Mark Scheme (Results)

Summer 2016

Pearson Edexcel GCE

in Biology Spec B (8BI0) Paper 02
Core Physiology and Ecology
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Summer 2016
Publications Code 8BI0_02_1606_MS*
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Pearson Education Ltd 2016
General Marking Guidance

 All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark the
first candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the last.
 Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded for
what they have shown they can do rather than penalised for omissions.
 Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according to their
perception of where the grade boundaries may lie.
 There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme should be
used appropriately.
 All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded. Examiners
should always award full marks if deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the
mark scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award zero marks if the
candidate’s response is not worthy of credit according to the mark scheme.
 Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide the principles
by which marks will be awarded and exemplification may be limited.
 When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark scheme
to a candidate’s response, the team leader must be consulted.
 Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has replaced it
with an alternative response.
Using the Mark Scheme

Examiners should look for qualities to reward rather than faults to penalise. This does NOT mean giving credit for incorrect or
inadequate answers, but it does mean allowing candidates to be rewarded for answers showing correct application of principles and
knowledge. Examiners should therefore read carefully and consider every response: even if it is not what is expected it may be
worthy of credit.

The mark scheme gives examiners:

 an idea of the types of response expected
 how individual marks are to be awarded
 the total mark for each question
 examples of responses that should NOT receive credit.

/ means that the responses are alternatives and either answer should receive full credit.
( ) means that a phrase/word is not essential for the award of the mark, but helps the examiner to get the sense of the expected
answer.
Phrases/words in bold indicate that the meaning of the phrase or the actual word is essential to the answer.
ecf/TE/cq (error carried forward) means that a wrong answer given in an earlier part of a question is used correctly in answer to a
later part of the same question.

Candidates must make their meaning clear to the examiner to gain the mark. Make sure that the answer makes sense. Do not give
credit for correct words/phrases which are put together in a meaningless manner. Answers must be in the correct context.

Quality of Written Communication

Questions which involve the writing of continuous prose will expect candidates to:
 write legibly, with accurate use of spelling, grammar and punctuation in order to make the meaning clear
 select and use a form and style of writing appropriate to purpose and to complex subject matter
 organise information clearly and coherently, using specialist vocabulary when appropriate.
Full marks will be awarded if the candidate has demonstrated the above abilities.
Questions where QWC is likely to be particularly important are indicated (QWC) in the mark scheme, but this does not preclude
others.
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
1(a) An answer that makes reference to the following:

 transport against a concentration gradient / from low to high (1) IGNORE from low
concentration concentration gradient to
high concentration gradient
 energy / ATP required (1)
(2)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
1(b) An explanation that makes reference to the following: ACCEPT converse for
epithelial cells
 (water moves into the intestine by) osmosis (1)

 because the concentration of {chloride ions / salt / solute} (1) ACCEPT solute potential
increases {in intestine / outside the cell} decreases {in intestine /
outside the cell}
 therefore reducing the water potential (in the intestine) (1)
(3)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
1(c) An explanation that makes reference to the following:

 airways blocked / narrowed (1) ACCEPT less space / reduced

pathway
 therefore less oxygen to alveoli / less air enters alveoli / less gas
exchange / lower concentration gradient / less diffusion (into
blood) (1)
(2)
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
1(d) An explanation that makes reference to the following:

 (mice / humans with) mutated alleles lose less water / more ACCEPT converse statement
mutant alleles reduces water loss (1)

 therefore survive cholera / infection (1)

 pass on {allele / mutant genes} (1)

(3)
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
2(a)(i) An explanation that makes reference to the following:

 prevent {air / bubbles} entering the {stem / xylem} (1) ACCEPT oxygen

 allowing water transport (to leaves) / water uptake / (1) IGNORE phloem
transpiration stream / breaks cohesion Needs to be in appropriate
context of transport (2)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
2(a)(ii)
A (high wind speed, low humidity, high temperature)
(1)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
2(b)
B (cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm)
(1)
Question
Indicative content
Number
*2(c) Answers will be credited according to candidates’ deployment of knowledge and understanding of the material
in relation to the qualities and skills outlined in the generic mark scheme.

The indicative content below is not prescriptive and candidates are not required to include all the material
which is indicated as relevant. Additional content included in the response must be scientific and relevant.

