1 g/mol. Determine
the empirical and molecular formulas for succinic acid.
1 Analyze the Problem
You are given the percent composition. Assume that each percent by mass represents the
mass of the element in a 100.00-g sample. You can compare the given molar mass with
the mass represented by the empirical formula to find n.
Known Unknown
percent by mass C = 40.68% C empirical formula = ?
percent by mass H = 5.08% H molecular formula = ?
percent by mass O = 54.24% O
molar mass = 118.1 g/mol succinic acid

2 Solve for the Unknown

Use the percents by mass as masses in grams, and convert grams to moles by using a
conversion factor—the inverse of molar mass—that relates moles to mass.

40.68 g C × _
1
Substitute mass C = 40.68 g, inverse molar mass C = 1 mol/12.01 g,
mol C = 3.387 mol and solve for moles of C.
12.01 g C C

× Substitute mass H = 5.08 g, inverse molar mass H = 1 mol/1.008 g,

5.08 g H _1 = 5.04 mol
mol H and solve for moles of H.
1.008 g H H
Substitute mass O = 54.24 g, inverse molar mass O = 1 mol/16.00 g,
54.24 g O × = 3.390 mol O
_1 mol O
16.00 g O and solve for moles of O.

The mole ratio in succinic acid is (3.387 mol C):(5.04 mol H):(3.390 mol O).
Next, calculate the simplest ratio of moles of elements by dividing the moles of each
element by the smallest value in the calculated mole ratio.

_3.387 mol C = 1 mol C Divide moles of C by 3.387.

3.387

_5.04 mol H = 1.49 mol H ≈ 1.5 mol H Divide moles of H by 3.387.

3.387

_3.390 mol O = 1.001 mol O ≈ 1 mol O Divide moles of O by 3.387.

3.387

The simplest mole ratio is 1:1.5:1. Multiply all mole values by 2 to obtain whole

numbers. 2 × 1 mol C = 2 mol C Multiply moles of C by 2.

2 × 1.5 mol H = 3 mol H Multiply moles of H by 2.

2 × 1 mol O = 2 mol O Multiply moles of O by 2.

The simplest whole-number mole ratio is 2:3:2. The empirical formula is C2H3O2.
Calculate the empirical formula mass using the molar mass of each element.
12.01 g C
2 mol C × _ = 24.02 g C Multiply the molar mass of C by the moles of C atoms in the compound.
1 mol C
1.008 g H
3 mol H × _
1 mol H = 3.024 g H Multiply the molar mass of H by the moles of H atoms in the compound.
16.00 g O
2 mol O × _ = 32.00 g O Multiply the molar mass of O by the moles of O atoms in the compound.
1 mol O
 molar mass C2H3O2 = (24.02 g + 3.024 g + 32.00 g) = 59.04 g/mol Total the mass values.

348 Chapter 10 • The Mole

 Divide the experimentally determined molar mass of succinic acid by the mass of the empirical formula to determine n.

n = molar mass of succinic acid = _118.1 g/mol = 2.000

59.04
molar mass of g/mol
C2H3O2
Multiply the subscripts in the empirical formula by 2 to determine the actual subscripts in the molecular formula.
2 × (C2H3O2) = C4H6O4
The molecular formula for succinic acid is C4H6O4.
Evaluate the Answer
The calculation of the molar mass from the molecular formula gives the same result as the given, experimentally-determined molar mass.

EXAMPLE Problem 10.13

Math Handbook
Calculating an Empirical Formula from Mass Data The mineral ilmenite is
usually mined and processed for titanium, a strong, light, and flexible metal. A Ratios
page 964
sample of ilmenite contains 5.41 g of iron, 4.64 g of titanium, and 4.65 g of oxygen.
Determine the empirical formula for ilmenite.
1 Analyze the Problem
You are given the masses of the elements found in a known mass of ilmenite and must
determine the empirical formula of the mineral. Convert the known masses of each
element to moles, then find the smallest whole-number ratio of the moles of the elements.
Known Unknown
mass of iron = 5.41 g Fe empirical formula = ?
mass of titanium = 4.64 g Ti
mass of oxygen = 4.65 g O

2 Solve for the Unknown

Convert each known mass to moles by using a conversion factor—the inverse of molar mass
—that relates moles to grams.

×_
1
mol Fe Substitute mass Fe = 5.41 g, inverse molar mass Fe = 1 mol/55.85 g,
5.41 g Fe 55.85 g Fe = 0.0969 mol and calculate moles of Fe.
Fe
Substitute mass Ti = 4.64 g, inverse molar mass Ti = 1 mol/47.88 g,
4.64 g Ti ×
_1 = 0.0969 mol and calculate moles of Ti.
mol Ti Ti
47.88 g Ti
Substitute mass O = 4.65 g, inverse molar mass O = 1 mol/16.00 g,
= 0.291 mol O
4.65 g O × and calculate moles of O.
_1 mol O
16.00 g O

The mineral ilmenite has a mole ratio of (0.0969 mol Fe):(0.0969 mol Ti):(0.291 mol O).
Calculate the simplest ratio by dividing each mole value by the smallest value in the ratio.
0.0969 mol Fe
0.0969 = 1 mol Fe Divide the moles of Fe by 0.0969.

0.0969 mol Ti
0.0969 = 1 mol Ti Divide the moles of Ti by 0.0969.

_0.291 mol O = 3 mol O Divide the moles of O by 0.0969.

0.0969

Because all the mole values are whole numbers, the simplest whole-number mole ratio is
(1 mol Fe):(1 mol Ti):(3 mol O). The empirical formula for ilmenite is FeTiO3.
Section 10.4 • Empirical and Molecular Formulas 349
3 Evaluate the Answer
The mass of iron is slightly greater than the mass of titanium, but the molar mass of iron is
also slightly greater than that of titanium. Thus, it is reasonable that the numbers of moles
of iron and titanium are equal. The mass of titanium is approximately the same as the
mass of oxygen, but the molar mass of oxygen is about one-third that of titanium. Thus,
a 3:1 ratio of oxygen to titanium is reasonable.

