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Asnt Level III RT

documento para preparación de nivel III en RT.

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jr Paredes
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Asnt Level III RT

documento para preparación de nivel III en RT.

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jr Paredes
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© © All Rights Reserved
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ASNT Level Il Study Guide second edition by Timothy Kinsella ASNT Level il Study Guide: Copyright © 200 by The Amer Sct fo NondstrstiveTsing Ie ASAT nro the suaheni a curacy norman herein Peapod otra ot ees efi the Sin ENE aed mn onc eon TRA ent Say Cae Mara, NDT Het, Noda ng Hone, The NOT ‘er nd wart ar rear of The Amara cetyl Nese esi ne ACCP ASNT, ‘etch Ronan ton an NDE ae ite dears Te eran ye ‘Nendetewcte esting re "ASNT evs toc afer work by promoting the profesional technologie of nondatacve tig “Te American Scety for Nondstractie Testing I iv Aragon ladiographie Testing Method san tovi-62 LUbrary of Congress Catloging-n-Publication Data ‘SENT ov ey guide digraph tng method / by Tiny Kiel Pn tala a eerences and index Ft eran eae ame ‘Acknowledgments SADA te aly ike Rigi Tig Med was rg pubs in 98 THasecond ion sted wh hat docement and was Spe, eve nd exe ination warned y Taw Mal, ‘sna los et “Ape hunk you goto he allowing echnical viewers who asited wth hs publ Pal Acres, Locked Mari en Pach, NSWNC Crane Dion Speedos Raytheon Nie Rowet USAP serve Dek pen taaing Wer inmermanaytheor Davi Cg Pra Witney Cnn ony tarp Use rt ease fo spring may te bined fom ASNT Wb le, wren opy by si rom ASNT fe on gut oie Edocona! Matra Superszartthe ddes above ‘aie by Te Aman ety Note Teng ping 04 Lae Table of Contents Elementary Pati “The Eicon ‘The Neutron ‘Avomie Stace "Atomic Number ‘Mase Number ‘Atomic Weight Isotope lectromagneic Radiation “The Photon Xrys Gama ays Radios | “Apa Paris fel Particles Radioactive Decay ality adintion interaction with Maier Toniraton PhotosiecrcHict Compaun Ext Pair Production Rayleigh Stern “Atenuation Inverse Square Lave Chapter | Review Questions pbbbbubbbbibibbnebOEELELEL Caper 2 Shielding and Faiity Desig ion Aeron even Ten ayer ‘AtenuationEquton andthe Bul Far ‘ily Design Connideratons Workload ‘Occupancy and Use Factors Equipment Conaertons Dilesmaton of Sid Thicke Genet Gldalines or aberatres Sieg Motoring ‘Ghaper? Review Guctions ASNT Level Il Study Guide: Radiographic Testing Method Chapter 3 Radiation Sources crny Generators» Xray Tubes ‘lectoni Radiation Sources ‘ray Sources (Electron Accelerator) ‘Betton an de Gat Generaiors Linear Accelerator High Voltage and Low Vigo Generators “Tapet Materials and Choracteristice Characteristic Xray Spectr Radioinotope Sours = "Newtton Activation ‘ison Pagments Fabrication and Design of Sources ‘Chemical Form ‘Encapelation| Exposure Devices (Chapter Review Questions ‘Chapter 4 Personnel Safty and Radiation Protection aon Measurement Unit “Activity Exposcre Dawe : isogenic of Radiation sural and Manufactured Background Radiation Beposure Z Human Onn Radiosensttivity 2 ‘Symptoms of Radon Inky 2 Relation Damage Reps Concepis B ‘cite Radiston Bxposure : 2s Permissible or Allowable Persone! Dose 24 ALARA. x Radiation Detecioms and Personal Monitoring ‘Gas Filed Raton Detectors ~ General nization Chamber Devices Gegermueler Tube Devices Ssntlaton Detectors Semiconductor Detectors ‘Thermoluminesent Detecors im Badges Selection of Survey lairumeniaion ‘Atea Monitors and Alarm Systeme CClitration end Malntenance Exponre Control Techniques Contamination Sources and Conta Radiography Operating and Emergency nsiractins Radaton Regulatory Standards (Chapter 4 Review Quastions bhbsbeebbeebbbik ‘Chapter 5 The Film Radiographic Process . Maciographic Image Quay Bent Sabet Contrast "im conta Fim spo Unsharpness os Radiograph i Processing Miing of Fis adiograpine iluinatorResucrents Background ighing Viewing Aad Interpretation Aide Judging Redogeaphic Quality ‘im Density Frm Definn ‘aac Trnage Quay indicators Feqlvaent Penetramster Seniiviy Exposure Caeulatons PP Stetion of