VISUALS

1. Non- projected Visuals

Non-projected visuals can translate abstract ideas into a more realistic format. They allow instruction to
move down from the level of verbal symbols into a more concrete level. Non-projected visuals are easy
to use because they do not require any equipment.

1.1 Types of Visuals

❖ Still Pictures

Still pictures are photographic (or photograph-like representations of people, places, and things).

Photographic study prints – enlargements printed in a durable form for individuals to use or for display.
Example: Charts, illustrations and picture books

❖ Drawings

Drawing is a concrete visual or a representation of a real thing. It helps illustrating our lecture through
freehand sketching in a chalkboard. Drawings and illustrations are non-photographic reconstructions or
representations of reality, etched or drawn by an illustrator, like the teacher or students. Illustrations
can be black or white or in full color.
❖ Charts

Charts are instructional materials which present relationship such as chronologies, quantities, and
hierarchies

Types of Charts:

• Organizational charts - show the structure or chain of command in an organization such as

company, corporation or government department

• Classification Charts - show the classification or categorization of objects or events or species.

• Time Lines - illustrates chronological relationships between events

• Tabular Charts, or tables - show data, usually numerical and are presented in columns.

• Flowcharts - shows a sequence, a procedure, or as the name implies, the flow of the process.

Advantages

• Charts can present summaries of information.

• Charts can be easily made by students. These can be easily used because they do not require
special equipment.
• Charts can be moved with ease from one place to another.
❖ Graphs

Graph provides a visual representation of numerical data. They also illustrate relationships among
units of the data and trends in the data.

Data can be interpreted more quickly in graph form than in tabular form. Graphs are also more
visually interesting than tables.

Types of Graphs

• Bar Graphs - easy to read and can be used with elementary age students.

• Pictorial Graph - alternate form of the bar graph in which numerical units are represented by a
simple drawing. Pictorial graphs are more interesting and appeal to a wide audience, especially
young students.

• Circle (pie) Graph - easy to interpret. Divided in segments, each representing a part of percentage of
the whole.
• Line Graphs – most precise and complex of all graphs.

❖ Posters

Poster incorporate visual combinations of images, lines, color, and words. They are intended to catch and
hold viewer’s attentions at least long enough to communicate a brief message. To be effective, posters
must be colorful and dynamic. Posters should not be left on display for too long.

❖ Cartoons

Cartoons (line drawing that are rough caricatures of real people and events) are perhaps the most popular
and familiar visual format. Cartoons are easily and quickly red and appeal to children and adults.

Humor and satire are the mainstays of the cartoonist’s skills.

Prepared by: Kira O. Balzado

Reference:
https://www.slideshare.net/leizeldespi/visuals-
educational-technology-9
2. PROJECTED VSUALS
• are media formats in which pictures are enlarged and displayed on a screen which are really
suitable for all use at all grade levels and for instruction in all curriculum areas. advantage of
projected visual
• the teacher can maintain eye contact with the students. The lighted screen is a silent shout,
meaning that a shout likely to be heeded by even the most reluctant learners. The large, bright
image captures the students’ attention as no other technology can.

Integration

Projected visuals are suitable for all use at all grade levels and for instruction in all curriculum areas.

Following are some typical subjects among the myriad possibilities for visual presentations:

- Provide a tour for new employees of a local business without walking through the plant.

- Make a visual history of your community, schools or organizations.

- Illustrate lectures about art history or art technique.

- Document student activities, products and student work, and community problems (e.g. crime and
pollution)

- Present a preoperative explanation of a surgical tailored to a specific surgeon’s patient.

- Show people at work in various jobs, for career awareness.

- Illustrate the uses of company’s product throughout the world.

- Teach a step-by-step process with close-ups of each operation.

- Simulate a field trip

- Promote public understanding of your school of your organization.