PRACTICE Problems Extra Practice Page 982 and glencoe.com

62. A compound was found to contain 49.98 g of carbon and 10.47 g of hydrogen. The molar
mass of the compound is 58.12 g/mol. Determine the molecular formula.
63. A colorless liquid composed of 46.68% nitrogen and 53.32% oxygen has a molar mass of
60.01 g/mol. What is the molecular formula?
64. When an oxide of potassium is decomposed, 19.55 g of K and 4.00 g of O are obtained.
What is the empirical formula for the compound?
65. Challenge Analysis of a chemical used in photographic H
5.45%
developing fluid yielded the percent composition data shown
in the circle graph to the right. If the chemical’s molar mass is
110.0 g/mol, what is its molecular formula? C
65.45%
O
29.09%

66. Challenge Analysis of the pain reliever morphine

yielded the data shown in the table. Determine Element Mass (g)
the empirical formula of morphine. carbon 17.900
hydrogen 1.680
oxygen 4.225
nitrogen 1.228

Section 10.4 Assessment

Section Summary 67. MAIN Idea Assess A classmate tells you that experimental data shows a
◗ The percent by mass of an compound’s molecular formula to be 2.5 times its empirical formula. Is he
element in a compound gives the correct? Explain.
percentage of the compound’s
68. Calculate Analysis of a compound composed of iron and oxygen yields
total mass due to that element.
174.86 g of Fe and 75.14 g of O. What is the empirical formula for this
◗ The subscripts in an empirical compound?
formula give the smallest whole- 69. Calculate An oxide of aluminum contains 0.545 g of Al and 0.485 g of O.
number ratio of moles of elements in
Find the empirical formula for the oxide.
the compound.
70. Explain how percent composition data for a compound are related to
◗ The molecular formula gives the the masses of the elements in the compound.
actual number of atoms of each
ele- ment in a molecule or formula 71. Explain how you can find the mole ratio in a chemical compound.
unit of a substance. 72. Apply The molar mass of a compound is twice that of its empirical
◗ The molecular formula is a formula. How are the compound’s molecular and empirical formulas
whole- number multiple of the related?
empirical formula. 73. Analyze Hematite (Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4) are two ores used as
sources of iron. Which ore provides the greater percent of iron per
kilogram?
350 Chapter 10 • The Mole Self-Check Quiz glencoe.com

Section 10.5
10.
Objectives
◗ Explain what a hydrate is and
Formulas of Hydrates
relate the name of the hydrate to MAIN Idea Hydrates are solid ionic compounds in which water
its composition.
molecules are trapped.
◗ Determine the formula of a
hydrate from laboratory data. Real-World Reading Link Some products, such as electronic equipment, are
boxed with small packets labeled dessicant. These packets control moisture by
Review Vocabulary absorbing water. Some contain ionic compounds called hydrates.
crystal lattice: a three-dimensional
geometric arrangement of particles Naming Hydrates
New Vocabulary Have you ever watched crystals slowly form from a water
solution? Sometimes, water molecules adhere to the ions as the
hydrate
solid forms. The water molecules that become part of the crystal
are called waters of hydration. Solid ionic compounds in which water
molecules are trapped are called hydrates. A hydrate is a compound
that has a specific number of water molecules bound to its atoms.
Figure 10.16 shows the beauti- ful gemstone known as opal, which is
hydrated silicon dioxide (SiO2).
The unusual coloring is the result of water in the mineral.
In the formula of a hydrate, the number of water molecules
associat- ed with each formula unit of the compound is written
following a dot— for example, Na2CO3·10H2O. This compound is
called sodium carbonate decahydrate. In the word decahydrate, the
prefix deca- means ten and the root word hydrate refers to water. A
decahydrate has ten water molecules associated with one formula
unit of compound. The mass of water associated with a formula unit
is included in molar mass calculations. The number of water
molecules associated with hydrates varies widely. Some common
hydrates are listed in Table 10.1.

■ Figure 10.16 The presence of

water and various mineral
impurities accounts for the variety
of different- colored opals. Further
changes in color occur when opals
are allowed to dry out.
 Interactive Table Explore
Table Fo mulas naming hydrates at
of Hydrates glencoe.com.
10.1
Molecules
Prefix Formula Name
H2O
Section
10.5 • Mono- 1 (NH4)2C2O4·H2O ammonium oxalate monohydrate
Formulas of
Di- 2 CaCl2·2H2O calcium chloride dihydrate
Hydrates
351 Tri- 3 NaC2H3O2·3H2O sodium acetate trihydrate
©Alfred Pasieka/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Tetra- 4 FePO4·4H2O iron(III) phosphate tetrahydrate

Penta- 5 CuSO4·5H2O copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate
Hexa- 6 CoCl2·6H2O cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate
Hepta- 7 MgSO4·7H2O magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
Octa- 8 Ba(OH)2·8H2O barium hydroxide octahydrate
Deca- 10 Na2CO3·10H2O sodium carbonate decahydrate
 The hydrate cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate is pink.
The hydrate can be heated to drive off the water of hydration.
Anhydrous cobalt(II) c

Figure 10.17 Water of hydration can be removed by heating a hydrate, producing an anhydrous compound that can look very different from its hydrated

Analyzing a Hydrate
When a hydrate is heated, water molecules are driven off leaving
an anhydrous compound, or one “without water.” See Figure 10.17.
The series of photos show that when pink cobalt(II) chloride
hexahydrate is heated, blue anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride is
VOCABULARY produced.
WORD ORIGIN How can you determine the formula of a hydrate? You must find
Anhydrous the number of moles of water associated with 1 mol of the hydrate.
comes from the Greek root Suppose you have a 5.00-g sample of a hydrate of barium chloride.
–an, meaning not or without, You know that the formula is BaCl2·xH2O. You must determine x,
and –hydrous from the Greek the coefficient of H2O in the hydrate formula that indicates the
root hydro meaning water number of moles of water associated with 1 mol of BaCl2. To find x,
you would heat the sample of the hydrate to drive off the water of
hydration. After heating, the dried substance, which is anhydrous
BaCl2, has a mass of 4.26 g. The mass of the water of hydration is the
difference between the mass of the hydrate (5.00 g) and the mass of
the anhydrous compound (4.26 g).
5.00 g BaCl2 hydrate - 4.26 g anhydrous BaCl2 = 0.74 g H2O
You now know the masses of BaCl2 and H2O in the sample. You
can
convert these masses to moles using the molar masses. The molar mass
of BaCl2 is 208.23 g/mol, and the molar mass of H2O is 18.02 g/mol.
1 mol BaCl2
4.26 g × 208.23 g BaCl2 = 0.0205 mol BaCl2
1 mol H 2O
H 2O2 × _
0.74 gBaCl
18.02 g H2 = 0.041 mol H2O
O
Now that the moles of BaCl2 and H2O have been determined, you can
calculate the ratio of moles of H2O to moles of BaCl2 which is x,
the coefficient that precedes H2O in the formula for the hydrate.

x _=
m= 0.041 mol H2O 2.0 mol H2O _2
0.0205 mol BaCl2 = 1.00 mol BaCl2 = 1
oles H 2O
moles BaCl2
The ratio of moles of H2O to moles of BaCl2 is 2:1, so 2 mol of
water is associated with 1 mol of barium chloride. The value of the
coefficient x is 2 and the formula of the hydrate is BaCl2·2H2O.
What is the name of the hydrate? The ChemLab at the end of this
chapter will give you practice in experimentally determining the
formula of a hydrate.
 Reading Check Explain why a dot is used in writing the formula of
a hydrate.