Energy Xray Exposure Chart Radioisotope Exposure Chars Chapter Review Questions Chapter 6 Radioscopy « Paciples (ght Conversion "uoracent Scena Special Screens Pe ctr ease Ses High Energy Serene Scar Mates Image Quay Contrast Cont of ater Setinon Radiation Sources and Energy Imaging Systems nge intensifier Tes Goan Electron Matipier Ccamenns ‘Charge Coupled Devices Tage Tobe Cchaper 6 Review Gucsions (Chapter7 Fundamentals of Digital Images . tion Signa to Noise Ratio Display Poel Mapping Gray Seale Mapping Achiving and Data Compson Chapt? Review Questions 5 3s = * 36 "36 3 38 > = ce = » > ry ry a0 a AS a5 s of 46 a6 oe ie ce cot ce 7 @ a) a8 a8 ‘o we 51 baannnne ASNT Level Il Study Guide: Chapter 8 Film Digitization ‘Charge Caypled Device Fla {Laser lm Digitization Systems ‘Chapter Review Questions ization Systems ease Chapter 9 Digital Radiographic Iag Thc hn pss ea ssi Bi GiipeCoupid Doves ‘Stree Ponphore Una vray Scanned Berm Detention Chapter? Review Questions araarest Chapter 10 Radiographic Techniques. Resiution Senter ‘ants Diaparsens Scene Fiers Contol of Difaction Seater iets ‘Mui Teehngues Enlargement and Projection ‘Stee Radiography Parallax Methods . cs Formula x Single Marker Formula Double Marker Formula 35 QuuSesseses In Moton Radiography == 7 Elston Radiography %% Panoramic Exposures * KetintonAtenaton Gai Technics m= (Chapter 10 Review Questions = Chapter 11 Computed Tomography ‘si Pringles Reson 85 33 6 Centres 7 System Configurations 7 7 Rotate and Transat Tomography 7 Rotate Only Tomography 37 Volume Computed Tomography 38 Limited Angle Tomography 38 ‘Mechanic! Handling s System Design| Reference Standards 31 Resoaton z 3 Contrast Senivity 31 Mater Density 31 ier Functions of Reference Sandands 2 ‘Chapter Reviewe Questions = % | ec Sle orice z g g : 5 3 (Chapter 12 Neutron Radiography . Tse Pncples Disndvantages ‘Neutron Energies and Sources [Newton ign, Dynamic Neato Radiography Suluherinal Netton Radiography Epithermal and Fast Neuron Radiography Neutron Computed Tomography Neston Gs Chapter 12 Review Questions seescesennk Chapter 13 Backscatter Imaging . Payal Pincpes ‘ehactertuging Techigues intole Moving sits Pring Snot Alton Boks aaging Grinance ‘rsa Corin Capt Review Qusians ‘Chapter 14 Radiographic Interpretation Finage Objet Reatnships ‘teria Conedertons ‘Welding Costing Competes Expected Biscotti Welding Descontsies Casting Discontnutes ‘Compas Docontimace Ranga Appearance of Dc coos 105 ‘Welding Drones : 108 Canting Dscontnitee : SSIS ‘CompaaiteDiscontimutes : cM nage Anata 7 Ms f, Standards, Spctfeations and Proves : 6 CChapeer a eview Questions Sonn a Appendix 1 Answers to Review Questions ... wi ASNT Level I Study Guide: Radiographic Testing Method Foreword “The American Society for Nondestrctive Testing, In. (ASNT) has prepared series of vl Shuly ‘cider which arte to present the major sein sachnondetracve etng method. The cn be {ted to prepare fr taking ASNT NDI Level ants ran employer's inhouse Letter The {ive i conddate should we Ns Sey Cul va preparation tl, even though goes nt contain a ‘ofthe formation an ASNT NDT Levels expected kro “Since the ast prnig of hs aly Gale, vet signin advance inracograpy These advances are found primanly Inthe afenofigtal methods that re experiencing ices widenpreed ‘Sag: The sume dp of undrstandng seed for these proses efor he coneapondig len Fs ig mag un ire rin pig rg ors Fim developmen and siewing an ierpreting images sage eat "fh marl is ths Sly Cue proves a view of he Dy of brody fore radiographic testing metho, Becase this ide provides only av overt ofthe suet mater, ie Level ‘indilateshouid use las on of several preparation ols To be most fective hs Study Ge should ‘brated with the LeveL pal Outre for the Radiographic esting Math he mos een ‘ition of Recommended Paci Ne, SNT-TCTA. should aso be sen combination with ‘Nondesrcive Ting Handa, hrd eto: Volume 4, Radegnphie Testing, Suplemo a Recommended Pracice No SNT-TCIA (QA Ba) Raph Teng Mea and the ater references ited on pases Because the preparation ofthis Staly Guide wasnt coordinated with the atus exams it should be noted ta her nay be questions on heen that cover maona ot ned nhs