PHYSICS

FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS A STRATEGIC APPROACH 4/E

Chapter 26 Lecture

RANDALL D. KNIGHT
 Chapter 26 Potential and Field

IN THIS CHAPTER, you will learn how the electric

potential is related to the electric field.
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 Chapter 26 Preview

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 Chapter 26 Preview

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 Chapter 26 Preview

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 Chapter 26 Preview

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 Chapter 26 Preview

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 Chapter 26 Content, Examples, and
QuickCheck Questions

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 Connecting Potential and Field

 The figure
shows the
four key ideas
of force, field,
potential
energy, and
potential.

 We know, from Chapters 9 and 10, that force and

potential energy are closely related.
 The focus of this chapter is to establish a similar
relationship between the electric field and the
electric potential.
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Finding the Potential from the Electric Field

 The potential difference between two points in space is

where s is the position along a line from point i to point f.

 We can find the potential difference between two points if
we know the electric field.
 Thus a graphical interpretation of the equation above is

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 Example 26.1 Finding the Potential

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 Example 26.1 Finding the Potential

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 Tactics: Finding the Potential From the Electric
Field

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Finding the Potential of a Point Charge

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 Example 26.2 The Potential of a Parallel-Plate
Capacitor

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 Example 26.2 The Potential of a Parallel-Plate
Capacitor

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 Example 26.2 The Potential of a Parallel-Plate
Capacitor

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 Finding the Electric Field from the Potential

 The figure shows

two points i and f
separated by a
small distance Δs.
 The work done by the electric
field as a small charge q
moves from i to f is W = FsΔs =
qEsΔs.
 The potential difference
between the points is

 The electric field in the s-direction

is Es = –ΔV/Δs. In the limit Δs → 0:
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 Finding the Electric Field from the Potential:
Quick Example
 Suppose we knew the potential of a point charge to be
V = q/4π 0r but didn’t remember the electric field.
 Symmetry requires that the field point straight outward
from the charge, with only a radial component Er.
 If we choose the s-axis to be in the radial direction,
parallel to E, we find

 This is, indeed, the well-known electric field of a point

charge!
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 Example 26.3 The Electric Field of a Ring of
Charge

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 Example 26.3 The Electric Field of a Ring of
Charge

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 Example 26.4 Finding E From the Slope of V

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 Example 26.4 Finding E From the Slope of V

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 Example 26.4 Finding E From the Slope of V

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 The Geometry of Potential and Field

 In three dimensions, we can find the electric field

from the electric potential as

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Kirchhoff’s Loop Law

 For any path that

starts and ends at
the same point:

 The sum of all the

potential differences
encountered while
moving around a loop
or closed path is zero.
 This statement is
known as Kirchhoff’s
loop law.
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 A Conductor in Electrostatic Equilibrium

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 A Conductor in Electrostatic Equilibrium

 When a conductor is in
equilibrium:
• All excess charge sits on the
surface.
• The surface is an equipotential.
• The electric field inside is zero.
• The external electric field is A corona discharge
perpendicular to the surface occurs at pointed metal
tips where the electric
at the surface.
field can be very strong.
• The electric field is strongest
at sharp corners of the
conductor’s surface.
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 A Conductor in Electrostatic Equilibrium

 The figure shows a

negatively charged
metal sphere near a
flat metal plate.
 Since a conductor
surface must be an
equipotential, the
equipotential surfaces
close to each electrode
roughly match the
shape of the electrode.

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 Sources of Electric Potential
 A separation of charge
creates an electric
potential difference.
 Shuffling your feet on
the carpet transfers
electrons from the
carpet to you, creating
a potential difference
between you and other
objects in the room.
 This potential difference
can cause sparks.

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 Van de Graaff Generator

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 Charge escalator model of a battery

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 Batteries and emf

 emf is the work done per charge to pull positive and

negative charges apart.
 In an ideal battery, this work creates a potential
difference ∆Vbat = between the positive and negative
terminals.
 This is called the terminal voltage.

A battery constructed to
have an emf of 1.5 V
creates a 1.5 V potential
difference between its
positive and negative
terminals.
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Batteries in Series
 The total potential difference of
batteries in series is simply the
sum of their individual terminal
voltages:

 Flashlight batteries are placed

in series to create twice the
potential difference of one
battery.
 For this flashlight:
ΔVseries = ΔV1 + ΔV2
= 1.5 V + 1.5 V
= 3.0 V
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Capacitance and Capacitors

 The figure shows two

arbitrary electrodes
charged to ±Q.
 There is a potential
difference ΔVC that is
directly proportional to Q.

 The ratio of the charge Q to the potential difference ΔVC is

called the capacitance C:

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 Capacitance and Capacitors

 Capacitance is a purely geometric property of two electrodes

because it depends only on their surface area and spacing.

