Transportation Planning (CE-863)

Spring Semester 2020

Dr. Kamran Ahmed
[email protected] , Office Room#110,Tel: 05190854153,
Cell: 0301-5630831

National Institute of Transportation (NIT)

School of Civil & Environmental Engineering (SCEE)
National University of Science and Technology (NUST)
NUST Campus, Sector H-12, Islamabad
Primary Transportation Modes

 Highway

 Railway

 Airway

 Waterway

 Pipeline
Air Transportation
 Passenger Rail Transportation

High Speed Rail

Normal Speed Rail

Shipping:
Bicycle Transportation
Pipeline Transportation
Passenger Transportation
 Intercity
◦ Pass Car
◦ Train
◦ Bus
◦ Airline
 Intracity
◦ Public Transportation
 Mass Transit
 Paratransit
 Ridesharing
◦ Pass Car
◦ Non-motorized
Transit
 Rapid Rail
 Commuter Rail
 Light Rail

Lower Capacity
More flexible
 Fixed Route Bus
 Demand Responsive
 Paratransit
 Rideshare
Overview of Transportation Systems
and Urban Travel Demand Estimation
 Transportation Systems

 Fixed facilities, flow entities, and control system

 that permits people and goods to overcome the

friction of geographical space (move from one
point A to point B) efficiently in order to
participate in a timely manner in some desired
activity

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System Components
 Fixed Facilities: Physical components that are fixed in space
◦ Roadway segments
◦ Railway track
◦ Pipes
 Flow Entities: units to traverse the fixed facilities
◦ Vehicles
◦ Container units
◦ Railroad cars
 Control Systems:
◦ Vehicular control (manual or automatic): the technological way
the vehicle is guided on the fixed facility (driver characteristics
or human factors must be included- the way in which the driver
perceive and react to various stimuli)
◦ Flow control: means to permit smooth and safe operation (e.g.
signs, markings, signals)

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Purpose of Travel Demand
Estimation Process
Estimate the number of trips on each link
of the highway network, given: the current
and expected “future” land use pattern
◦ Residential
◦ Commercial
◦ Industrial

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Study Area
 Clearly define the area under consideration
◦ Where does one entity end?
◦ May be defined by county boundaries,
jurisdiction, town centers

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Study Area
 May be regional
 Metropolitan area
◦ Overall impact to major street/highway network
 Local – e.g., impact of trips to new Ames mall
◦ Impact on local street/highway system
◦ Impact on intersections
 Need for turning lane or new signal – can a model
do this level of detail?

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Study Area
 Links and nodes
 Simple representation of the geometry of the
transportation systems (usually major roads or
transportation routes)
 Links: sections of roadway (or railway)
 Nodes: intersection of 2+ links
 Centroids: center of TAZs
 Centroid connectors: centroid to roadway
network where trips load onto the network

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Travel Analysis Zones (TAZs)

 Homogenous urban activities (generate same types of

trips)
 Residential
 Commercial
 Industrial
 May be as small as one city block or as large as 10 sq.
miles
 Natural boundaries --- major roads, rivers, airport
boundaries
 Sized so only 10-15% of trips are intrazonal

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 Models …. Graphical Description

P2

2
T21 All are person trips
T32
P1
T12 T23 Trip Generation
A2
P3 Trip Attraction
T31
1 Trip Distribution
3
T13
A1 A3

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 Models …. Graphical
Description
P2

2
T21 T321 T322 T323
T32
P1
T12 T23
A2 Modal Split
T31 P3
1
3
T13
A1 A3
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 Models …. Graphical
Description

2
T3232
T3211 T3221 T3231
T3222
Traffic Assignment
1
3
T3212
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 Trip Generation/Attraction

 Purpose
◦ Predict how many trips will be made
◦ Predict exactly when a trip will be made
 Approach
◦ Aggregate decision-making units
◦ Categorized trip types
◦ Aggregate trip times (e.g., AM, PM, rush hour)
◦ Generate Model
Trip Generation/ Attraction Models
Objective: Develop statistical equations
to estimate the total trip (generated/
attracted) from/to a particular zone to
be calculated knowing the land use
characteristics.

Commercial Zone
*
Industrial Zone
*
Residential Zone
* *

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 Surveying Land Use
Characteristics
Population, Employment, Car ownership,
Average household income, etc

Commercial Zone
*
Industrial Zone
*
Residential Zone
* *
Trips Generated Employment
Opportunities
Trips Attracted

Population
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Trip Generation

 Trip Purpose
◦ Work Trips
◦ School Trips
◦ Shopping Trips
◦ Recreational Trips
◦ Other reasons
 Trip Generation

 Travel Behavior
◦ Depends on Trip Purpose
◦ Work Trips
 Regular
 Often during peak periods
 Usually same origin/destination
 Trip Generation

 Travel Behavior
◦ School Trips
 Regular
 Same origin/destination
◦ Shopping/Recreational Trips
 Highly variable by origin and destination,
number, and time of day
Trip Generation

 Types of Model
◦ Microscopic (Disaggregate)
 Household-Base

◦ Macroscopic (Aggregate)
 Zonal-Base
Trip Generation
 Productions

 Attractions

 Origins

 Destinations
 Trip Generation
Trip End Definitions

Residential Residential

Nonresidential Nonresidential

Zone I Zone J
Two Trip Ends: Two Trip Ends:
• Origin • Origin
• Destination • Destination
Two Productions Two Attractions
 Trip Generation
 Three variables that influence trip production and
attraction (measurable variables)
◦ Density of land use affects production & attraction
 Number of dwellings, employees, etc. per unit of land
 Higher density usually = more trips
◦ Social and socioeconomic characters of users
influence production
 Average family income
 Education
 Car ownership
◦ Location
 Traffic congestion
 Environmental conditions
 Trip Generation

 Trip Classifications

◦ Home-Based (HB)

Trips either begin or end at a residence

 Home-Based Work (HBW)

 Home-Based Others (HBO)

◦ Non Home Based (NHB)

Neither begin nor end at a residence

Trip Generation

 Mathematical Models for Trip

Generation

◦ Regression Models

◦ Trip-Rate Analysis

◦ Cross-Classification
Class Activity
 Draw five zones for the given study area
 Define each zone type i.e. homogenous
or heterogeneous.
 Following are the conditions
◦ One centroid for each zone and connected to
nearest link
◦ Try to make homogenous zones
 Zone will produce or attract trips or
both..
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