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Lecture 2 - Shallow Foundations 2020

Shallow foundations are the most economical foundation system and are used whenever possible. Key considerations for shallow foundations include soil strength and settlement. Shallow foundations can be individual footings, combined footings, continuous wall footings, or mat foundations. Terzaghi's bearing capacity theory models soil as a rigid plastic material and accounts for soil unit weight, cohesion, friction angle, depth factors, and shape factors to calculate ultimate and allowable bearing capacities. The general bearing capacity equation has been expanded by Meyerhof, Hansen, Vesic, and Das to more accurately model soil behavior and conditions like water tables and layered soils. Eccentric loading and two-way loading conditions further complicate bearing capacity calculations.

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39 views82 pages

Lecture 2 - Shallow Foundations 2020

Shallow foundations are the most economical foundation system and are used whenever possible. Key considerations for shallow foundations include soil strength and settlement. Shallow foundations can be individual footings, combined footings, continuous wall footings, or mat foundations. Terzaghi's bearing capacity theory models soil as a rigid plastic material and accounts for soil unit weight, cohesion, friction angle, depth factors, and shape factors to calculate ultimate and allowable bearing capacities. The general bearing capacity equation has been expanded by Meyerhof, Hansen, Vesic, and Das to more accurately model soil behavior and conditions like water tables and layered soils. Eccentric loading and two-way loading conditions further complicate bearing capacity calculations.

Uploaded by

Martin Ariza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 2 -

ShallowFoundations
Shallow Foundations

Shallow Foundations are used


whenever possible; they are the
most economical foundation system.

Need to consider:
• soil strength (i.e., bearing capacity)
• settlement
Shallow Foundations: Definitions

• Individual (isolated) footing – supports


single column
• Combined footing – supports group of two
or more columns
• Continuous (wall) footing –supports wall
• Mat (or raft) supports entire structure (or
portion of structure)

3
Bearing Capacity Theory
Ultimate Bearing Capacity: refers to the
applied stress that will just cause a shear
failure of the soil (qult)

Allowable Bearing Pressure: refers to the


applied stress the soil can safely support
(qall = qult/FS).

Footing design must be safe against:


– Foundation failure (bearing capacity)
– Excessive settlement (often controls) 12
Foundation Engineering
General
Shear

Local Shear

Punching
Shear

5
6
General Shear Failure
• Well defined shear surface & failure pattern
• Continuous slip surface
• Sudden and catastrophic failure
• Failure accompanied by tilting
• Bulging on both sides of footing
• Typical for dense soils

7
Local Shear Failure
• Failure pattern defined only under footing
• Bulging at sides of footing
• Large vertical settlement, but no collapse or tilting
• Settlement = 3%-15% B

8
Punching Shear Failure
• Failure pattern difficult to observe
• As load increases, soil under footing
compresses
• Soil outside footing remains relatively
uninvolved
• No movement of soil outside of footing
• Small, sudden jerks of vertical movement, but no
collapse or tilting
• Typical for loose soil
• Settlement = 3%-15% B
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Bearing Capacity Simple Model

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Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Theory
• Based on classical theory of plasticity

• Based on Prandtl solution for


punching of a rigid base into a softer
material (1920)

• Based on material with rigid plastic


behavior. Therefore, solution is strictly
limited to “general shear failure”

13
Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Theory
Assumptions:

• Soil is rigid plastic material


• Shearing resistance of overburden is
neglected
• Overburden soil is modeled as a surcharge load
• Length/width (L/B) is large; i.e., continuous
footing
• Soil strength modeled as Mohr-Coulomb

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Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity

For Terzaghi Df<B. Others: Df<4B


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Terzaghi: Φ , Vesic: 45°+ Φ/2

Shear strength of this soil is not considered by


Terzaghi
Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Nγ ?

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Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity for square
and circular foundations

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25
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 Arena Seca

𝜸𝒅 c´=0 ∅′

 Arcilla saturada en el largo plazo o arena saturada

𝜸′ c´ ∅′

 Arcilla saturada en el corto plazo

𝜸 𝒔𝒂𝒕 cu ∅=0

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General Bearing Capacity Equation
(Meyerhof, Hansen and Vesic) Ver Bowles
Meyerhof:

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Meyerhof:

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Hansen

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Hansen (H)

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Hansen (H)

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Hansen (H)

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Vesic (V)

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Vesic (V)

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Vesic

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General Bearing Capacity Equation
(Das recommendations)

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Continúa…
|

40
|

Continúa…
|

42
Modifications for Water Table

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Modifications for Water Table

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Modifications for Water Table

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53
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Eccentrically Loaded Foundations

 x   x centric   x bending
Para una zapata rectangular:
P My
x  
A I
Eccentrically Loaded Foundations
Ultimate Bearing Capacity under Eccentric
Loading —One-Way Eccentricity
Effective Area Method (Meyerhoff, 1953)

59
Ultimate Bearing Capacity under Eccentric
Loading —
One-Way Eccentricity
Effective Area Method (Meyerhoff, 1953)

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Ultimate Bearing Capacity under Eccentric
Loading — Hansen or Vesic (Alternative)

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Ultimate Bearing Capacity under Eccentric Loading
Two-Way Eccentricity

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Ultimate Bearing Capacity under Eccentric Loading
Two-Way Eccentricity

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Continúa…
70
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Continúa…
73
BEARING CAPACITY FOR
FOOTINGS ON LAYERED SOILS

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 If H is large
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Stratified soils
 Método de parámetros promedios (REVISAR Bowles, pág.
254):

Estos valores se reemplazan en las ecuaciones asumiendo suelo


homogéneo

Universidad del Norte87

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