 The SI unit of capacitance is the farad:

 The charge on the capacitor plates is directly

proportional to the potential difference between the
plates:

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 Capacitance and Capacitors

Capacitors are important

elements in electric circuits.
They come in a variety of The keys on most computer
sizes and shapes. keyboards are capacitor
switches. Pressing the key
pushes two capacitor plates
closer together, increasing
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Example 26.6 Charging a Capacitor

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 Charging a Capacitor

 The figure shows a

capacitor just after it
has been connected
to a battery.
 Current will
flow in this manner
for a nanosecond or
so until the capacitor
is fully charged.

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 Charging a Capacitor

 The figure shows

a fully charged
capacitor.
 Now the system
is in electrostatic
equilibrium.

 Capacitance always refers to the charge per voltage

on a fully charged capacitor.

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 Combinations of Capacitors
 In practice, two or more capacitors are sometimes
joined together.
 The circuit diagrams below illustrate two basic
combinations: parallel capacitors and series
capacitors.

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 Capacitors Combined in Parallel
 Consider two capacitors C1
and C2 connected in parallel.
 The total charge drawn from
the battery is Q = Q1 + Q2.
 In figure (b) we have replaced
the capacitors with a single
“equivalent” capacitor:

Ceq = C1 + C2

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 Capacitors Combined in Parallel

 If capacitors C1, C2, C3, … are in parallel, their

equivalent capacitance is:

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 Capacitors Combined in Series
 Consider two capacitors
C1 and C2 connected in
series.
 The total potential
difference across
both capacitors is
ΔVC = ΔV1 + ΔV2.
 The inverse of the
equivalent
capacitance is

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 Capacitors Combined in Series

 If capacitors C1, C2, C3, …

are in series, their equivalent
capacitance is

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 The Energy Stored in a Capacitor
 The figure shows a
capacitor being charged.
 As a small charge dq is
lifted to a higher
potential, the potential
energy of the capacitor
increases by

 The total energy

transferred from the
battery to the capacitor is

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 The Energy Stored in a Capacitor

 Capacitors are important elements in electric circuits

because of their ability to store energy.
 The charge on the two plates is ±q and this charge
separation establishes a potential difference ΔV = q/C
between the two electrodes.
 In terms of the capacitor’s potential difference, the
potential energy stored in a capacitor is

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 The Energy Stored in a Capacitor

 A capacitor can be
charged slowly but then
can release the energy
very quickly.
 An important medical
application of capacitors
is the defibrillator.
 A heart attack or a serious injury can cause the heart to
enter a state known as fibrillation in which the heart
muscles twitch randomly and cannot pump blood.
 A strong electric shock through the chest completely
stops the heart, giving the cells that control the heart’s
rhythm a chance to restore the proper heartbeat.
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 Example 26.8 Storing Energy in a Capacitor

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 Example 26.8 Storing Energy in a Capacitor

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 The Energy in the Electric Field

 The energy density of an electric field, such as the

one inside a capacitor, is:

 The energy density

has units J/m3.

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 Dielectrics

 The figure shows a

parallel-plate capacitor
with the plates
separated by a vacuum.
 When the capacitor is
fully charged to voltage
(ΔVC)0, the charge on
the plates will be ±Q0,
where Q0 = C0(ΔVC)0.
 In this section the
subscript 0 refers to a
vacuum-filled capacitor.

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 Dielectrics
 Now an insulating
material is slipped
between the
capacitor plates.
 An insulator in an
electric field is called
a dielectric.
 The charge on the
capacitor plates does
not change (Q = Q0).
 However, the voltage
has decreased:
ΔVC < (ΔVC)0
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 Dielectrics

 The figure shows

how an insulating
material becomes
polarized in an
external electric field.
 The insulator as a
whole is still neutral,
but the external
electric field
separates positive
and negative charge.

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 Dielectrics

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 Dielectrics

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 Dielectrics

 We define the dielectric constant:

 The dielectric constant, like density or specific heat, is a

property of a material.
 Easily polarized materials have larger dielectric constants
than materials not easily polarized.
 Vacuum has κ = 1 exactly.
 Filling a capacitor with a dielectric increases the
capacitance by a factor equal to the dielectric
constant:

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 Dielectrics

 The production of a practical capacitor, as shown, almost

always involves the use of a solid or liquid dielectric.
 All materials have a maximum electric
field they can sustain without
breakdown—the production of a spark.
 The breakdown electric field
of air is about 3 × 106 V/m.
 A material’s maximum
sustainable electric field is
called its dielectric
strength.

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 Dielectrics

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 Example 26.9 A Water-Filled Capacitor

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 Example 26.9 A Water-Filled Capacitor

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 Example 26.9 A Water-Filled Capacitor

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 Example 26.9 A Water-Filled Capacitor

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 Example 26.10 Energy Density of a Defibrillator

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 Example 26.10 Energy Density of a Defibrillator

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 Example 26.10 Energy Density of a Defibrillator

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 Example 26.10 Energy Density of a Defibrillator

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 Chapter 26 Summary Slides

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 General Principles

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 General Principles

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 General Principles

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 Important Concepts

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 Important Concepts

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 Applications

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 Applications

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