MOMENT - CURVATURE OF BEAMS

An RC section has a width of 300 mm and a height of 450 mm. It is reinforced with top bars

(2-25mmØ and a bottom bars 3-25mmØ) as shown in the

figure. The specified concrete strength is 35MPa and the specified steel

yield stress is 420 MPa. The code-specified minimum cover concrete

of 40 mm is observed. Assume a transverse reinforcement diameter of 10 mm.

Neglect the effect of confinement.

Calculate the following values at crack initiation (just before cracking, and right

after cracking), flexural yielding or concrete non-linear behavior, and ultimate

stage.

a. Depth of Neutral Axis

b. Curvature

c. Nominal Flexural Capacity

d’=
GIVEN PARAMETERS:

D= 450 mm Overall depth of the column

D=387.5 mm Effective Depth

d’=62.5 mm Effective Depth

b=300 mm Width of the column

Cc=40 mm Clear cover

Fc’=35 Mpa Specified Concrete

Fy=420 Mpa Yield strength of reinforcement

Øst= 10 mm Diameter of transverse reinforcement

Nc=2 Number of concrete bars

Øs’=25 mm Diameter of longitudinal bars

Nt=3 Number of tension bars

Øs=25 mm Diameter of longitudinal bars

Ec=29580.399 Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

Es=200000 Modulus of Elasticity of Steel

N=6.761234 Modular Ratio

CASE 0 : Control section.

Just Before Cracking

Distance of the 2nd level of longitudinal bars from the top of beam:

d = 387.5 mm

Distance of the 1st level of longitudinal bars from the top of beam:

d’ = 62.5 mm

Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete:

Ec = 29580.399

Modulus of Elasticity of Steel:

Es = 200000 MPa

Modulus of Rupture of Concrete:

fr = 0.7√fc’

fr = 4.141 MPa

Modular Ratio:

n = 6.761234
Locate the distance of the neutral axis of the transfomed uncracked section

Ag = B x H

Ag = 135000 mm2

Steel Area of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

A1= (n - 1) As’
A1= 5656.091517 mm2

Area of the 2nd layer of tensile reinforcement

A2 = (n - 1) As’
A2= 8484.137275 mm2

Steel Area of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

Atotal = Ag + A1 + A3

Atotal = 149140.2288 mm2

C= 228.0813781 mm

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked transformed section

Moment of Inertia of the gross cross-section of concrete

 Ig = 2.279x10⁹ mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

I1 = 155074151.5 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 2nd layer of tensile reinforcement

I2 = 215618384.6 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked transformed section

I tr,un= 2.650x10⁹ mm⁴

Calculate Cracking Moment and Curvature at the onset of cracking

fr = 4.14 MPa

= 0.00014

= 6.30862x10-07 rad/mm
 Curvature at Cracking Moment

Mcr = 49.454 kN.m

RIGHT AFTER CRACKING

Transformed Cracked Section

A1 = 5656.091517 mm2

A2 = 9956.762275 mm2

Locate the Neutral Axis of the transformed cracked section

C = 123.4188265 mm
Moment of Inertia of the Cracked Transformed Section

Moment of Inertia of the cracked concrete

Icr = 1.880x10⁹ mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

I1 = 2.099x10⁷ mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 2nd layer of tensile reinforcement

I2 = 6.944x10⁸ mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked transformed section

Icr, tr = 9.034x10⁸ mm⁴

Curvature Right After Cracking

= 1.851x10-⁶ rad/ mm
STEEL YIELDS OR CONCRETE NON-LINEAR

Steel Yields

= 0.0021

= 7.9521x10-⁶ rad/mm

= 1436718318 kN.m

CONCRETE BEHAVES NON-LINEAR

= 0.000828251

where: = 24.5 MPA

 = 6.7109x10-⁶ rad/mm

= 1.793x102 kN.mm

Ultimate Moment

1st Assumption:

Assume Tension and Compression bars yield

Ɛs > Ɛy and fs = fy ( TENSION )

Ɛs’ > Ɛy and fs’ = fy ( COMPRESSION )