352 Chapter 10 • The Mole

Matt Meadows

EXAMPLE Problem 10.14

Math Handbook
Determining the Formula of a Hydrate A mass of 2.50 g of blue, hydrated
Ratios
copper sulfate (CuSO4·xH2O) is placed in a crucible and heated. After heating, 1.59 page 964
g of white anhydrous copper sulfate (CuSO 4) remains. What is the formula for the
hydrate? Name the hydrate.
1 Analyze the Problem
You are given a mass of hydrated copper sulfate. The mass after heating is the mass of
the anhydrous compound. You know the formula for the compound, except for x, the
number of moles of water of hydration.
Known Unknown
mass of hydrated compound = 2.50 g CuSO4·xH2O formula of hydrate = ?
mass of anhydrous compound = 1.59 g CuSO4 name of hydrate = ?
molar mass H2O = 18.02 g/mol H2O
molar mass CuSO4 = 159.6 g/mol CuSO4

2 Solve for the Unknown

Determine the mass of water lost.

mass of hydrated copper sulfate 2.50 g Subtract the mass of anhydrous CuSO4 from
mass of anhydrous copper sulfate -1.59 g the mass of CuSO4·xH2O.
mass of water lost 0.91
g

Convert the known masses of H2O and anhydrous CuSO4 to moles using a conversion
factor—the inverse of molar mass—that relates moles and mass.
1 mol CuSO4
1.59 g CuSO × Substitute mass CuSO4 = 1.59 g, inverse molar mass
4 159.6 g CuSO4 = 0.00996 mol
CuSO4 = 1 mol/159.6 g, and solve.
1 CuSO4
0.91 g H O × _ Substitute mass H2O = 0.91 g, inverse molar mass
mol H 2O 2 = 0.050 mol H2O H2O = 1 mol/18.02 g, and solve.
18.02 g H2O
State the ratio of moles of H2O to moles of CuSO4.
moles H2O
x = moles CuSO4
0.050 mol H2O 5.0 mol H2O = Substitute moles of H2O = 0.050 mol, moles of CuSO4 =
x = 0.00996 mol ≈ 1 mol CuSO4 5 0.00996 mol. Divide numbers, and cancel units to
CuSO4
determine the simplest whole-number ratio.

The ratio of H2O to CuSO4 is 5:1, so the formula for the hydrate is CuSO4·5H2O.
The name of the hydrate is copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate.

3 Evaluate the Answer

Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate a common hydrate listed in Table 10.1.

PRACTICE Problems Extra Practice Page 982 and glencoe.com

74. The composition of a hydrate is given in the circle graph shown at the right.
What is the formula and name of this hydrate?
75. Challenge An 11.75-g sample of a common hydrate of cobalt(II) chloride
is heated. After heating, 0.0712 mol of anhydrous cobalt chloride remains. What MgSO4 H2 O
is the formula and the name of this hydrate? 48.8% 51.2%
Section 10.5 • Formulas of Hydrates 353
 Figure 10.18 Calcium chloride, in the bottom of the desiccator, keeps the air inside the desiccator dry. In

Uses of Hydrates
Anyhydrous compounds have important applications in the
chemistry laboratory. Calcium chloride forms three hydrates—a
monohydrate, a dihydrate, and a hexahydrate. As shown in Figure
10.18, anhydrous calcium chloride is placed in the bottom of
tightly sealed containers called desiccators. The calcium chloride
absorbs moisture from the air inside the desiccator, creating a dry
atmosphere in which other sub- stances can be kept dry. Calcium
sulfate is often added to solvents such as ethanol and ethyl ether to
keep them free of water.
The ability of the anhydrous form of a hydrate to absorb water
also has some important commercial applications. Electronic and
optical equipment, particularly equipment that is transported
overseas by ship, is often packaged with packets of desiccant.
Desiccants prevent moisture from interfering with the sensitive
electronic circuitry. While some types of desiccant simply absorb
moisture, other types bond with mois- ture from the air and form
hydrates.
Some hydrates, sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na2SO4·10H2O)
for example, are used to store solar energy. When the Sun’s energy
heats the hydrate to a temperature greater than 32°C, the single
formula unit of Na2SO4 in the hydrate dissolves in the 10 mol of
water of hydration. In the process, energy is absorbed by the
hydrate. This energy is released when the temperature decreases
and the hydrate crystallizes again.

Section 10.5 Assessment

Section Summary 76. MAIN Idea Summarize the composition of a hydrate.
◗ The formula of a hydrate consists
77. Name the compound that has the formula SrCl2·6H2O.
of the formula of the ionic
compound and the number of 78. Describe the experimental procedure for determining the formula of a
water molecules associated with hydrate. Explain the reason for each step.
one formula unit. 79. Apply A hydrate contains 0.050 mol of H2O to every 0.00998 mol of ionic
◗ The name of a hydrate consists of com- pound. Write a generalized formula of the hydrate.
the compound name followed by the 80. Calculate the mass of the water of hydration if a hydrate loses 0.025
word hydrate with a prefix mol of H2O when heated.
indicating the number of water
81. Arrange these hydrates in order of increasing percent water
molecules associated with 1 mol of
the compound. content: MgSO4·7H2O, Ba(OH)2·8H2O, and CoCl2·6H2O.
82. Apply Explain how the hydrate in Figure 10.17 might be used as a means of
◗ Anhydrous compounds are formed
when hydrates are heated. roughly determining the probability of rain.
354 Chapter 10 • The Mole Self-Check Quiz glencoe.com
Matt Meadows
History In
a Glass of Water
Recall the last glass of water you drank. Although
it seems unbelievable, that glass of water almost
certainly contained water molecules that were also
consumed by Albert Einstein, Joan of Arc, or
Confucius! Just how can two glasses of water
poured at different times in history contain some Molecules Mixed One glass of
of the same molecules? Avogadro’s number and before molecules mixed molecules
mixing removed
molar calculations tell the story.

Oceans and moles The total mass of the water in Figure 1 Molecules from the first glass of water (red) are poured
Earth’s oceans and from a variety of other sources back into a container that holds all of Earth’s water molecules
(blue). A second glass of water taken from the container
is approximately 1.4 × 1024 g. In contrast, an 8-fluid contains a small number of water molecules that were also in
ounce glass of water contains about 2.3 × 102 g, or the first glass.
230 g, of water. Using this data, you can calculate
the total number of glasses of water available on Giant container Suppose all the water on Earth
Earth to drink, and the total number of water mol- was stored in a single, cube-shaped container. It
ecules contained in those glasses. would be enormous, with sides about 1100 km
long! Imagine filling your glass with water from
You know that one mol of water has a mass of the container. Pour the water back into the con-
about 18 g. Using dimensional analysis you can tainer and wait for the water to mix completely.
convert the grams of water in a glass to moles. Then refill your glass. Would any of the molecules
230 g water 1 mol water from the first glass be found in the second glass?
× ≈
As shown in Figure 1, it is likely that the two
glass 18 g water glasses will share some number of water molecules.
13 mol water/glass Why? Because there are 1000 times more
molecules in a glass than there are glasses in the
Thus, one glass of water contains around 13 moles
container, on average, the second glass will
of water. Now convert moles of water to molecules
contain about 1000 molecules that were also in the
of water by using Avogadro’s number.
first glass.
23
13 mol water
× 6 × 10 molecules water ≈ This is true for any two glasses.
glass 1 mol water The power of big numbers Now, consider the
8 × 1024 molecules water/glass amount of water—much more than a single glass—
that passed through Einstein, Joan of Arc, or
Because you know the total mass of water and the Confucius in their lifetimes. Assuming the mole-
mass of water per glass, you can calculate the total cules of water mixed evenly throughout the entire
number of glasses of water available for drinking. volume of Earth’s water, you can understand how
1 glass
1.4 × 10 24 g water × _ ≈ every glass of water must contain some of those
230 g water same molecules.
6 × 1021 glasses

