Scribd
Upload
41 views5 pages

Molar Solutions of Liquids: Objectives

The document describes an experiment to prepare molar solutions of liquids. It defines key concepts like molarity, primary and secondary standards, and the relationship between mass and volume of a solution. The experiment involves preparing a 0.3 M HCl solution by dilution from a 1.0 M stock solution. It also describes how to standardize the HCl solution by titrating it against a 0.1 M NaOH solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator. The objective is to determine the molarity of the HCl solution. Several sample calculations related to molar solutions are also presented.

Uploaded by

Fatima tahir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
41 views5 pages

Molar Solutions of Liquids: Objectives

The document describes an experiment to prepare molar solutions of liquids. It defines key concepts like molarity, primary and secondary standards, and the relationship between mass and volume of a solution. The experiment involves preparing a 0.3 M HCl solution by dilution from a 1.0 M stock solution. It also describes how to standardize the HCl solution by titrating it against a 0.1 M NaOH solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator. The objective is to determine the molarity of the HCl solution. Several sample calculations related to molar solutions are also presented.

Uploaded by

Fatima tahir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

EXPERIMENT 4

Molar Solutions of Liquids


Name: ------------------------------------ St. Id.: ------------------------------------

Section: ---------------------------------- Date: -------------------------------------

Objectives
 To prepare molar solutions of liquids.
 To learn the concept of molarity
 To differentiate between primary and secondary standards.
 learn the relationship between mass and volume of solution

Experiment
Prepare 0.3 M solution of hydrochloric acid from 1.0 M. You are provided with 0.1 M solution of
NaOH.

Theory
Solution Concentration

In the laboratory, in your body, and in the outside environment, the majority of chemical reactions
take place in solutions. Macroscopically a solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture of two or
more substances, that is, a mixture which appears to be uniform throughout. On the microscopic scale
a solution involves the random arrangement of one kind of atom or molecule with respect to another.

There are a number of reasons why solutions are so often encountered both in nature and in the
laboratory. The most common type of solution involves a liquid solvent which dissolves a solid
solute. (The term solvent usually refers to the substance present in greatest amount. There may be
more than one solute dissolved in it.) Because a liquid adopts the shape of its container but does not
expand to fill all space available to it, liquid solutions are convenient to handle. You can easily pour
them from one container to another, and their volumes are readily measured using graduated cylinders,
pipettes, burettes, volumetric flasks, or other laboratory glass-ware. Moreover, atoms or molecules of
solids dissolved in a liquid are close together but still able to move past one another. They contact
each other more frequently than if two solids were placed next to each other. This “intimacy” in liquid
solutions often facilitates chemical reactions.

A titration is a volumetric technique in which a solution of one reactant (the titrant) is added to a
solution of a second reactant (the "analyte") until the equivalence point is reached. The equivalence
point is the point at which titrant has been added in exactly the right quantity to react
stoichiometrically with the analyte. If either the titrant or analyte is colored, the equivalence point is
evident from the disappearance of color as the reactants are consumed. Otherwise, an indicator may
be added which has an "endpoint" (changes color) at the equivalence point, or the equivalence point
may be determined from a titration curve. The amount of added titrant is determined from its
concentration and volume:

n(mol) = C(mol/L) x V(L)

and the amount of titrant can be used in the usual stoichiometric calculation to determine the amount
of analyte

Table.1 Molarity of Some Common Acids and Ammonia


Compound Molarity Compound Molarity Compound Molarity
CH3COOH 17.4 HNO3 16 H2SO4 18
HCl 11.3 HClO4 11.6 NH3 14.3
HF 26.5 H3PO4 13.7

Formulae
1. No. of moles = given mass of substance / atomic or molecular mass of substance
2. Molarity = No. of moles of solute / Volume of the solution in dm3
3. No. of moles of solute = Molarity x Volume of the solution in dm3
4. Concentration (g/dm3) = Molarity x Molar or Atomic Mass
5. Mass of Solute = Volume of the solution in dm 3 x Molarity x Atomic/Molar Mass

Procedure

Step 1: Preparation of Solution


In laboratory you will provided with 1.0 Molar solution of HCl. You have to make its 0.3 M
solution by dilution formula method.

Available/Known Required/Unknown

C1 x V1 = C 2 x V2
1.0 x V1 = 0.3 x 100
V1 = 0.3 x 100 /1.0 = 30 ml

If 30 ml of conc. HCl is dissolved in distilled water and make the volume up to 100 ml, then the
solution will be 0.3 M.

2
Step 2:
Standardization of HCl Solution
Principle: It is an acid base titration
Standard Solution or Titrant: 0.1 M solution of NaOH
( Titrate or Titrand ) or solution of unknown strength: HCl solution
Indicator: Phenolphthalein
End point: Pink
Reaction: HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

Molarity of HCl solution

Sr. No. Initial Reading Final Reading Volume


1
2
3

Mean Volume = V3= ml/cm3

Molarity of NaOH solution = M1 = M


Molarity of HCl solution = M2 = ? M
Volume of NaOH used = V1= ml/cm3
Volume of HCl used = V2= 5 ml/cm3
No. of reacting mole of NaOH= n1 = 1
No. of reacting mole of HCl = n2 = 1

3
Known/available : Unknown/required

NaOH HCl

M1 X V1 M2 x V2
=
n1 n2

M1 X V1 x n2 = M2
n1 x V2

M2 = M

Result:-

4
Exercise
Q.1 How can you prepare 1L solution of 0.25M HNO 3 ? Show necessary calculations.

Q.2 How can you prepare 500 ml of 2.0 M HCl solution?

Q.3 Calculate the amount/dm3 of calcium hydroxide if you have 2.0 L of 0.2 M calcium hydroxide
solution.

Q.4 List household acids and bases.

You might also like