pablo, ad there my be mater nhs gd that doesnt appenr onthe exam Tula le Stty Gude ope references at ced where detailed information can be otsned “The source documented nt Sty Gn re te erence poe Type Level uctons tine end ofeach selon sve a afonchmar fr dccrminng a eandidtescompreenshon Fie rmateal "Atypical eo this Sty Cue might ince the flog tops 1. Revw the questions at he end of Sach secon to assess yor comprehension of he adigraphic testing metiod 2. theuestion ina cetain scion are found abe fc, carefuly study the iformation [enim that oan wll the ced roernce mater This reve othe inemation ithe ‘hay Cade wil ree your nemory of tory and facts Tong freon ASNT is an Intentional System of Units S publisher, Unt of measure thoushout his book ae provided in‘ unt followed by ces unt in parentheses Atypical conversion woul bee 2 n) To ‘Exomodateequitions inthis Study Gude, sme conversions have been made with dering significant figures For example, 5 em maybe converted 1.97 and T465 cm may be converted 19656 ea Fic a References 1, Bows, Richard HL, Frank A dings, George CWheslertecheieal eds: Patrick ©, Moore, ‘Nanette Tsing Hand thind ‘tion: Volume d Ravographc Tsing Columbus, OF. The American Society for NNondesratve Testing 22, 2 Richardson, Haey natal Radigrepy ‘Marual. Wimington, DE: Ed Pont de [Netnours and Company. 1961 3 Hala R, Puri Rio Teigues. New ork NY: Wyksham Publetons ‘London Ui); Spring Vel, 1971. 4 Mebaster Rober Ce, Nondestructive Testing Hanaok. Columbus, OF: The ‘AmercanSocey for Nondestructive Testing, 5 Pre, Will, Nt Raat Dc, ‘cond exon, New York,NY. McGraw Poblishing Company 964. 6 ol Radiation Deetion and Mersuromen ‘Now York,NY Jon Wiley fe Sons, ne 199 7. Woking Softy os Raval. Columbus, OH, ‘The American Society for Nondestructive ‘esting 2008 '& Quinn Robert, Radar in Mater Industry, fourth edition Rochester NY! Eastman Kodak Company 1980. 9, Annual Boot of ASTI standards, Volume 309, Pruladlphi, PA: The Amerian Soc for “esting and Materials 208. 10, Thich, Helmut The Sense and Nonsense of ‘We Deft. Morton Grove, IL: Monielo Books. 1982 1, Meals Havtook, Von 17, Nowdestactice xlantin on Quality Cat, Metal a (OF The American See for Metal. 1985 12 Halmshaw Inurl Raoogy: Theory and Practice Norwell MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1955 18, aes, Alan dA Dictionary of Physi, hid sdton. Ofod, UK: Oxford Unversity Press 14. Nation! Baro Stndarde Handbook 108, “General Safety Star dards for instalation Using Xray and Sate Gamma-ray Sources, Energies up o 10 MN" Gaithersburg, MD- US. Department of Commerce/ National ‘en of Standards 1975, Additional References Haimshawe, BPs ofladustrial Railay, New "Yorke NY: Elsevier 196, Sense Properties Xray Fs. Rochester, IN¥: Eastman Kodak Compan. 1968 ‘ayo, Base Mealy for Noestrucice “sting. eis Insti of Nondestrctive “esting. Essex, United Kingdom: WH Houlderhaw Lu. B68. Jot, Harold John H. Cunningham. The Phys of Radiology, fourth eon Spring, I: Charles C: Thomas Publahers Ld 183. Matrits and Process fr NDT Techy Columbus, OH: The American Society for [Nondestrctve Testing, 198. [NDI Termin Wilmington, DE: EL. duPont de ‘Nemours aed Company 198) -atigrphi Testing Caso Dang Book, (C16. General Dyzamis Convar Division, Eatin, OF The Arian Slt Nonderrtve Testing, 1967. ‘Thiele, Helmut Df ad Fars in Pressure ‘Vasa Piping. New Yor, NY Robert E Kriger Publishing Co. 1977 Chapter 1 Basic Physics of Radiography Elementary Particles The Electron The elton isan clementary partic thats present inal tome in groupings cll hls: [found the uleus When they detach fom the ulus they ae called fe clacton. The nipatce of the elton is the psow. An nrc subatomic partici that has the Sone mass number as another partie ad equal inttopposte vals of some other property or properties For example the atpartici of he chron the poston, which nasa positive ‘Shang equl im mogtade tothe electrons segue change, ‘The Proton “the proton ian clerentary particle that is stable std Berea postive charge equal i Innghitce to that of the electron. The proton ‘ecu inal atomic nace (he hydrogen ator ‘Sontin ingle proton. ‘The Neutron Shen el parle that sabe inheatomicmucour