So, there are 8 × 1024 molecules in a single glass of

Chemistry
water and there are 6 × 1021 glasses of water on Estimate The estimating process used in this
article is sometimes called a “back-of-the-
Earth. Comparing these numbers, you can see that envelope” calculation. Use this method to estimate
there are about 1000 times more molecules in a the total mass of all of the students in your school.
single glass of water than there are glasses of For more on big numbers, visit glencoe.com.
water on Earth!
Everyday Chemistry 355
 Probeware Alternate CBL instructions can
be found at glencoe.com.
DETERMINE THE FORMULA OF A HYDRATE

Background: In a hydrate, the moles of water

to moles of compound ratio is a small whole number.
This ratio can be determined by heating the hydrate
to remove water.
Question: How can you determine the moles of
water in a mole of a hydrated compound?

Materials
Bunsen burner
ring stand and
ring crucible and
lid clay triangle
crucible tongs
balance
Epsom salts (hydrated MgSO4)
spatula
spark lighter or matches

Safety Precautions
10. Measure the mass of the crucible, lid, and MgSO4.
11. Record your observations of the anhydrous MgSO4.
WARNING: Turn off the Bunsen burner when not in
use. Crucible, lid, and triangle will be hot and can 12. Cleanup and Disposal Discard the anhydrous
burn skin. Do not inhale fumes—they are respiratory MgSO4 as directed by your teacher. Return all
irritants. lab equipment to its proper place and clean your
station.
Procedure
1. Read and complete the lab safety form. Analyze and Conclude
2. Prepare a data table. 1. Calculate Use your experimental data to
calculate the formula for hydrated MgSO4.
3. Measure the mass of the crucible and its lid to
the nearest 0.01 g. 2. Observe and Infer How do appearances of
the hydrated and anhydrous MgSO4 crystals
4. Add about 3 g hydrated MgSO4 to the crucible. compare? How are they different?
Measure the mass of the crucible, lid, and
hydrate to the nearest 0.01 g. 3. Conclude Why might the method used not
be suitable for determining the water of hydration
5. Record your observations of the hydrate. for all hydrates?
6. Place the triangle on the ring of the ring
4. Error Analysis If the hydrate’s formula is
stand. Adjust the ring stand so the triangle
MgSO4·7H2O, what is the percent error in your
will be posi- tioned near the tip of the Bunsen
formula for hydrated MgSO4? What are the
burner’s flame. Do not light the Bunsen
possible sources for the error? What
burner yet.
procedural changes could you make to reduce
7. Carefully place the crucible in the triangle with the error?
its lid slightly ajar.
5. Predict the result of leaving the anhydrous
8. Begin heating with a low flame, then gradually crystals uncovered overnight.
prog- ress to a stronger flame. Heat for about 10
min, then turn off the burner.
9. Use tongs to carefully remove the crucible from INQUIRY EXTENSION
the triangle. Use tongs to place the lid on the Design an Experiment to test whether a
crucible. Allow everything to cool. com- pound is hydrated or anhydrous.

356 Chapter 10 • The Mole

Matt Meadows
 Download quizzes, key
terms, and flash cards
from glencoe.com.

BIG Idea The mole represents a large number of extremely small particles.

Section
Sectio 10.1
10. Measuring Matter
MAIN Idea Chemists use the mole Key Concepts
to count atoms, molecules, ions, and • The mole is a unit used to count particles of matter indirectly. One mole of a
formula units. pure substance contains Avogadro’s number of particles.
Vocabulary • Representative particles include atoms, ions, molecules, formula units,
• Avogadro’s number (p. 321) electrons, and other similar particles.
• mole (p. 321) • One mole of carbon-12 atoms has a mass of exactly 12 g.
• Conversion factors written from Avogadro’s relationship can be used to
convert between moles and number of representative particles.

Section
Sectio 10.2
10. Mass and the Mole
MAIN Idea A mole always contains Key Concepts
the same number of particles; • The mass in grams of 1 mol of any pure substance is called its molar mass.
however, moles of different
• The molar mass of an element is numerically equal to its atomic mass.
substances have different masses.
• The molar mass of any substance is the mass in grams of Avogadro’s
Vocabulary number of representative particles of the substance.
• molar mass (p. 326) • Molar mass is used to convert from moles to mass. The inverse of molar
mass is used to convert from mass to moles.

Section
Sectio 10.3
10. Moles of Compounds
MAIN Idea The molar mass of a Key Concepts
compound can be calculated from • Subscripts in a chemical formula indicate how many moles of each
its chemical formula and can be element are present in 1 mol of the compound.
used to convert from mass to moles • The molar mass of a compound is calculated from the molar masses of all of
of that compound. the elements in the compound.
• Conversion factors based on a compound’s molar mass are used to
convert between moles and mass of a compound.

Section
Sectio 10.4
10. Empirical and Molecular Formulas
MAIN Idea A molecular formula of Key Concepts
a compound is a whole-number • The percent by mass of an element in a compound gives the percentage of
multiple of its empirical formula. the compound’s total mass due to that element.
Vocabulary • The subscripts in an empirical formula give the smallest whole-number
• empirical formula (p. 344) ratio of moles of elements in the compound.
• molecular formula (p. 346) • The molecular formula gives the actual number of atoms of each element
• percent composition (p. 342) in a molecule or formula unit of a substance.
• The molecular formula is a whole-number multiple of the empirical formula.

Section
Sectio 10.5
10. Formulas of Hydrates
MAIN Idea Hydrates are solid ionic Key Concepts
compounds in which water • The formula of a hydrate consists of the formula of the ionic compound and
molecules are trapped. the number of water molecules associated with one formula unit.
Vocabulary • The name of a hydrate consists of the compound name and the word hydrate
• hydrate (p. 351)
with a prefix indicating the number of water molecules in 1 mol of the
compound.
• Anhydrous compounds are formed when hydrates are heated.