2.1 Document cameras

• A document camera is a camera that is hooked on to an
LCD projector, allowing the user to place things under the
camera so that it appears on the big screen for everyone
to see.
• The document camera is a video camera mounted on a
copy stand, pointed downward at documents, flat
pictures, or graphics and small objects (like coins).
• This tool has a lot of potential to aid teaching in the
classroom. This technology can be used for different
subjects in different ways.
• The document camera is a video camera mounted on a
stand with an illuminated display platform under the lens.
A teacher or presenter places documents or objects under
the camera and projects the image onto a screen.
• Other names for a document camera include video visualizer, video presenter, digital visualizer,
docucams, or Elmo, a popular brand.

Advantages

➢ No projection required. A document camera allows on-the-spot projection of readily available

classroom materials.
 ➢ All students have equal view. Permits everyone to have an equal opportunity to view the same
materials easily.
➢ Allows group viewing of student work. Permits group viewing and discussions of student work,
such as drawings, student compositions, solutions to math problems and the like.

Limitations

➢ Bulky hardware. It requires monitor or video projector, which is bulky, heavy, and cumbersome
to move without a cart.
➢ Monitor or projection required. You cannot use it without a monitor or video projector.
➢ Additional lighting. Document cameras need additional lights for good image.

Integration
➢ All subjects - group critique of student work and review the test items
➢ Art - group discussion of reproductions of paintings, etc.
➢ Business - group work on business and accounting forms
➢ Home Economics - group viewing of sewing pattern, recipes, etc.
➢ Industry - projection of blueprints for group study.
➢ Language Arts - group critique of student composition
➢ Medicine - group study of anatomical drawing
➢ Military - review of maps and official documents, illus. of lights
➢ Music - group reading of musical colors
➢ Religion - religious story illustrations
➢ Science - magnification of specimens; group study of maps and tables
➢ Social Studies -viewing of artifacts from other cultures, etc.

2.2 OVERHEAD PROJECTION

It is a device like a box with a large stage on the top surface.

Light from the powerful lamp inside the box is condensed
by a spherical type of lens, known as Fresnel lens, and
passes through a transparency placed on the stage. A lens
and mirror system mounted on a bracket above the box
turns the light beam 90 degrees and projects the image
onto a screen or blank wall (Heinich, 1996).

Types of Projector

1. Transmissive type - light passes through the transparency

2. Reflective type - the light from the lamp is reflected off the mirror like stage. This type if easy to
carry since it is lighter and more compact.
3. Acetate - transparent film whose regular size is 8 x 10 inch
4. Overlays - are sheets of transparent film

Advantages of OHP

• Brightness
• Eye contact
• Ease of use
• Abundance of materials
• Manipulable
• Availability of materials
• Self-prepared materials
• Advance preparation
• Impact attitudes
• Organization and discussion

Limitations

➢ Not programmed - overhead projector cannot be programmed to display visual sequences by

itself, nor is an audio accompaniment provided.
 ➢ Not self-instructional - It is designed for large-group study.
➢ Production process required – materials have to be made into transparencies by means of some
production process.
➢ Keystone effect - distortion

Integration

➢ Art
➢ Consumer Science
➢ Drama
➢ Geography
➢ Language Arts
➢ Laboratory skills
➢ Literature
➢ Music
➢ Mathematics
➢ Science
➢
Prepared by: Grace Ann Andrade
References:
https://pascapbi-3a.blogspot.com/2017/01/projected-visual-aids-from-time-to-
time.html?m=1&fbclid=IwAR2LM6axIPZyB2BPpVdoGIavHleJp3HayyHTJfHztYoRI68t7ebNnqoKeoU
https://www.slideshare.net/markebalde/projected-visuals?fbclid=IwAR0wSclVqDkVd7igCRaOU-
1Qm6JuxrAJD5ubbmV0wdDGVY3Uqeafk8LG-oY

2.2.1 Overhead Transparency

A sheet of acetate film containing an image for projection

by an overhead projector. Overhead projectors are
designed to allow the speaker to project an image while
facing the audience. The image could be a picture or an
illustration, a note showing the points you make, or a
longer text that you want to read aloud. Whenever you use
the OHT, the attention of the audience is divided between
you and the picture.