but days nos proton tn elain, and sv stein wt mean iicof tuts outs te macs Neurons tec inal sfomic mill excepe normal ‘hydrogen. a ‘Atomic Structure ‘Anata thot part ofan elemest aa chvcttand conte os smal dee teu of pot and matron oud By Ming eon The uber flctons eas Senober ot prouns che overall cage Bos ay ea of nev ie eeStpceal lter rv serie aeons weed te cuceun Becton ae Steppin shelve dltaces om the icles eroding thaw much emery they have, These sll ar identified by the ters K; LIMLN,O.P and Q with being the closet 0 the nucleus, Each sll tn hald enya certain fandom number feletrons; the K shall ean Fold mo more than 2 the shel no more than 8 hell no more han 18 shel N mo move than 32, ‘hell O no more than 50, shall P no more than 72 ‘nd shell Qno moe than 98, ‘Atomic Number "Theos number ete numberof protons in the nclavs of a tam. Te atomic number sual othe numberof ezeone ortting the ‘cles ina neutal tom. The symbol fr atomic umber eZ. Mass Number "The est mansr the sm of the protons and neurons nan stom Although altars of element have the sme numberof protons, they ny have aire nabs of nets, ‘lorene mami of metros recalled ote. ‘Atomic Weight "Teton sight he weight of an tom ‘expres in tome nests aa) One atomic tes ort equals 1/12 te weight ofan atom of C2 For mort stars the weight in atomic mass Cis is extemal closet the mass mumbet Isotope "At solope lan atom with e sped atomic ‘unter and mace mute Each tome nuber ‘lent may exit with iflerent mass number Sd these at oes. Forexampl, hydrogen {proton no neutrons) deuteriam (proton, {'uton,and tits proton, 2 neutrons are inotopes of hydrogen Same botope are stable whe olbers re una and change sate by Fadosetive decay ASNT Level Il Study Guide: Radiographic Testing Method Electromagnetic Radiation ‘The Photon "letomagetic ration ocurs in the form of ‘dividual packets of energy called potons When photons travel trough space they appear 2s Eontinuous electromagnetic waves: However ‘whe photons of dation strike a sbtance they beave af they were separate particles of ‘oer instead ofa eoainuous wave: Each ‘hot hos era amount of nergy tht [Proportional to fraqueny X-rays ‘rays ae produced whenever high energy 10 ko 10 Protons 10 ‘Apa panicles 20 Frason ragment, col mel 20 Biological Effects of Radiation Natural and Manufactured Background Radiation Exposure THutans ate constantly beng ested by natural and mance adaton curing the environment All fypes of dition sources sake up this backgroud level of expose ‘Alpha an beta radon 5 well gamma Fy frvemted rom radioisotope at ane ‘od or found in tems we Rade daly. Cosme rays an high energy neutons constantly ‘bmn! us from sours outside the cath Stenger ive, potassium, hora and uranium rmake up the Bulk of mara chron ‘xpos, These elements cco in natural over the work and many balding materials, such as ‘and atoe, brick comer, tent ‘Romurabe quanilies Other radioactive ‘ements commonly fue innate are C-14 and 5 (edu). Th Natlonal Commitee on Radiation Protection estimates foul por capita. tural exposure tobe about O83 mb per Year (iS vem pee yea, Tmadalton fo naturally ocutring sources of radiation, people ar alo exposed to ‘anfactare sources that contribute tothe Thckgroind exposure Inca ae media ae tent Xnys bow 9m per year oF 90 mem fer yen lout fom nuclear weapons {Sey pr yar ore pe Yn) and ‘exponen consumer products sch ae coloe television Xradiation (1 St por yer oF ‘Fre per yea) The Nations Commitee on Radin Protection estimates pe enpts manufactured exposure af 1003 my per year {03 trem per yoo “otal maul and manulatured background radiation expe eine a 1798 sy per pest (199. mer per yen typically sounded up Rorou 2 mse per year MER Per Fea Human Organ Radicsensitivity issues ae nga ofthe bes fer in thei sespunse to action exposure This expose s ‘sled arty Theradiosenstvty of an organ oF tue raportionl tthe reprovuctve capi ofthe RD That compose a parca nga or ate types Generally howe cl that ae mot active ‘producing themselves a cells that re nak {ely mature re tos soot ration Tca the coy son that svnim organs wl rece tone damage than ers ad that been wil enerlly receive eater nary Han all for Became expose