Vocabulary PuzzleMaker glencoe.com

Chapter 10 • Study Guide 357
 Section 10.1 95. How many moles contain the given quantity?
a. 1.25 × 1015 molecules of carbon dioxide
Mastering Concepts b. 3.59 × 1021 formula units of sodium nitrate
83. What is the numerical value of Avogadro’s c. 2.89 × 1027 formula units of calcium carbonate
number?
96. RDA of Selenium The recommended daily
84. How many atoms of potassium does 1 mol of allowance (RDA) of selenium in your diet is 8.87 ×
potassium contain? 10 -4 mol. How many atoms of selenium is this?
85. Compare a mole of Ag-108 and a mole of Pt-195
using atoms, protons, electrons, and neutrons.
86. Why is the mole an important unit to chemists?
87. Currency Examine the information in Table 10.2
and
explain how rolls used to count pennies and dimes are Solution A Solution B
similar to moles. 0.250 mol 0.130 mol
Cu2+ ions Ca2+ ions
Table 10.2 Rolled-Coin Values
d. 5.90 mol of Ca to atoms of Ca
Coin Value of a Roll of Coins
Penny $0.50
Dime $5.00

88. Explain how Avogadro’s number is used as a

conversion factor.
89. Conversion Design a flowchart that could be used
to help convert particles to moles or moles to
particles.

Mastering Problems
90. Determine the number of representative particles
in each substance.
a. 0.250 mol of silver
b. 8.56 × 10 -3 mol of sodium chloride
c. 35.3 mol of carbon dioxide
d. 0.425 mol of nitrogen (N2)
91. Determine the number of representative particles
in each substance.
a. 4.45 mol of C6H12O6 c. 2.24 mol of H2
b. 0.250 mol of KNO3 d. 9.56 mol of Zn
92. How many molecules are contained in each compound?
a. 1.35 mol of carbon disulfide (CS2)
b. 0.254 mol of diarsenic trioxide (As2O3)
c. 1.25 mol of water
d. 150.0 mol of HCl
93. Determine the number of moles in each
substance.
a. 3.25 × 1020 atoms of lead
b. 4.96 × 1024 molecules of glucose
c. 1.56 × 1023 formula units of sodium hydroxide
d. 1.25 × 1025 copper(II) ions
94. Perform the following conversions.
a. 1.51 × 1015 atoms of Si to mol of Si
b. 4.25 × 10 -2 mol of H 2SO 4 to molecules of H 2SO 4
c. 8.95 × 1025 molecules of CCl4 to mol of CCl4
 ■Figure 10.19 to have 1.5 × 10 -5 mol of chlorophyll per cm2.
How many chlorophyll molecules are in 1 cm2?
97. The two solutions shown in Figure
10.19 are mixed. What is the total
number of metal ions in the mixture?
Section 10.2
98. Jewelry A bracelet containing 0.200 mol
metal atoms is 75% gold. How many Mastering Concepts
particles of gold atoms are in the 102. Explain the difference between atomic mass (amu) and
bracelet? molar mass (g).
99. Snowflakes A snowflake contains 1.9 × 103. Which contains more atoms, a mole of silver atoms
1018 molecules of water. How many or a mole of gold atoms? Explain your answer.
moles of water does it contain?
104. Which has more mass, a mole of potassium or a
100. If you could count two atoms every mole of sodium? Explain your answer.
second, how long would it take you to
105. Explain how you would convert from number of
count a mole of atoms? Assume that you
atoms of a specific element to its mass.
counted continually for 24 hours every
day. How does the time you calculated 106. Discuss the relationships that exist between the mole,
compare with the age of Earth, which molar mass, and Avogadro’s number.
is estimated to be 4.5 × 109 years old? 107. Barbed Wire Barbed wire is often made of steel,
which is primarily iron, and coated with zinc.
101. Chlorophyll The green color of leaves
Compare the number of particles and the mass of
is due to the presence of chlorophyll,
C55H72O5N4Mg. A fresh leaf was found 1 mol of each.

358 Chapter 10 • The Mole Chapter Test glencoe.com

Mastering Problems atoms inhaled with each breath.
108. Calculate the mass of each element.
a. 5.22 mol of He c. 2.22 mol of Ti Chapter Test glencoe.com
b. 0.0455 mol of Ni d. 0.00566 mol of Ge
109. Perform the following conversions.
a. 3.50 mol of Li to g of Li
b. 7.65 g of Co to mol of Co
c. 5.62 g of Kr to mol of Kr
d. 0.0550 mol of As to g of As
110. Determine the mass in grams of each element.
a. 1.33 × 1022 mol of Sb c. 1.22 × 1023 mol of Ag
b. 4.75 × 1014 mol of Pt d. 9.85 × 1024 mol of Cr
111. Complete Table 10.3.

Table 10.3 Mass, Mole, and Particle Data

Mass Moles Particles
3.65 mol Mg
29.54 g Cr
3.54 × 1025 atoms P
0.568 mol As

112. Convert each to mass in grams.

a. 4.22 × 1015 atoms U
b. 8.65 × 1025 atoms H
c. 1.25 × 1022 atoms O
d. 4.44 × 1023 atoms Pb
113. Calculate the number of atoms in each element.
a. 25.8 g of Hg c. 150 g of Ar
b. 0.0340 g of Zn d. 0.124 g of Mg
114. Arrange from least to most in moles: 3.00 × 1024
atoms Ne, 4.25 mole Ar, 2.69 × 1024 atoms Xe,
65.96 g Kr.
115. Balance Precision A sensitive electronic balance
can detect masses of 1 × 10 -8 g. How many atoms of
silver would be in a sample having this mass?
116. A sample of a compound contains 3.86 g of sulfur
and
4.08 g of vanadium. How many atoms of sulfur
and vanadium does the compound contain?
117. Which has more atoms, 10.0 g of C or 10.0 g of Ca?
How many atoms does each have?
118. Which has more atoms, 10.0 mol of C or 10.0 mol
of Ca? How many atoms does each have?
119. A mixture contains 0.250 mol of Fe and 1.20 g of
C. What is the total number of atoms in the
mixture?
120. Respiration Air contains several gases. When
resting, every breath you take contains
approximately 0.600 g of air. If argon makes up
0.934% of the air, calculate the number of argon
 Section 10.3 b. ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3)
c. zinc oxide (ZnO)
Mastering Concepts d. cobalt chloride (CoCl2)
121. What information is provided by the formula
for potas- sium chromate (K2CrO4)? Chapter 10 • Assessment 359
122. In the formula for sodium phosphate
(Na3PO4), how many moles of sodium are
represented? How many moles of
phosphorus? How many moles of oxygen?
123. Explain how you determine the molar
mass of a compound.
124. Insect Repellent Many insect repellents use DEET
as the active ingredient. DEET was patented in
1946 and is effective against many biting
insects. What must you know to determine
the molar mass of DEET?
125. Why can molar mass be used as a conversion factor?
126. List three conversion factors used in molar
conversions.
127. Which of these contains the most moles of
carbon atoms per mole of the compound:
ascorbic acid (C6H8O6), glycerin (C3H8O3), or
vanillin (C8H8O3)? Explain.