Purpose of an Overhead Transparency

• Reinforce a point you have made

• Show what something looks like
• Illustrate relationships
• Show information patterns
• Present figures or graphs
• Summarize key points
• Help the audience follow passages or quotations you read aloud

Effective Design of an Overhead Transparency

• Use large fonts and images

• Present one key point or example per OHT
• Use headings and bullet points in preference to lines of text
• Use strong colors and don't use too many
• Use simple graphs in preference to tables of figures
• Pay attention to layout. Use the center of the OHT rather than the edges
METHODS IN CREATING OVERHEAD TRANSPARENCIES

a. Direct drawing method- A method wherein content is drawn or

written directly on the transparency using a marking pen.

b. Electrostatic film process (Xerography) – Transparencies are made

using paper copying machines. The master is made on plain paper
and then photocopied. Black and white, as well as colored
transparencies (only for certain machine models) can be generated
using this process.

c. Overhead created by computer- Transparencies are prepared with

the use of computers and then printed on an inkjet or laser printer.

Graphic Software

Graphics software creates, edits, and manages two-dimensional images. These computer graphics may
be clip art, web graphics, logos, headings, backgrounds, digital photos, or other kinds of digital images.

Types of graphics software available:

a. Presentation programs- special software that simplifies creation of slide or transparencies of

graphics that combine text, data and visuals.
Examples:
• Prezi
• Google Slides
• Microsoft PowerPoint
b. Drawing and paint programs- allow the user to draw geometric shapes and figures.
Examples:
• Artweaver
• Paint 3D
• DrawPlus
c. Photo-enhancement programs- allow the manipulation of color and use of special effects to
alter photographic and styles.
Examples:
• Lightroom
• Adobe Photoshop
• Cyberlink PhotoDirector
 d. Desktop publishing programs- combines features of many other methods to create
sophisticated products such as newsletters and books.
Examples:
• Microsoft Publisher
• Adobe InDesign
• QuarkXPress

Prepared By: Imee Loren S. Abonales

References:
http://v2020eresource.org/content/files/overhead_transparency.htm
https://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/ld/all-resources/study-guides-pdfs/presentation-skills-
pdfs/Using%20visual%20aids.pdf
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=p5_Tiq2OqbAC&pg=PT203&lpg=PT203&dq=Overhead+created+by+compu
ter+visuals&source=bl&ots=onN-xP-
xNR&sig=ACfU3U0GP7mI7dh8xSrFnMUHkvVCFH2ySw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj3od2s4qDoAhUnGaYKHV5xDD
UQ6AEwCXoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=Overhead%20created%20by%20computer%20visuals&f=false
http://www4.caes.hku.hk/epc/presentation/oht.asp
https://slideplayer.com/slide/3916399/

Technical processes in production transparencies

• Laser printers print images directly onto special film.

• Ink-jet printers spray droplets of ink onto specially coated ink-jet film.
• Thermal transfer printers use heat to imprint images onto thermal film
• Pen plotters draw with pens directly onto specially coated film.
• Impact printers press the ink from ribbons onto impact film.

Advantages

• Sequencing – arrange slides into many different sequence

• Automatic cameras – automatic exposure control, easy focusing, and high-speed color film have
contributed to this trend.
• Automatic projection – offers convenience use of remote control
• Collection building – easy to build up permanent collections
• Individualized instruction – feasible for small-group and independent study.

Limitations

• Disorganization – since slides comes as individual units, they can easily become disorganized.
• Jamming – they are made of cardboard, plastic and glass varying thickness
• Susceptible to damage – slides can easily accommodate dusts and fingerprints; careless storage or
handling can lead to permanent damage.

Prepared by: Krizzia-an R. Canillo

References:

https://www.slideshare.net/leizeldespi/visuals-educational-technology-9
D. SLIDES

A slide is a single page of a presentation. Collectively, a group of slides may be known as a slide deck. A
slide show is an exposition of a series of slides or images in an electronic device or in a projection screen.