Tymphacyes white He coll formed by te spleen ana Iymph meen ae te met ative to rata expose Cranley, ‘shite blood cells formed the Bone marzo, are [Ro highlyendlcenstve cl ely sc ae ese heya the orgintors forthe more ovplenspecze cll tthe gonads, bone maroc skin ad alimentary Shan Sa very high in hel dope radeon ‘Aveo cls, lng ae that absorb oxygen from the i ae fly rose ile cel which ie the digestive sytem sll have intermediate ions. A very Inne expose requlted before enough bile tells are dang tat te digestve syst wl {sta fonction property idny tubule cells av afete ether aquicly by radiation exposure at Nigh evel, his Etna severe symploms inthe exposed inset "Endothelial clls, which ine the closed vino the body, uch the hese ad blood ‘Steel are only moderately rniosnstive ‘Connective anne el which suppor nga ave fy resistant racinion exposure ‘The sles cells ask very hgh in their {aati resatce, whens Boe a eee cls fave the bighest estan pd ae refereed as, eing the lt eadlorenstive ‘Symptoms of Radiation Injury proper safety pecastons are mainsined, personel working radiography should evet Eipoene tne eater inn Chapter: Radiation injury fas into tv general categories: prompt eects ana delayed effects As theterm suggest, prop oes sre thos that al eespeneneed ashore fer eeving the Tadiabon expose sted brow are some ofthe prompt ‘gmt sat when 1. Bxperenig ented eling or tingling simile to that fl when your hand goes flee Thete 4 port that you may fave vied 9 hi exponue you have these sensations after your dosimeter Ros ‘lca ori you sept that yo may ave ome in cle contact with radiography 2 Nonmally ian acute exposure has occured, ‘herrea exposed wl Beer eithin a tater ote 2, Tiheoxposure is very high the exposed are inay become vor red ana chad This [Kawen sean eyo fs hon reddening, fxcors An exposure of greater than 28 mC ke 0 FD freq to cause raldeing Ie a high exposures received to the whole oy wort may result followed by severe lines, Mesialatention shou be evan lnnmedisey any ofthese symptoms old "Th potential lie eet tration exponare include nelle detects offeping of ‘xposed porns ad inerese sk to cata SXpowuns are eid, tse Pike are Bo Rater nin foc re ch oe than ther isha ‘rpeene in our personal id basins ve. sani oil : |: Personnel Safety and Radiation Protection ‘Table 43 fa summary fthe possible eects foe various exposure levels. Radiation Damage, Repair Concepts Rainn expose primary coe ay living tite through tnaten.Fonlzation Involves changing the molecule struct and protuing postive and negative ont. The ‘hanged atoms that make up complex mtecules ‘hay case the molecule to spo Beak ito pars romeo which wil be charged. The ‘hg components may ret it adjacent ‘stom sed molecules, produc new substances ‘compounds Tocris ving cells are maty water, ration pasting through such a al has a good possbiity of ting water rlecoles (1.0) ‘ine hs occurs, the hydrogen and oxygen ‘ms may tlence their bods inthe water Ipoleele si become one Tes one may Freombine as HO, (hydrogen dioxide) ard HL, Uiydrogen peroxide). Both of ese compounds S38 power odizing agente will ealy ‘break dows the high complex protein tolecules in body cells: When a els attacked Br these and eter chemical agents, varous ‘cts nm ce nein shoorma ell growth, eration of DNA ells, ‘slldeath an ‘ll fae to reproduce In general ration dog fo uana Radiation rom background sources constantly iadates the human Body ae small rotten ana ES Table 43: Summary of posse efoct rom various exposure levels Radiation Exposure (0028 5710.25 em) 0251 89 (25-100 on) 1254100200) Ettects on Personn Ne asious une Possible nor oid count ates, uel moray ta "Notozeie physi! fects and pote emanent ry, possoewarlor nausea nu and posse pemaont aby saver ood cout charge gastrsena ‘amage nue" doe raga, produ dares and vote 248+ 200400 rm) 4184 (400r0m) ato Ste of he dle pone no Yotment cae Sve bos ‘anges: sve pastes Somage and raed oympone 88 e00rem) aa to bo the udu 2 xpaeed no ott eed 1054 (1000 em) Fatal 100% of endl so exgaecneroge! amare an quick cook Sots onecmathe ptr: eat erin win ye 2 ASNT Level Il Study Guide: Radiographic Testing Method umber of cls are continually