Mastering Problems
128. How many moles of oxygen atoms are
contained in each compound?
a. 2.50 mol of KMnO4
b. 45.9 mol of CO2
c. 1.25 × 10 -2 mol of CuSO 4·5H 2O
129. How many carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) molecules are
in
3.00 mol of CCl4? How many carbon atoms?
How many chlorine atoms? How many total
atoms?

The Composition of a Compound

6
5
4
Atoms per formula unit

3
2
1

Ca C H O
Atoms
■Figure 10.20

130. The graph in Figure 10.20 shows the numbers

of atoms of each element in a compound. What
is the compound’s formula? What is its molar
mass?
131. Determine the molar mass of each compound.
a. nitric acid (HNO3)
132. Garlic Determine the molar mass of allyl sulfide,
the compound responsible for the smell of 151. Espresso There is 1.00 × 102 mg of caffeine in a
garlic. The chemical formula of allyl sulfide is shot of espresso. The chemical formula of caffeine is
C8H10N4O2. Determine the moles of each element
(C3H5)2S.
present in the caffeine in one shot of espresso.
133. How many moles are in 100.0 g of each
compound? 152. The density of lead (Pb) is 11.3 g/cm3. Calculate
the volume of 1 mol of Pb.
a. dinitrogen oxide (N2O)
b. methanol (CH3OH)
134. What is the mass of each compound?
Section 10.4
a. 4.50 × 10 -2 mol of CuCl 2 Mastering Concepts
b. 1.25 × 102 mol of Ca(OH)2 153. Explain what is meant by percent composition.

135. Acne Benzoyl peroxide (C14H10O4) is a 154. What information must a chemist obtain in order
substance used as an acne medicine. What is the
to determine the empirical formula of an
mass in grams of 3.50 × 10 -2 mol C 14H 10O 4? unknown compound?
136. Glass Etching Hydrofluoric acid is a substance 155. What information must a chemist have to determine
used to etch glass. Determine the mass of 4.95 × the molecular formula for a compound?
1025 HF molecules.
156. What is the difference between an empirical
137. What is the mass of a mole of electrons if one formula and a molecular formula? Provide an
electron has a mass of 9.11 × 10 -28 g? example.
138. How many moles of ions are in each compound? 157. When can the empirical formula be the same as
a. 0.0200 g of AgNO3 the molecular formula?
b. 0.100 mol of K2CrO4
158. Antibacterial Soap Triclosan is an antibacterial agent
c. 0.500 g of Ba(OH)2
included in detergents, dish soaps, laundry soaps,
d. 1.00 × 10 -9 mol of Na 2CO 3 deodorants, cosmetics, lotions, creams, toothpastes, and
139. How many formula units are present in 500.0 mouthwashes. The chemical formula for triclosan is
g of lead(II) chloride? C12H7Cl3O2. What information did the chemist need
140. Determine the number of atoms in 3.50 g of gold. to determine this formula?
141. Calculate the mass of 3.62 × 1024 molecules of 159. Which of the following formulas—NO, N2O, NO2,
glucose (C6H12O6). N2O4, and N2O5—represent the empirical and
molecular for- mulas of the same compound?
142. Determine the number of molecules of
Explain your answer.
ethanol (C2H5OH) in 47.0 g.
160. Do all pure samples of a given compound have the
143. What mass of iron(III) chloride contains 2.35 × 1023
same percent composition? Explain.
chloride ions?
144. How many moles of iron can be recovered from 100.0 Mastering Problems
kg of Fe3O4?
145. Cooking A common cooking vinegar is 5.0% O
acetic acid (CH3COOH). How many molecules of 24.32%
acetic acid are present in 25.0 g of vinegar? Ba
146. Calculate the moles of aluminum ions present in 69.58%
250.0 g of aluminum oxide (Al2O3).
C
147. Determine the number of chloride ions in 10.75 g 6.09%
of magnesium chloride.
■Figure 10.21
148. Pain Relief Acetaminophen, a common aspirin
substi- tute, has the formula C8H9NO2. Determine
161. The circle graph in Figure 10.21 shows the percent
the number of molecules of acetaminophen in a
com- position of a compound containing barium,
500-mg tablet.
carbon, and oxygen. What is the empirical formula of
149. Calculate the number of sodium ions present in this compound?
25.0 g of sodium chloride. 162. Iron Three naturally occurring iron compounds
150. Determine the number of oxygen atoms present in are pyrite (FeS2), hematite (Fe2O3), and siderite
25.0 g of carbon dioxide. (FeCO3). Which contains the greatest percentage
of iron?
360 Chapter 10 • The Mole Chapter Test glencoe.com
163. Express the composition of each compound as the N?
mass percent of its elements (percent 174. Patina The Statue of Liberty has turned green because of
composition). the formation of a patina. Two copper compounds,
a. sucrose (C12H22O11) c. magnetite (Fe3O4) Cu3(OH)4SO4 and Cu4(OH)6SO4, form this patina. Find
b. aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) the mass percentage of copper in each compound.
H
11.53%
Chapter Test glencoe.com
C
84.31%

O
4.16%
Molar mass = 384 g/mol

■Figure 10.22

164. Vitamin D3 Your body’s ability to absorb calcium

is aided by vitamin D3. Chemical analysis of
vitamin D3 yields the data shown in Figure 10.22.
What are the empirical and molecular formulas
for vitamin D3?
165. When a 35.07-g sample of phosphorus reacts with
oxygen, a 71.00-g sample of phosphorus oxide is
formed. What is the percent composition of the
compound? What is the empirical formula for this
compound?
166. Cholesterol Heart disease is linked to high blood
cho- lesterol levels. What is the percent composition
of the elements in a molecule of cholesterol
(C27H45OH)?
167. Determine the empirical formula for each compound.
a. ethylene (C2H4)
b. ascorbic acid (C6H8O6)
c. naphthalene (C10H8)
168. Caffeine The stimulant effect of coffee is due to
caf- feine, C8H10N4O2. Calculate the molar mass of
caffeine. Determine its percent composition.
169. Which titanium-containing mineral, rutile (TiO2)
or ilmenite (FeTiO3), has the larger percentage of
titanium?
170. Vitamin E Many plants contain vitamin E
(C29H50O2), a substance that some think slows the
aging process in humans. What is the percent
composition of vitamin E?
171. Artificial Sweetener Determine the percent
composi- tion of aspartame (C14H18N2O5), an artificial
sweetener.
172. MSG Monosodium glutamate, known as MSG, is
some- times added to food to enhance flavor.
Analysis deter- mined this compound to be 35.5% C,
4.77% H, 8.29% N, 13.6% Na, and 37.9% O. What is its
empirical formula?
173. What is the empirical formula of a compound
that contains 10.52 g Ni, 4.38 g C, and 5.10 g
Section 10.5 What is the formula of the hydrate?
187. Borax Hydrated sodium tetraborate
Mastering (Na2B4O7·xH2O) is commonly called borax.
Concepts Chemical analysis indicates that this hydrate is
175. What is a hydrated compound? Use an 52.8% sodium tetraborate and 47.2% water.
example to illus- trate your answer. Determine the formula and name the hydrate.
176. Explain how hydrates are named.
177. Desiccants Why are certain electronic Chapter 10 • Assessment 361
devices trans- ported with desiccants?
178. In a laboratory setting, how would you
determine if a compound was a hydrate?
179. Write the formula for the following hydrates.
a. nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate
b. cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate
c. magnesium carbonate pentahydrate
d. sodium sulfate decahydrate

Mastering
Problems
180. Determine the mass percent of anhydrous
sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and water in
sodium carbonate decahydrate
(Na2CO3·10H2O).
181. Table 10.4 shows data from an experiment to
determine the formulas of hydrated barium
chloride. Determine the formula for the
hydrate and its name.