Teacher and Students produced slides

Students can create screencasts to teach a

topic to the class, use a design tool to craft
sleek graphics, or record entertaining
animations. Whether it's for practice or to
reach an authentic audience, students can
demonstrate their learning and gain
valuable skills for college and career. There
are also some great options for teachers to
create lessons with slick multimedia and
interactive elements such as video, audio,
and embedded assessments.

Producing Slideshow by Digital Photograph

Digital cameras have quickly found a place in the computer

realm. They are widely use to capture images for incorporation
into documents produced by presentation software or desktop
publishing.

Producing Slides by Copying Visuals

You can take close-ups using macro potion of the range, allowing
you to copy flat visuals such as maps or charts.

Producing Slides by computers

Computers now offer capability of generating graphic images that can become slides.

Ex. Keynote, Microsoft PowerPoint, Prezi, Google Slides

Prepared By: Paulo Alcantara

References:

https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https://image.slidesharecdn.com/digitalart-150828114739-lva1-
app6891/95/digital-art-28-
638.jpg?cb%3D1458976721&imgrefurl=https://www.slideshare.net/little_sunshine143/digital-art-
52170452&tbnid=9kPM3p5yK--
OAM&vet=1&docid=GbP_7i6AtG59sM&w=638&h=479&q=producing+slides+by+digital+photography&source=sh/x
/im

https://www.pastemagazine.com/tech/10-apps-for-making-a-great-slideshow-on-the-go/

2.3 DIGITAL IMAGES Digital Images

It is possible to store images in a digital form and show them on a computer or television monitor or
project them in a group.

Storage Media Includes:

1. CD ROM (Compact Disc - Read Only Memory) - Has the capacity to

handle not only quality sounds but also a large quantities of txt and
visuals. The first CD-ROMs could hold about 600 MB of data, but now
they can hold up to 700 MB. CD-ROMs share the same technology as
audio CDs, but they are formatted differently, allowing them to store
many types of data.

2. Photo CD (Photographic Compact Disc) - utilized digital technology to

store photographic images.

3. DVD ROM (Digital Video Disc - Read Only Memory) - has a greater
capacity and it is an ideal medium for txt, visuals, animation, motion
video and audio formats that has a large storage requirement. It is
similar to a compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM) but has a larger
capacity. A DVD-ROM stores around 4.38 GB of data.

4. Digital Camera - are directly connected to a computer to place the

image onto the computer, some people uses a computer disk or a small
digital flash memory card or smart card inside the camera. A digital
camera uses digital optical components to register the intensity and
color of light, and converts it into pixel data.

ADVANTAGES :

1. Random Access

2. Durability

3. Storage Capacity

4. High Quality Visuals

5. Portable 6. Less Storage Space

LIMITATIONS :

1. Expensive to produce / Time consuming.

2. Requires player and projection mire complex and difficult to operate.

INTEGRATION :

1. Project digital visuals are suitable for most of the same applications where you would use overhead
transparencies or slides.
2.4 DIGITAL IMAGE PROJECTION

Digital (and analog) images can be shown to individual using a computer monitor. Designed for use with
presentation graphics software, liquid crystal display (LCD) projection panels projects computer images
on screen. The advantages using of LCD technology include efficiency, ease of brightness and contrast
adjustment, and high image resolution . PPT is also a presentation package that is very popular which
you can add sounds and and animation. Advantages of DLP technology include light weight, high
contrast, and lack of pixelation.

ADVANTAGES :

• Image choices
• Vast capacity
• Interactivity

LIMITATIONS :

• Lack of brightness
• Legibility
• Expense

INTEGRATION :

The extra expense and logistical arrangements required by LCD projection would be difficult to justify for
simple, static presentations. Where it yields real benefits in providing dynamic or interactive
presentation.

Prepared by: Kyzziah Maureen Bargamento

References:

https://pc.net/glossary/definition/cdrom

https://www.edrm.net/glossary/dvd-rom/

https://prezi.com/9ferwmtzdkqv/digital-image-projection/