being dest Stmetiacd folng ws thentne enaa Stal tho ty an trough natal repr frectansmn, dca the damaged cell nt Feplace with ne cell Ths reper chan {Mowe uso reeves ited amount of ation ‘xplsure witout noticeble effects Our eps ‘echontn fr radiation exposure fmt to {he way the body reals et, burs bruises or fracture Ifthe co eo are othe urn sre too enteaivs thee maybe permanent damage oF ‘Sen death: Te same holds tre for body inky ‘hind by ration ‘Acute Radiation Exposure Living onganioms tally begin rept even su soon ae some damage has Ween Ecteced by tving ells Up toa pin the body sites up whe dag an oti ‘epaiing even on a continuous toss Fr this ‘eason th indvidual nn be exposed 0 ‘roiderable amounts of radiation expone over ‘Sratvely long period of time without ticeabe effec However ifthe same total {mount of exposure were given ina very short time (nts to hour severe syenptoms would be produced. Therefore the rat of exposure 8 ap actor in determining act expomure hs "Ar acu exposure wil gve raat elt Ina watiely short period atime. A whole body ‘xpos more href han fall exposure Gran evtremity boss alareas are iadiated Sh the ropa mechani he by he imitations Radiation ijry nd efector the ‘Sime dove vary slgnfcanty among snlividuals ‘hte an/or prompt fet can be expected tom bly naa arr prod o tne! Although the petal. ‘hakbody acute cts sre rave, can Careless would Be newsar to beng about Sichan xponie "Ace bxporiestobody extremities handy and sine aes grenter post, owing {othe pote for phsnly Contacting the feat adiograpysoure when connecting and ‘Seconneting source ase those Drocedures are improper performed Toctzed expotes of 5 (Drom) may ‘aus reddening and» buring sensation simar tothat ofa tnt dsee burn nthe contac ses ‘Atenpowures of 1D (100 rem), setous tissue anon and reddening imines Sn blsterngof the zea within one othe frocks con be oxpeted. At exposures of 2 2040 30S 2000 to 390 ean) to. laze aren, pin and sweling wil oc with hour, ane The are wil bunt ed aed produce blistering ttn the ame time tral Permissible or Allowable Personnel Dose Persone! monioryg techniques ae used to means te accumulated expo doe of frie rk ih ning ecto. For Fetal purpose he ssinpon made tat Fon cxpsor ha theo vive Below which no pre eet sexperened. The Rotonal Counl on Radiation Protection dines Dermal sadam ne the doe [Rning ton that in the ight of present now snot espe to une apprecible Try inry topo aay ime dng hs Hise” The Natt Counc on fasion Protection deines te rem permis dose {Euan mn also personnel exposure in thea = “Thc same vals a adopted in bath federal ana sate elation, ersone employed in Insta radiography sing mesor eqlpment fd sf pats Une neal word Doct sould eto main eokly Sie dy expres wel bow I mv {Gorey per wk, 125 Sy (L230 mom) pee {endarquater and 0 mse (ren) pet alae in adon to cvahating and developing recominended wel quay and yest ‘posure done the Natonal Conlon Faduon Protctton developed a whole boy longterm accumulate dose formil, This ferin lowe exponte dost excel 20 mS Peryear rem per yr) asin the etme latte doe forthe niente as nok Seen oncesi. The Natonl Counelf on Radiation Protection states "Long ter {ccmlted whe boy doe eulet shall exceed [50 mov] 9 mulled bythe umber af yn boyord 8 be, maximum ‘reumtlted dase ovatet © = 1) 8 rem, Aree Nis the gen pr a gente han 20 Ts formal aj be une fan nid fav exceed the yor slowable done ane tis Citi flow hu tocontc working with Shree of tonsingadston Tn concept ommoatyrefrefo he radon ang up nh for ech en overage 18 the {pata rede win 0 i Bem) of tanimum permsbleexpome dose. Sai nites ‘Chapter 4: Personnel Safety and Radiation Protection ALARA "ALARA is the acronym for Ae Lo As Rewsoatly Acetble ana fe principe tat Fadton doses shold Be bept a ow 05 ‘asonably achievable, aking nt account ‘conomic ad oe actors, Radiation Detectors and Personnel Monitoring “The van ype of nonimaping ration detectors hove one common character In one form orate ty depend on detection of the fomiation proce een radiation interacts th matter Among the detector types comanonly {ne in radiography ae gas tlled radiation Setctrnscnlation datectors, semiconductor ‘ets, hermolaminescont