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Hybrid Spread Spectrum Techniques

Hybrid spread spectrum techniques combine elements of frequency hopping, direct sequence, and time division multiple access to provide advantages over single techniques. Specifically, hybrid FDMA/CDMA divides the spectrum into smaller subchannels that operate as narrowband CDMA systems. Hybrid DS/FHMA uses direct sequence modulation with the center frequency hopping periodically. Time division CDMA allows one user per cell per time slot to avoid near-far effects during handoffs.

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Krishanu Modak
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550 views

Hybrid Spread Spectrum Techniques

Hybrid spread spectrum techniques combine elements of frequency hopping, direct sequence, and time division multiple access to provide advantages over single techniques. Specifically, hybrid FDMA/CDMA divides the spectrum into smaller subchannels that operate as narrowband CDMA systems. Hybrid DS/FHMA uses direct sequence modulation with the center frequency hopping periodically. Time division CDMA allows one user per cell per time slot to avoid near-far effects during handoffs.

Uploaded by

Krishanu Modak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hybrid Spread Spectrum Techniques

In addition to the frequency hopped and direct sequence, spread spectrum multiple
access techniques, there are certain other hybrid combinations that provide certain
advantages. These hybrid techniques are described below.

Hybrid FDMA/CDMA (FCDMA):

1. This technique can be used as an alternative to the DS-CDMA techniques.

Fig: Spectrum of wideband CDMA compared to the spectrum of a hybrid,


frequency division, direct sequence multiple access.

2. The available wideband spectrum is divided into a number of subspectras with


smaller bandwidths. Each of these smaller subchannels becomes a narrowband
CDMA system having processing gain lower than the original CDMA system.

3. This hybrid system has an advantage in that the required bandwidth need not be
contiguous and different users can be allotted different subspectrum bandwidths
depending on their requirements.

4. The capacity of this FDMA/CDMA technique is calculated as the sum of the


capacities of a system operating in the subspectra.
Hybrid Direct Sequence/Frequency Hopped Multiple Access (DS/FHMA):

1. This technique consists of a direct sequence modulated signal whose center


frequency is made to hop periodically in a pseudorandom fashion.

Fig: Frequency spectrum of a hybrid FH/DS system.

2. Direct sequence, frequency hopped systems have an advantage in that they


avoid the near-far effect.

3. However, frequency hopped CDMA systems are not adaptable to the soft handoff
process since it is difficult to synchronize the frequency hopped base station
receiver to the multiple hopped signals.

Time Division CDMA (TCDMA):

1. In a TCDMA (also called TDMA/CDMA) system, different spreading codes are


assigned to different cells. Within each cell, only one user per cell is allotted a
particular time slot.

2. Thus at any time, only one CDMA user is transmitting in each cell. When a
handoff takes place, the spreading code of the user is changed to that of the new
cell.

3. Using TCDMA has an advantage in that it avoids the near-far effect since only
one user transmits at a time within a cell.
Time Division Frequency Hopping (TDFH):

1. This multiple access technique has an advantage in severe multipath or when


severe co-channel interference occurs.

2. This technique has been adopted for the GSM standard, where the hopping
sequence is predefined and the subscriber is allowed to hop only on certain
frequencies which are assigned to a cell.

3. This scheme also avoids co-channel interference problems between neighboring


cells if two interfering base station transmitters are made to transmit on different
frequencies at different times.

4. The use of TDFH can increase the capacity of GSM by several fold.

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