Cc + Cs = Ts

a = 26.3725 mm

= 32.965625 mm

Where:

β = 0.85 for fc’ ≤ 28 MPa

β= 0.85 -[ 0.05 ( fc’ -28 ) / 7] ≥ 0.65 for fc’ > 28 MPa

β= 0.65, if fc’ > 56 MPa

β= 0.8
Check the assumptions by Ratio and Proportion:

= 0.0021

= 0.032264006

= - 0.02687743

2nd Assumption :

Tension Yields while Compression does not yield

C = 76.03224593 mm

a = 60.82579674 mm

Check the assumptions by Ratio and Proportion:

3rd Assumption:

Both Tension and Compression Does not yield

C = 150.5678403 mm

a = 120.4542722 mm

Check the assumptions by Ratio and Proportion:

Fs =944.1544463 Mpa

Fs’= 350.9428312 Mpa

Therefore:

a = 60.82579674 mm
Fs = 420 MPa

Fs’= 106.7882115 MPa

Mn = 218.4324449 kN.m
CASE 0 Depth of Neutral Curvature Positive nominal
Axis (mm)( C) (rad/mm) flexural capacity (kN.m)
(Ø) (Mn)
Just Before Cracking 228.0813781 6.30862X10-7 49.454

Right After Cracking 123.4188265 1.851x10-6 49.454

behaves non-linearly 123.4188265 6.7109x10-6 1.793x10₂
Ultimate Condition 76.03224593 3.94569X10-5 218.4324449

CASE 1: Tensile reinforcement is reduced to 2-25 mm Ø

JUST BEFORE CRACKING

Locate the distance of the neutral axis of the transfomed uncracked section

Ag = 135000 mm2

Steel Area of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

= 5656.091517 mm2

Area of the 2nd layer of tensile reinforcement

= 5656.091517 mm2
 C= 225 mm

Steel Area of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

= 146312.183 mm2

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked transformed section

Moment of Inertia of the gross cross-section of concrete

= 2.278E+09 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

= 149356166.6 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 2nd layer of tensile reinforcement

= 149356166.6 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked transformed section

 = 2.577E+09 mm⁴

Calculate Cracking Moment and Curvature at the onset of cracking

= 4.14 MPa

= 0.00014

Curvature at Cracking Moment

6.22222E-07 rad/mm
=

Mcr = 47.428 kN.m

RIGHT AFTER CRACKING

b
As1=(n-1)As1
d’
C
N.A

As2 =nAs d-c

Transformed Cracked Section

A1 = 5656.091517 mm2
A2 = 6637.841517 mm2

Locate the Neutral Axis of the transformed cracked section

C = 104.5667936 mm

Moment of Inertia of the Cracked Transformed Section

Moment of Inertia of the cracked concrete

= 1.143x10+8 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

= 1.001x10+7 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 2nd layer of tensile reinforcement

= 5.314E+8 mm⁴
Moment of Inertia of the uncracked transformed section

= 6.557E+8 mm⁴

Curvature Right After Cracking

= 2.445E-6 rad/ mm

STEEL YIELDS OR CONCRETE NON-LINEAR

Єcr=0.003

Steel Yields c Ø

Ø d -C N.A

= 0.0021
Єs

= 7.42225E-06 rad/mm

= 973370999.9 kn/m

CONCRETE BEHAVES NON-LINEAR

 = 0.000828251

where: = 24.5 MPA

= 7.92079E-06 rad/mm

= 1.536E+2 kN.m

Ultimate Moment

1st Assumption:

Assume Tension and Compression bars yield

a= 3.2725 mm

C= 4.090625 mm

Where:
 β =0.8

Check the assumptions by Ratio and Proportion:

=0.0021

= 0.281186402

= -0.042836516

2nd Assumption:

Tension Yields while Compression does not yield

C = 62.21652152 mm

a = 49.77321722 mm

Check the assumptions by Ratio and Proportion:

 fs’ = -2.733792907

3rd Assumption:

Both Tension and Compression Does not yield

C = 128.3465499 mm

a= 102.6772399 mm

Check the assumptions by Ratio and Proportion:

fs= 1211.501752 MPa

fs’ = 307.8222981 MPa

Therefore:

a = 49.77321722 mm

fs = 420 MPa

fs’=-2.733792907 MPa
 Mn= 150.71772 kN.m

C<d' Redesign the Beam

CASE 1 Depth of Neutral Curvature Positive nominal

Axis (mm)( C) (rad/mm) flexural capacity (kN.m)
(Ø) (Mn)
Just Before Cracking 225 6.22222X10-7 47.428

Right After Cracking 104.5667936 2.445x10-6 47.428

behaves non-linearly 104.5667936 7.92079x10-6 1.536x10₂
Ultimate Condition 62.21652152 4.82187x10-5 150.71772

CASE 2: Compression reinforcement is removed.

Locate the distance of the neutral axis of the transfomed uncracked section

Ag = 135000 mm2

Steel Area of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

= 0 mm2

Area of the 2nd layer of tensile reinforcement

= 8484.137275 mm2
Steel Area of the 1st layer of tensile

reinforcement
 = 143484.1373 mm2

= 234.6085347 mm

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked transformed section

Moment of Inertia of the gross cross-section of concrete

= 2.291x10⁹ mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

= 0 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 2nd layer of tensile reinforcement

= 198323497.6 mm⁴
Moment of Inertia of the uncracked

transformed section

= 2.489E+09 mm⁴

Calculate Cracking Moment and Curvature at the onset of cracking

= 4.14 MPa
 = 0.00014

Curvature at Cracking Moment

6.49979x10-⁷ rad/mm
=

Mcr= 47.853 kN.m

RIGHT AFTER CRACKING

b
As1=(n-1)As1
d’
C
N.A

As2 =nAs d-c

Transformed Cracked Section

A1= 0 mm2

A2 =
9956.762275 mm2

Locate the Neutral Axis of the transformed cracked section

 C = 130.5885668 mm

Moment of Inertia of the Cracked Transformed Section

Moment of Inertia of the cracked concrete

= 2.227x10⁸ mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

= 0.000E+0 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 2nd layer of tensile reinforcement

= 6.572x10⁸ mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked transformed section

= 8.799x10⁸ mm⁴

Curvature Right After Cracking

 = 1.839x10-6 rad/ mm

STEEL YIELDS OR CONCRETE NON-LINEAR

Єcr=0.003

Steel Yields c Ø

Ø d -C N.A

= 0.0021
Єs

= 8.17402x10-06 rad/mm

= 1438429556 kN.m

CONCRETE BEHAVES NON-LINEAR

= 0.000828251 where: = 24.5 MPA

= 6.34245x10-⁶ rad/mm

= 1.651E+2 kN.m

Ultimate Moment

1st Assumption:
Assume Tension and Compression bars yield

a = 69.3 mm

C= 86.625 mm

Where:

β =0.8

Check the assumptions by Ratio and Proportion:

=0.0021

= 0.010419913

= 0.000835498

2nd Assumption:
Tension Yields while Compression does not yield

C = 86.625 mm

a = 69.3 mm

Check the assumptions by Ratio and Proportion:

fs’=167.0995671 MPa

3rd Assumption:

Both Tension and Compression Does not yield

C = 165.6807967 mm

a = 132.5446374 mm

Check the assumptions by Ratio and Proportion:

fs = 803.3008326 MPa

fs’=373.661156 MPa
 Therefore:

a= 69.3 mm

fs=420 MPa

fs=167.0995671 MPa

Mn=218.2386071 MPa

C<d' Redesign the Beam

Case 3: Grade of steel is changed to Grade 40.