dtctes ad Hy badges Gas Filled Radiation Detectors — General (slid detectors fl int those ype fonintion chambers, gger mueller tubes and proportional counter chambers, Fach of these ethos acs ga filed chamber ad a canta ‘Ste nce frm the chamber walls olage typ apps bio the wal an ‘hecental eectrod he pele forall the ‘Table 4.4; Maximum permissible dose (MPD) values. vith gad to detection the same, ation Tonizes the ga. The number of tox pais prone per sini of pat eng i efered to 35 Thespian, The energy afte adaion lo bedetected and the typo ge used i the ‘cto il aft the spec eazation, To ‘Ste an pr mon ses eles about ELV. Ainge | MeV photon Rate potential of renting 3000 ion pin the proces of ‘Taupating ts energy. The critical diference taawown the dtr the appli! valage Ionization Chamber Devices Direc eng, pocket chambers oF dosimeters ae aire safety .ipment or [orsonne working in sndustal radiography. hse chambers ae small 13" 3) Aine by 100 min in eng They ae Convenient to we as itepaling coximeters ‘xpubl of being eed ding Held ue "Atypical onzation chamber consists of clint form wth» central conductor located (Gh the cylinder saute and neat fom he Suter walls Photons, o charged partiles, ize {hu aie The negative lons are atteacted othe Prsitvely changed center shetroce and prod Ininate cre path betiven the outer wall and the center elected. When this type chamber is ‘operated nthe on saturation repo, the Curent edd iam accor Ieasurement of te fate at which on pire {reform within the Maximum Maximum Maxim os Mlasurement of avwock’ Year” Aecumutated tis crent te ‘Dose Dose Dose pine behind the Contos areas Sora tony Savers ten) Savers (omy BCon chamber fen = ro Chamber wall aerate onportant Whole boy. cons, as of eee ye red bons marow 0ca(9) 0.0516) O05) ein tediton (sNTer) Wood mse Skin (ther than hands ana pene the wall 0 forearms) 0.18 (18) Tense ne gas The wal Hone 02525) 07575) ‘aera wl fet he Foroams 010100) 03060) ney response at Shera pial Other organs 005 (5) 0.18 (18) baie 100 kev; Noncontoted areas 0.005 (05) therfore this should be 2 paral = Scena in ‘Temata ae tbe doe ei nana eae ob nue rome lw egy asec acne pon eet lee bis agenyeus ea gat an 0 enw peur ee a ear fray ea nie anise applications. An energy ‘sponse curve should etoviewed foreach ASNT Level Il Study Guide: Radiographic Testing Method type ation camber a standard pace before ‘pecipng st an for utne adogropie ‘Ppa em "The sre pal nea akin or el ote sal hat pots the dle Sueralcomponents br thin enough 0 vod Signcant tension nthe walls an eta ‘Etonic equim The poke chambers {nha cutped ang an external cme Ripe The touting drop ln chamber voltage ‘tho exposed To ation raed 0 the eure ol negated onan dhage “he crt ening pocket dost as an intra quarts ier ectoncope whisk can be ‘ead ona intra scale byblaing up to gat ooure sod wewing the sae roogh the ‘ler re pao ing up to? mv GOD rem) of xpere ae yuire personnal workang nda ‘allgephy Ec he gy he devi i casyto dest the cope by sroping he ‘Ime frost met or ‘Scurng pocket dose ae run ‘Sitio ane charging cctode not vere rh csp ding se tse snd uty {Ean prove a enage pth and dota te denletcotng eatin pots Tbe Devices ele gas ills detector tates operating In the geagerinuller voltage region above 1000 fre fered to as glgersmucter detectors. This (ype of detector can be we a detect ay lation that wil prada zation wth the ‘Sumber The production of ony one ton pale ‘rth the tbe wil proce a ascharge Therefore, pie, the discriminator of the ‘essing device set lowe enough Because of BE shiberte the gogermucler dence ‘mote sensitive and ts capable of measuring lower ‘action levels than the typleal nation amber “The gepermucler tbe consis of a5 snvelope of met or glas he cathode «center ‘hte anode} sully tungsten wire 008 {0010 mum (0.00 000% nn dlamete, anda fils Noble gases, particularly argon, helium tnd acon are seventy se es, eth {he adlton of small amounts of gases such 35 keahol, bromine or chlorine for quenching When an fon paints a dscharge inthe seigenmueller voltage region, an avalanche of postive tons i created along the entire anode ‘ie through gas amplieation. Once given on smplifcation