P (Patterns)
 rate of transpiration increases in the day
 fluctuations in rate of transpiration could be due to environmental changes (wind speed / rain / humidity
/ cloud cover / dehydration)
 change in pattern of xylem diameter follows the same trend as change in transpiration

R (reasons)
 light causes stomata to open
 increase temperature increases kinetic energy
 reduced humidity increases concentration gradient
 increased wind speed increased / maintains concentration gradient
 evaporation from leaves reduces water potential in the leaves

C (cohesion tension)
 water molecules are polar
 cohesion is due to hydrogen bonding between water molecules
 column of water is under tension as water evaporates
 evaporation causes pressure to decrease, narrowing the xylem

Level Mark Descriptor

0 No awardable content
Level 1 1-2 An explanation may be attempted but with limited interpretation or analysis of the scientific information.
The explanation will contain basic information with some attempt made to link knowledge and understanding to the
given context.
Level 2 3-4 An explanation will be given with occasional evidence of analysis ad interpretation of two pieces of evidence.
Level 3 5-6 An analysis is made, which is supported throughout by sustained application of relevant evidence of analysis, and
interpretation of the information.
The explanation shows a well-developed and sustained line of scientific reasoning which is clear and logically structured
Level 1 (P or R or C)
Level 2 (P and R) or (P and C) or (R and C)
Level 3 (P and R and C)
For level 3 science must be correct
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
3(a)(i) Example of Calculation
 correct numerator (13572) or denominator (2278) (1)
N(N-1)∑n(n-1)

 correct calculation of D (1) = 5.96

Correct answer with no working

gains full marks (2)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
3(a)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to three of the following: ACCEPT converse statements

 more species of butterfly / higher species richness / more varieties

of butterfly / 9 species compared to 4 species (1)

 because there are more plant species (1)

 therefore more niches / food sources / breeding areas /

hibernation (1)

 because species are unaffected by herbicide / insecticide / fertiliser (1)

(3)
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
3(a)(iii) An explanation that makes reference to four of
the following:

 (A) stated abiotic factor not controlled (1) e.g. temperature / wind speed / humidity / rain
/ previous weather/ sunlight

 (S) sweep method not standardised (1) e.g. number of sweeps / size of nets / may not
catch all species / some not caught / sampling
was not random / subjective / relies on
judgement when all are collected / bias / should
grid areas / some not seen / some may fly away

 (T) time not standardised / date of sampling (1) e.g. some butterflies not present at different
differs / length of time spent sampling is times / hatch at different times / migrate at
different different times / should look at other months

 (R) sampling area / number of fields vary (1) e.g. lots of fields needed / may be other
differences between fields / sizes of fields / may
differ / needs more repeats over more years

IGNORE ethical issues (4)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
3(b)(i) An explanation that makes reference to the following:

 number of butterfly {species / diversity} increases then (1)

{levels off / decreases}

 because there are more plant {species / diversity} / (1)

positive correlation between number of butterfly species
and plant species

 providing more {niches / food sources / nesting sites} / (1)

decrease due to competition from other organisms (3)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
3(b)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to the following:

 number of moths is highest when creeping thistle is (1) ACCEPT converse statement
highest

 because creeping thistle is a {food source / habitat / (1)

niche / used for reproduction}
(2)
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
4(a)(i) An answer that makes reference to the following:

blood passes through heart twice / pumped to lungs and (1) IGNORE pumped to lungs and body
body separately / blood pumped (again) after going through without qualifying that it is separate
lungs (1)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
4 (a)(ii)
C (the pressure in the left ventricle is higher than the pressure
in the left atrium) (1)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
4 (b)(i) An explanation that makes reference to the following:

 oncotic pressure is caused by (plasma) proteins (1)

 hydrostatic pressure is due to heart pumping / (1)

contraction

 therefore when hydrostatic pressure is higher (than (1) ALLOW converse statement
oncotic), fluid is forced out

 therefore when hydrostatic pressure is lower, fluid is (1) ALLOW converse statement
drawn in
(4)
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
4(b)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to two of the
following:

 proteins accumulate in tissue fluid (1)

 therefore oncotic pressure changes (1) ACCEPT water potential decreases

 therefore less {fluid / water} removed by (1) ACCEPT more {fluid / water} is
{blood / capillary} drawn out of {blood / capillary} (2)
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
5(a) An explanation that makes reference to the following:

 increase in smoking leads to more thrombin and (1)

fibrinogen

 increases are significantly higher / no overlap over (1)

standard deviations

 so that thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin (1)

 therefore fibrin forms clots (1) ACCEPT correct description of a clot

(4)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
5(b)(i) D (monocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte) (1)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
5(b)(ii) An description that makes reference to the following:
IGNORE kill
 engulf / phagocytosis (1) REJECT produce antibodies