JUST BEFORE CRACKING

Locate the distance of the neutral axis of the transfomed uncracked section

Ag = 135000 mm2

Steel Area of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

= 5656.091517 mm2

Area of the 2nd layer of tensile reinforcement

= 8484.137275 mm2

Steel Area of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

 C= 228.0813781 mm

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked transformed section

Moment of Inertia of the gross cross-section of concrete

=2.279x10⁹ mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

= 155074151.5 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 2nd layer of tensile reinforcement

= 215618384.6 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked transformed section

= 2.650x10⁹ mm⁴

Calculate Cracking Moment and Curvature at the onset of cracking

= 4.14 MPa
 = 0.00014

Curvature at Cracking Moment

= 6.30862x10-⁷ rad/mm

Mcr= 49.454 kN.m

RIGHT AFTER CRACKING

b
As1=(n-1)As1
d’
C
N.A

As2 =nAs d-c

Transformed Cracked Section

A1=5656.091517 mm2
A2 = 9956.762275 mm2

Locate the Neutral Axis of the transformed cracked section

 C = 123.4188265 mm

Moment of Inertia of the Cracked Transformed Section

Moment of Inertia of the cracked concrete

= 1.880x10⁸ mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

= 2.099x10⁷ mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 2nd layer of tensile reinforcement

= 6.944x10⁸ mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked transformed section

 = 9.034x10⁸ mm⁴

Curvature Right After Cracking

= 1.851x10-6 rad/mm

STEEL YIELDS OR CONCRETE NON-LINEAR

Єcr=0.003

Steel Yields c Ø

Ø d -C N.A

= 0.001375
Єs

=5.20673x10-06 rad/mm

= 940708422.5 kN.m

CONCRETE BEHAVES NON-LINEAR

= 0.000828251 where: = 24.5 MPA

= 6.7109x10-06 rad/mm
 = 1.793x10+2 kN.m

Ultimate Moment

1st Assumption:

Assume Tension and Compression bars yield

a = 18.3975 mm

C= 22.996875 mm

Where:

β =0.8

Check the assumptions by Ratio and Proportion:

= 0.001375

= 0.047550347

= -0.005153282
2nd Assumption:

Tension Yields while Compression does not yield

C = 61.7761086 mm

a = 49.42088688 mm

Check the assumptions by Ratio and Proportion:

fs’=-7.03078985

3rd Assumption:

Both Tension and Compression Does not yield

C =150.5678403 mm

a = 120.4542722 mm

Check the assumptions by Ratio and Proportion:

 fs=944.1544463 MPs

fs’=350.9428312 MPa

Therefore:

a= 49.42088688 mm

fs=275 MPa

fs’=-7.03078985 MPa

Mn=148.2841305 kn/m

C<d' Redesign the Beam

CASE 3 Depth of Neutral Curvature Positive nominal

Axis (mm)( C) (rad/mm) flexural capacity (kN.m)
(Ø) (Mn)

Just Before Cracking 228.0813781 6.30862x10-7 49.454

Right After Cracking 123.4188265 1.851x10-6 49.454

behaves non-linearly 123.4188265 6.7109x10-6 1.793x10₂
Ultimate Condition 61.7761086 4.85625X10-₅ 148.2841305

CASE 4: Specified concrete strength is increased to 42 MPa.

Locate the distance of the neutral axis of the transfomed uncracked section

Ag = 135000 mm2
Steel Area of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

= 5077.742553 mm2

Area of the 2nd layer of tensile reinforcement

= 7616.61383 mm2

Steel Area of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

= 147694.3564 mm2

= 227.7933808 mm

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked transformed section

Moment of Inertia of the gross cross-section of concrete

= 2.278x10-⁹ mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

= 138733583.1 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 2nd layer of tensile reinforcement

 = 194270907.7 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked transformed section

= 2.612x`10⁹ mm⁴

Calculate Cracking Moment and Curvature at the onset of cracking

= 4.14 MPa

= 0.00014

Curvature at Cracking Moment

= 6.30044x10-⁷rad/mm
=

Mcr= 53.330 kN.m

RIGHT AFTER CRACKING

b
As1=(n-1)As1
d’
C
N.A

As2 =nAs d-c

Transformed Cracked Section

A1 = 5077.742553 mm2

As2= 9089.23883 mm2

Locate the Neutral Axis of the transformed cracked section

C = 119.5888897

Moment of Inertia of the Cracked Transformed Section

Moment of Inertia of the cracked concrete

= 1.710x10⁸ mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

= 1.655E+7 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 2nd layer of tensile reinforcement