Table 10.4 Data for BaCl2·x H2O

Mass of empty crucible 21.30 g
Mass of hydrate + crucible 31.35 g
Initial mass of hydrate
Mass after heating 5 min 29.87 g
Mass of anhydrous solid

182. Chromium(III) nitrate forms a hydrate

that is 40.50% water by mass. What is its
chemical formula?
183. Determine the percent composition of
MgCO3·5H2O and draw a pie graph to
represent the hydrate.
184. What is the formula and name of a hydrate
that is 85.3% barium chloride and 14.7%
water?
185. Gypsum is hydrated calcium sulfate. A 4.89-g sample
of this hydrate was heated. After the water was
removed,
3.87 g anhydrous calcium sulfate remained.
Determine the formula for this hydrate and
name the compound.
186. A 1.628-g sample of a hydrate of magnesium
iodide is heated until its mass is reduced to
1.072 g and all water has been removed.
 Mixed Review Think Critically
188. Rank samples A–D from least number of atoms to
198. Apply Concepts A mining company has two
great- est number of atoms. A: 1.0 mol of H2; B:
possible sources of copper: chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and
0.75 mol of H2O; C: 1.5 mol of NaCl; D: 0.50 mol of
chalcocite (Cu2S). If the mining conditions and the
Ag2S
extraction of copper from the ore were identical for
each of the ores, which ore would yield the greater
quantity of copper? Explain your answer.
N
22.95% 199. Analyze and Conclude On a field trip, students collected
O rock samples. Analysis of the rocks revealed that two of
52.42% the rock samples contained lead and sulfur. Table 10.5
C shows the percent lead and sulfur in each of the rocks.
19.68%
Determine the molecular formula of each rock. What
can the students conclude about the rock samples?
H
4.96% Table 10.5 Lead and Sulfur Content
■Figure 10.23 Rock Sample % Lead % Sulfur
1 86.6 % 13.4%
189. The graph in Figure 10.23 shows the percent
composi- tion of a compound containing carbon, 2 76.4% 23.6%
hydrogen, oxy- gen, and nitrogen. How many grams
of each element are present in 100 g of the
compound? 200. Graph A YAG, or yttrium aluminum garnet
190. How many grams of CoCl2·6H2O must you measure (Y3Al5O12), is a synthetic gemstone which has no
out in a container to have exactly Avogadro’s coun- terpart in nature. Design a bar graph to
number of particles? indicate the moles of each element present in a
5.67 carat yttrium aluminum garnet. (1 carat =
191. One atom of an unknown element has a mass of
0.20 g)
6.66 × 10 -23 g. What is the identity of this element?
192. Skunks Analysis of skunk spray yields a molecule H
——

with
44.77% C, 7.46% H and 47.76% S. What is the H H
chemical formula for this molecule found in the O C O
—

spray from skunks that scientists think is partly N C N

responsible for the
strong odor? 197. Which of these molecular formulas are also empirical formulas:
193. How many moles are present in 1.00 g of ethyl ether (C4H10O), aspirin (C9H8O4), butyl dichloride
each compound? (C4H8O2), glucose (C6H12O6)?
a. L-tryptophan (C11H12N2O2), an essential amino
acid
b. magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, also known
as Epsom salts
c. propane (C5H8), a fuel
194. A compound contains 6.0 g of carbon and 1.0 g of
hydrogen, and has a molar mass of 42.0 g/mol. What
are the compound’s percent composition, empirical
formu- la, and molecular formula?
195. Which of these compounds has the greatest
percent of oxygen by mass: TiO2, Fe2O3, or
Al2O3?
196. Mothballs Naphthalene, commonly found in moth-
balls, is composed of 93.7% carbon and 6.3%
hydrogen. The molar mass of naphthalene is 128
g/mol. Determine the empirical and molecular
formulas for naphthalene.
 O C C O statement “Trinitrotoluene, TNT, contains 21 atoms

—
per mole.” What is correct about the statement and
C C what is incorrect? Rewrite the statement.
H C H

—
202. Design an Experiment Design an experiment that
N can be used to determine the amount of water in
O O alum (KAl(SO4)2·xH2O).
■Figure 10.24 203. Design a concept map that illustrates the mole
concept. Include the terms moles, Avogadro’s number,
201. Assess The structure of the TNT molecule molar mass, number of particles, percent composition,
is shown in Figure 10.24. Critique the empirical for- mula, and molecular formula.

362 Chapter 10 • The Mole Chapter Test glencoe.com

Challenge
Challeng Proble
oblem
204. Two different compounds are composed of Elements Additional Assessment
X and Y. The formulas of the compounds are X2Y3
and XY. A 0.25 mol sample of XY has a mass of
Chemistry
17.96 g, and a
0.25 mol sample of X2Y3 has a mass of 39.92 g. 212. Natural Gas Natural gas hydrates are chemical
a. What are the atomic masses of elements X and com- pounds known as clathrate hydrates. Research
Y? natural gas hydrates and prepare an educational
b. What are the formulas for the compounds? pamphlet for consumers. The pamphlet should
discuss the compo- sition and structure of the
compounds, the location of the hydrates, their
Cumulative Review importance to consumers, and the environmental
impact of using the hydrates.
205. Express each answer with the correct number of
213. Avogadro Research and report on the life of
signifi- cant figures. (Chapter 2)
Italian chemist Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856)
a. 18.23 - 456.7
and how his work led scientists to determine the
b. 4.233 ÷ 0.0131
number of parti- cles in a mole.
c. (82.44 × 4.92) + 0.125
214. Luminol Crime-scene investigators use luminol
206. Making Candy A recipe for pralines calls for the
to visualize blood residue. Research luminol and
candy mixture to be heated until it reaches the “soft
deter- mine its chemical formula and percent
ball” stage, at about 236°F. Can a Celsius
composition.
thermometer with a range of -10 to 110°C be used to
determine when the “soft ball” stage is reached?
(Chapter 2) Document-Based Questions
207. Contrast atomic number and mass number. Compare Space Shuttle Propellants At liftoff, the orbiter and an
these numbers for isotopes of an element. (Chapter external fuel tank carry 3,164,445 L of the liquid propellants
4) hydrogen, oxygen, hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine, and
Beam of
Electron light dinitrogen tetroxide. Their total mass is 727,233 kg. Data for
ejected
from surface
Metal the propellants carried at liftoff are given in Table 10.6.
surface Data obtained from: “Space Shuttle Use of Propellants and Fluids.“ September 2001. NASA Fact
Sheet.