 {digest / breakdown} {antigen / pathogen / bacteria / (1) ACCEPT correct references to

virus / microbe} lysosomes / phagosomes
(2)
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
6(a)
Line drawn from left to right (over or between one (1)
lamellae)

(1)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
6(b)
A (0.4 s and 0.5 s)
(1)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
6(c)(i)
B (10.10 cm2 g-1)
(1)

Question Additional Guidance

Answer
Number Mark
An explanation that makes reference to the following: ALLOW converse
6(c)(ii)
 more active fish have higher surface area : mass ratio (1)

 therefore they can absorb more oxygen (1) IGNORE gas exchange

 for respiration for more muscle contraction (1) (3)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
6(d) An explanation that makes reference to the following:

 gill lamellae {are thicker / swollen / touching / less (1)

surface area / less contact with water} / have
decreased water flow

 therefore less gas exchange / oxygen uptake (1)

(2)
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
7(a) Any two correct rows for 1 mark:

Domain Eukarya ACCEPT Eukaryote / Eukaryota

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Proboscidea
Family Elephantidae Upper case for Loxodonta
Genus Loxodonta
Lower case for africana
Species africana
(2)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
7(b)(i) An answer that makes reference to one of the following:

 similar appearance (1) ACCEPT similar trunk / tusks

IGNORE colour / size

 have not observed if they could breed together / (1)

produce fertile offspring
(1)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
7(b)(ii) An answer that makes reference to the following:

publish in journals / presented at conferences / peer (1)

review / writing papers / other scientists repeating the
work (1)
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number

7(c)
B

(1)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
7(d)(i)
 correct reading from graph = 10(%)
(1)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
7(d)(ii) An answer that makes reference to the following: Example of Calculation
ECF from part (i)

 correct subtraction of percentages 100% - 10 % = 90%

1.3 – 0.13 = 1.17

 correct calculation of volume (90 ÷ 100) x 1.3 = 1.2 cm3

ALLOW 1.17 cm3

no units or incorrect units gains ONE

mark only
correct response with no working
gains full marks (2)
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
7(d)(iii) An explanation that makes reference to the following: ALLOW the converse

 affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen does not change (1) ACCEPT haemoglobin does not bind
to oxygen tightly when cold /
haemoglobin binds to oxygen more
weakly (than elephants) when cold

 therefore oxygen is still released (1)

 therefore heat is still produced by respiration (1)

(3)
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
8(a)
C (low, high, high, low) (1)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
8(b)(i) Example of Calculation
calculated mean (1)
200 ÷ 1.79

= 111.73

ACCEPT 111.7 (1)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
8(b)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to four of the
following: ACCEPT converse statements

 change in temperature has {no / little effect} in (1) ACCEPT no oxygen / not in air
nitrogen

 increase in temperature in air increases rate of (1) ACCEPT translocation is faster / time
transport taken is less

 because temperature affects enzyme activity / (1)

affects kinetic energy (of molecules)

 oxygen increases rate of transport (1) ACCEPT lack of oxygen reduces rate
of transport
 because {transport/ loading of sucrose / translocation} (1)
is an {active process / requires respiration} (4)
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
9(a) An explanation that makes reference to four of the
following:

 allopatric speciation (would occur) (1)

 because tigers become geographically {isolated / (1)

separated}

 so that they are reproductively isolated / (1) ACCEPT reduce gene flow / change
no longer interbreed in allele frequency
IGNORE references to not
breeding once they have become a
new species
 therefore they become genetically different / (1)
accumulate different mutations

 due to different selection pressures / genetic drift (1)

(4)
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
9(b) An explanation that makes reference to the following:

 decrease in genetic disorders (1)

And one from:

 because of increased gene pool / more alleles / (1)

less chance of two harmful alleles

 because of reduced inbreeding / more outbreeding (1) ACCEPT no longer geographically

isolated / tigers from different
populations breed (2)
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