= 6.524x10⁸ mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked transformed section

= 8.400x10⁸ mm⁴

Curvature Right After Cracking

= 1.959x10-6 rad/mm

STEEL YIELDS OR CONCRETE NON-LINEAR

Єcr=0.003

Steel Yields c Ø

Ø d -C N.A

= 0.0021
Єs

= 7.83842x10-06 rad/mm

= 1316810266 kN.m
CONCRETE BEHAVES NON-LINEAR

= 0.000907304

where: = 29.4 MPa

= 7.58686x10-⁶ rad/mm

= 2.065x10+2kN.m

Ultimate Moment

1st Assumption:

Assume Tension and Compression bars yield

a= 22.5225 mm

C= 30.03 mm

Where:
 β =0.75

Check the assumptions by Ratio and Proportion:

=0.0021

= 0.035711289

= -0.003243756

2nd Assumption:

Tension Yields while Compression does not yield

C = 71.83427129 mm

a = 53.87570347 mm

Check the assumptions by Ratio and Proportion:

 fs’= 77.96505308 MPa

3rd Assumption:

Both Tension and Compression Does not yield

C= 145.4956344 mm

a= 109.1217258 mm

Check the assumptions by Ratio and Proportion:

fs = 997.9860901 MPa

fs’= 342.260308 MPa

Therefore:

a =53.87570347 mm

fs = 420 MPa

fs’=77.96505308 MPa

Mn= 221.5329844 MPa

C<d' Redesign the Beam

CASE 4 Depth of Neutral Curvature Positive nominal
Axis (mm)( C) (rad/mm) flexural capacity (kN.m)
(Ø) (Mn)

Just Before Cracking 227.7933808 6.30044x10-7 53.330

Right After Cracking 119.5888897 1.959x10-6 53.330

behaves non-linearly 119.5888897 7.58686x10-6 2.065x10₂
Ultimate Condition 71.83427129 4.17628x10-5 221.5329844

CASE 5: Beam width is increased to 400 mm.

A. JUST BEFORE CRACKING

Locate the distance of the neutral axis of the transfomed uncracked section

=180000 mm2

Steel Area of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

= 5656.091517 mm2

Area of the 2nd layer of tensile reinforcement

= 8484.137275 mm2

Steel Area of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

 = 194140.2288 mm2

C = 227.3671417 mm

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked transformed section

Moment of Inertia of the gross cross-section of concrete

= 3.039x10⁹ mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

= 153739210 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 2nd layer of tensile reinforcement

= 217554764.1 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked transformed section

= 3.410x10⁹ mm⁴

Calculate Cracking Moment and Curvature at the onset of cracking

 = 4.14 MPa

= 0.00014

Curvature at Cracking Moment

= 6.28838x10-⁷ rad/mm

Mcr= 63.427 kN.m

RIGHT AFTER CRACKING

b
As1=(n-1)As1
d’
C
N.A

As2 =nAs d-c

Transformed Cracked Section

A1=
5656.091517 mm2

A2 = 9956.762275 mm2

Locate the Neutral Axis of the transformed cracked section

 C = 111.2418254 mm

Moment of Inertia of the Cracked Transformed Section

Moment of Inertia of the cracked concrete

\= 1.835x10+⁸ mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

= 1.344x10+7 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 2nd layer of tensile reinforcement

= 7.599x10+⁸ mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked transformed section

= 9.569E+8 mm⁴

Curvature Right After Cracking

 = 2.241x10-6 rad/mm

C.STEEL YIELDS OR CONCRETE NON-LINEAR

Єcr=0.003
1.Steel Yields c Ø

Ø d -C N.A

= 0.0021
Єs

= 7.60159x10-06 rad/mm

= 1454743764 kN.m

CONCRETE BEHAVES NON-LINEAR

= 0.000828251 where: = 24.5 MPA

= 7.4455E-06 rad/mm

= 2.107x10+2 kN.m

D.Ultimate Moment

1st Assumption:

Assume Tension and Compression bars yield

 a = 19.779375 mm

C= 24.72421875 mm

Where:

β =0.8

Check the assumptions by Ratio and Proportion:

= 0.0021

= 0.044018675

= -0.004583657
2nd Assumption:

Tension Yields while Compression does not yield

C = 65.34384352 mm

a = 52.27507482 mm

Check the assumptions by Ratio and Proportion:

fs = 26.11272951 MPa

3rd Assumption:

Both Tension and Compression Does not yield

C = 137.6829785 mm

a = 110.1463828 mm

Check the assumptions by Ratio and Proportion:

fs =1088.661899 MPa
 fs’= 327.6351776 MPa
Therefore:

a = 52.27507482 mm

fs= 420 MPa

fs’=26.11272951 MPa

Mn= 223.6334329 MPa

C<d' Redesign the Beam

CASE 5 Depth of Curvature Positive nominal

Neutral Axis (rad/mm) flexural capacity
(mm)( C) (Ø) (kN.m) (Mn)

Just Before 227.3671417 6.28838x10- 63.427

Cracking 7

Right After 111.2418254 2.241x10-6 63.427

Cracking
behaves 111.2418254 7.4455x10-6 2.107x10₂
non-linearly
Ultimate 65.34384352 4.5911x10-6 223.6634329
Condition

CASE 6 : Beam width is increased to 400 mm.

JUST BEFORE CRACKING

Locate the distance of the neutral axis of the transfomed uncracked section

Ag = 135000 mm2

Steel Area of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

 = 5656.091517 mm2

Area of the 2nd layer of tensile reinforcement

= 8484.137275 mm2

A T = 284140.2288 mm2

Steel Area of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

C= 226.6173614 mm

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked transformed section

Moment of Inertia of the gross cross-section of concrete

= 4.557x10+09 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

= 152344044 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 2nd layer of tensile reinforcement

= 219596820.5 mm⁴
Moment of Inertia of the uncracked transformed section

= 4.929x10+⁹ mm⁴

Curvature at Cracking Moment

= 6.26727x10-07 rad/mm

BRIGHT AFTER CRACKING

b
As1=(n-1)As1
d’
C
N.A

As2 =nAs d-c

Transformed Cracked Section

A1= 5656.091517 mm2

As2= 9956.762275 mm2

Locate the Neutral Axis of the transformed cracked section

 C = 95.28927231 mm

Moment of Inertia of the Cracked Transformed Section

Moment of Inertia of the cracked concrete

= 1.730x10+⁸ mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

= 6.081E+⁶ mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 2nd layer of tensile reinforcement

= 8.502x10+⁸ mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked transformed section

= 1.029x10+9 mm⁴

Curvature Right After Cracking

= 3.001x10-6 rad/mm

STEEL YIELDS OR CONCRETE NON-LINEAR

Єcr=0.003

Steel Yields c Ø

Ø d -C N.A

= 0.0021
Єs

= 7.18659x10-⁶ rad/mm

= 1479441541 kN.m

CONCRETE BEHAVES NON-LINEAR

= 0.000828251
where: = 29.4 MPa

= 8.69197x10-06 rad/mm

= 2.646x10+2 kN.m

Ultimate Moment

1st Assumption:

Assume Tension and Compression bars yield

a=13.18625 mm

C= 16.4828125 mm

Where:

β =0.8
Check the assumptions by Ratio and Proportion:

=0.0021

=0.067528012

= -0.008375486

2nd Assumption:

Tension Yields while Compression does not yield

C = 52.87067052 mm

a= 42.29653642 mm

Check the assumptions by Ratio and Proportion:

fs= -109.2779348 MPa

3rd Assumption:
Both Tension and Compression Does not yield

C = 120.0736472 mm

a =96.05891779 mm

Check the assumptions by Ratio and Proportion:

fs=1336.311633 MPa

fs’=287.691672

Therefore:

a= 42.29653642 mm

fs = 420 MPa

fs’= -109.2779348 MPa

Mn= 232.2335878 kN.m

C<d' Redesign the Beam

CASE 6 Depth of Neutral Curvature Positive nominal
Axis (mm)( C) (rad/mm) flexural capacity (kN.m)
(Ø) (Mn)

Just Before Cracking 226.6173614 6.26727x10-7 91.376

Right After Cracking 95.289272 3.001x10-6 91.376

behaves non-linearly 95.289272 8.69197x10-6 2.646x10₂
Ultimate Condition 52.87067052 5.67422x10-5 232.2335878

CASE 7: Cover concrete is increased to 75 mm.