Table 10.6 Space Shuttle Liquid Propellants

Molecular Mass
Propellants Moles Molecules
Formula (kg)
Electrons Hydrogen H2 5.14 × 107
Nuclei
■Figure 10.25 Oxygen O2 1.16 × 1031

208. Describe the phenomenon in Figure 10.25. Explain why Hydrazine

a. Magnesium metal and 493
water combine to form solid
the electrons are not bound to the nuclei. (Chapter magnesium
Monomethyl- hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
CH3NHNH2 4909
5) b.
hydrazine Dinitrogen tetroxide gas decomposes into nitrogen
209. Given the elements Ar, Cs, Br, and Ra, identify dioxide gas.
Dinitrogen
c. Aqueous Nsolutions of sulfuric
those that form positive ions. Explain your answer. 2 O4 8.64 ×acid
104 and potassium
tetroxidehydroxide undergo a double-replacement reaction.
(Chapter 7)
210. Write the formula and name the compound
formed when each pair of elements combine. Chapter Test glencoe.com
(Chapter 7)
a. barium and chlorine
b. aluminum and selenium
c. calcium and phosphorus
211. Write balanced equations for each reaction. (Chapter
9)
 molecular formula. Record the molecular
formula in Table 10.6.
216. Complete Table 10.6 by calculating the number
of moles, mass in kilograms, or molecules for
each pro- pellant. Give all answers to three
significant figures.

215. Hydrazine contains 87.45% nitrogen and

12.55% hydrogen, and has a molar mass
of 32.04 g/mol. Determine hydrazine’s Chapter 10 • Assessment 363

Cumulative

Standardized Test
Practice
Multiple Choice Use the graph below to answer Question 6.

Use the graph below to answer Questions 1 to 4.

Percent Composition of Some

Organic Compounds
60 N
%C 22.95%
54.5

54.5

O
53.3

50 %H
52.2

%O 52.42%
C
Percent by mass

40 19.68%
40.0

36.4
34.8

36.4

30
H
20 4.96%

10
13.0

9.1

9.1

6. What is the empirical formula for this compound?

6.7

0
Ethanol A. C6H2N6O3
Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Butanoic acid
Compound name C. C2H6O
D. C4H13O2
1. Acetaldehyde and butanoic acid must have the
same 4. The empirical formula of formaldehyde is the same as its
A. molecular formula. molecular formula. How many grams are in
B. empirical formula. 2.000 mol of formaldehyde?
C. molar mass. A. 30.00 g C. 182.0 g
D. chemical properties. B. 60.06 g D. 200.0 g

2. If the molar mass of butanoic acid is 88.1 5. Which does NOT describe a mole?
g/mol, what is its molecular formula? A. a unit used to count particles directly
A. C3H4O3 B. Avogadro’s number of molecules of a compound
B. C2H4O C. the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of pure C-12
C. C5H12O1 D. the SI unit for the amount of a substance
D. C4H8O2

3. What is the empirical formula of ethanol?

A. C4HO3
B. C2H6O2
 B. C4HN5O10 (NH4)2S → H2S + 2NH4I
C. CH3NO2 A. synthesis
D. CH5NO3 B. decomposition
C. single replacement
7. Which is NOT true of molecular compounds?
D. double replacement
A. Triple bonds are stronger than single bonds.
B. Electrons are shared in covalent bonds. 9. How many atoms are in 0.625 moles of Ge
C. All atoms have eight valence (atomic mass = 72.59 amu)?
electrons when they are A. 2.73 × 1025 C. 3.76 × 1023
chemically stable. B. 6.99 × 1025 D. 9.63 × 1023
D. Lewis structures show the
arrangements of electrons in 10. What is the mass of one molecule of barium
covalent molecules. hexa- fluorosilicate (BaSiF6)?
A. 1.68 × 1026 g
8. Which type of reaction is B. 2.16 × 1021 g
shown below? 2HI + C. 4.64 × 10 -22 g
D. 6.02 × 10 -23 g

364 Chapter 10 • Assessment

Standardized Test Practice glencoe.com

Short Answer SAT Subject Test: Chemistry

Use the table below to answer Question 11. 13. It takes 2 iron atoms and 6 chlorine atoms
Charges of Some Ions to make 2 iron(III) chloride particles. How
Ion Formula many chlorine atoms are required to make 18
Sulfide
iron(III) chloride particles?
S−2
A. 9 D. 54
Sulfite SO3−2 B. 18 E. 72
Sulfate SO4−2 C. 27
Thiosulfate S2O3−2 14. What is the molar mass of fluorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3F)?
Copper(I) Cu+
A. 314 g/mol D. 504 g/mol
Copper(II) Cu2+ B. 344 g/mol E. 524 g/mol
C. 442 g/mol
11. How many possible compounds can be
made that contain copper, sulfur, and 15. Which is not a correct formula for an
oxygen? Write their names and formulas. ionic compound?
A. CaCl2 D. Mg(NO3)2
Extended Response B. Na2SO4 E. NaCl
C. Al3S2
Use the figure below to answer Question 12.
Use the table below to answer question 16.
K
Ca Percent composition of selected hydrocarbons
Na Mg
Al Increasing OH Compound %C %H %O
I
Zn ease of Increasing C4H10O 64.81 13.60 21.59
Br
Fe discharge ease of
Cl C6H12O4 48.64 8.108 43.24
Pb discharge
NO3
H C7H16O3
Cu SO4 56.76 10.81 32.43
Ag C5H8O5 40.54 5.405 54.05
 16. A 25.0-g s a mple of an unknown hydrocarbon is
You have been asked to identify a sample of a composed of 12.16 g carbon, 2.027 g hydrogen, and
metal. It is known to be either zinc, lead, or 10.81 g oxygen. If its molecular weight is 148
lithium. You have aqueous solutions of KCl, g/mol, what is the molecular formula for this
AlCl3, FeCl3, and CuCl2 available. compound?
A. C4H10O
12. Explain how you would use these solutions to B. C6H12O4
iden- tify what metal your sample is made of. C. C7H16O3
D. C5H8O5
E. C8H5O5

NEED EXTRA HELP?

If You Missed
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Question . . .

Review Section . . . 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.2 8.3 9.2 10.1 10.2 7.3 9.2 9.1 10.3 7.3 10.4

Standardized Test Practice glencoe.com Chapter 10 • Assessment 365