reaches «predetermined density of ‘Shge,a discharge ars, prodelng an output Dale. Each dacharge, regadlese of he number ‘tonal fon pins terminated aftr ‘veloping the same ttl charge Therefore, all ‘utput pues sv about the sme ie, Ussally thete pases are 025 eID Van therefore donot rei sophiticaed clactronicamplieaton uty. These factors allow geiger mueller instruments tobe sna es cos oid and erly dependable “Cuigeramler tubes are manfactred in many shapes to secomplsh specie detection tink, Thowegeiger malt tbs ued a Fadiography survey Inruments ae pically {indicl and mart ae of se mate varity. ‘Boal sre one 1 To 38mm (175 0 1.5 in) be length and 64 to 127.025 1080 in) in ameter Geiger mal fbes use energy Sompenation ites Scintillation Detectors ‘One othe oldest known methods oe tection onan radiation igs ‘Kinilton. Certain aera eit visible ight [photons alter dnizingradstion iterate with thom, these materia sald to scntilie Sint: maybe the sol rig state. Forapplication in radiography, sold organic ot Inucganiccntilotreare ted These fas Bocction medium hea ges avanage in the messutenet thigh energy photos, 43 em (GaSe17 tn) tage ae, then 950m 02 in) piel size would be more dentable This would eau ian age tats 7000 850 pnt oF ‘hout 60 megapisels and a coresponing ie size ‘1120 megayte. Tiss equvaent to more han ‘hy pny disk fora single image! ta eompresion techniques educe the sze of ks by removing inetd formation so they take up lowe sage apoce There ae 9 varely of compression techniques avalible and ‘Gremuct be ten to ene that he ane chosen Sos nt remove necessary scotty related information Lossless compression techaiqus provide a redcton in lesz ile mating, {stant "Au ct berlyson, a image rslaton Incr, tae reqlrements a heron cost ‘storage wil crease as well There ae Key pity and performance trade which must tet evaluate fo minimize protcton days such shaving o wa for an acquired image be ‘ato oor recovered ry, a storage dvi ASNT Level I Study Guide: Radiographic Testing Method Chapter 7 Review Questions 7A. Thelimit of contrast esolation ofa digi 78 lnaging syst limited by the spatial size ofthe sel 1. limited bythe patil requeny. © thet dept GL theta dock 72 Thre fundamental proper of digital a lnnages are signal-to-noise aio. 1 Contrast resauton. © Spall resolution 4 None of the above © Allorthe above 73. Effective dynamic range ofa system defines the prac lit of contrat pearance “Thecltective dynamic range limited by: the readout noise 1. the its of dat compression 28 2 thestumber of tackground steed 4. the image aquisition spec fe bothaand both band 74 Pisel mapping sa technique used to: display an mage that has either more or 79 fest data daplyed than nthe aw" image 1b, ap pel data fom one location 0 "ater for mage processing <¢. tmmize the depiny contrast ‘Scone witha sll change n objet Contact 4, None ofthe above 710 75. Data compression: A. reduces the sie of fes by removing Une information 1, snot posible without losing important {sony posible with piel mapping. both ane a Line prs per millimeter san expression of elon In terme a. bitdept i spatial solution © poli 4. Att the above Losses data compression: isa technique that dees le size, but iene ey of ome >, tentechnigue hat provides a reduction filesize wt ony Toss of data « Ratechnique ha provides a eduction Infile sice wile rnimsiing data Integy. 4 ess na ZIP le hat cam be reexpande ete retaining the ‘nial data. “Thgrangeof discrete signal counts (is) posible ech pe: defines the ber of entries posible Inthe look up able betes the spt esoftin, © etnes the di compression limi SS Sefine the lint of eotrast esoltion, ‘Asimage rection incense: 1, filesize, and accordingly storage costs, linger moitom are raul 4. Nabe of the above ‘Which ofthe flowing makes it posible to Ironia the ily contest astoiate (tithe change objet contrast? data compression piel mapping boy scale mapping None ofthe ave aa. mm (8.3543 em (1417 in) image area ig ‘ade up of 002 em (008 In} psc, How Thany pel arin the emage? a. 38 megane © Pomegapies Dmepapincls atmegepils (8.3549 om (43017 fn) image are is ‘made up of 0005

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