JUST BEFORE CRACKING

Locate the distance of the neutral axis of the transfomed uncracked section

Ag = 135000 mm2

Steel Area of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

= 5656.091517 mm2

Area of the 2nd layer of tensile reinforcement

= 8484.137275 mm2

Steel Area of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

= 149140.2288 mm2
 C = 227.4176967 mm

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked transformed section

Moment of Inertia of the gross cross-section of concrete

= 2.279E+09 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

= 95466951 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 2nd layer of tensile reinforcement

= 132739270.6 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked transformed section

= 2.507x10+⁹ mm⁴

Calculate Cracking Moment and Curvature at the onset of cracking

= 4.14 MPa
 = 0.00014

Curvature at Cracking Moment

= 6.28981E-⁷ rad/mm
=

Mcr= 46.646 kN.m

RIGHT AFTER CRACKING

b
As1=(n-1)As1
d’
C
N.A

As2 =nAs d-c

Transformed Cracked Section

As’= 5656.091517 mm2

As2 = 9956.762275 mm2

Locate the Neutral Axis of the transformed cracked section

 C = 120.5355671 mm

Moment of Inertia of the Cracked Transformed Section

Moment of Inertia of the cracked concrete

= 1.751x10 +8 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 1st layer of tensile reinforcement

= 3.001E+6 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the 2nd layer of tensile reinforcement

5.357x10+8 mm⁴

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked transformed section

= 7.139x10+8 mm⁴

Curvature Right After Cracking

= 2.209x10-6

STEEL YIELDS OR CONCRETE NON-LINEAR

Єcr=0.003

Steel Yields c Ø

Ø d -C N.A

= 0.0021
Єs

= 9.05311x10 -06 rad/ mm

= 1292555884 kN/m

CONCRETE BEHAVES NON-LINEAR

= 0.000828251

where: = = 24.5

= 6.87143x10-06 rad/mm
 = 1.451x10 +2 kN.m

Ultimate Moment

1st Assumption:

Assume Tension and Compression bars yield

a = 26.3725 mm

C= 32.965625 mm

Where:

β =0.75

Check the assumptions by Ratio and Proportion:

=0.0021
= 0.02907887

= -0.005872879

2nd Assumption:

Tension Yields while Compression does not yield

C = 93.88879113 mm

a = 75.1110329 mm

Check the assumptions by Ratio and Proportion:

fs’ =-23.07757185

3rd Assumption:

Both Tension and Compression Does not yield

 C = 147.6827056 mm

a=118.1461645 mm

Check the assumptions by Ratio and Proportion:

fs= 832.1243583 MPa

fs=203.8804966 MPa

Therefore:

a = 75.1110329 mm

fs = 420 MPa

fs= -23.07757185 MPa

Mn= 197.9028793 KN.m

C<d' Redesign the Beam

CASE 7 Depth of Neutral Curvature Positive nominal
Axis (mm)( C) (rad/mm) flexural capacity (kN.m)
(Ø) (Mn)

Just Before Cracking 227.4176967 6.28981x10-7 46.646

Right After Cracking 120.5355671 2.209x10-6 46.646

behaves non-linearly 120.5355671 6.87143x10-6 1.451x10₂
Ultimate Condition 93.88879113 3.19527x10-5 197.9028793
Moment - Curvature Diagram

Mu

Mu

M0.7fc’ 

Muntr  

Ø untr Øcrtr Ø 0.7fc’ Øu Ø

Curvature