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CHAPTER 2: Network Access 2.1 Switching Concepts: Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

This document discusses networking concepts for the Cisco CCNA certification, including switching, VLANs, STP, CDP/LLDP, and LACP. It explains that switches forward frames based on MAC tables, use VLANs to separate network traffic, implement STP to prevent loops, and use protocols like CDP and LLDP for device discovery. It also describes how LACP can be used to aggregate multiple links into a single higher bandwidth trunk.

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Bara' Alqam
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108 views

CHAPTER 2: Network Access 2.1 Switching Concepts: Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

This document discusses networking concepts for the Cisco CCNA certification, including switching, VLANs, STP, CDP/LLDP, and LACP. It explains that switches forward frames based on MAC tables, use VLANs to separate network traffic, implement STP to prevent loops, and use protocols like CDP and LLDP for device discovery. It also describes how LACP can be used to aggregate multiple links into a single higher bandwidth trunk.

Uploaded by

Bara' Alqam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

CHAPTER 2: Network Access

2.1 Switching Concepts


- First were called “Bridges” and had Bridge Tables
- Bridges had low port Density

Then Switches came:


- Have MAC Learning based on the Device port
- Have MAC Tables
- Forwards Frames based on the MAC Table
- Have a Look-up Engine
- Look-up one frame only at a time!!!!! (How fast?)
- Do Schedule Frame forwarding

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

MAC Table:
- Filled (learned) based on the Source MAC
The Dynamic Entry
- Decision is taken, based on the Destination MAC
- Aging Time! What for? How often?
- What will happen if Destination MAC is unknown!!
FLOODING

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

2.2 Virtual Local Area Networks

- Can I separate hosts!


- What will each group of them become?
- Every single switch port must become either ________ or ________
- Access Ports: every switch port that is connected to an
End device, NO Tags will Cross
- Trunk Ports: every switch port that must carry more than on ________

VLAN Types:
- Data VLAN: Ordinary
- Voice VLAN: Voice data only (higher priority)
- Default and Native VLAN: NO TAGS, but ____________________

- Trunking: I need more than 1 VLAN to cross a link


- Done by using encapsulation (DOT1Q)

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

2.3 Spanning Tree Protocol

- We need redundancy, but there will be a broadcast message!


What will happen?
- Then how can we prevent what is called a “LOOP”, AKA “Broadcast Storm”?
- STP requires election to be performed first
- The Winner must be: 1-Lowest Priority, 2-Lowest MAC
Address

- After that port roles and states will happen:


- Designated Port: Forwarding state
- Root Port: Forwarding State
- Alternative Port: Blocking State
- The entire process of election takes (30 – 50) Seconds
Max Age = 20 + (Forwarding Delay = 15) + (Learning Delay = 15) = 50 Seconds

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

- In order to speed things up:


Rapid STP: NO Listening, NO Blocking, only (Discard, Forwarding, Learning)
Then delay will become = 3 + 3 = 6 Seconds
- What’s the BIG benefit of Redundancy then!!!!! If STP is blocking ports
There will be a Per-VLAN STP (PVST)
Each VLAN can have an ELECTION!!
Each VLAN will have its own root!
Things are much better now

Specially that there is a RPVST+ (faster)!

- Now, Edge ports and Port Fast: what’s the cases and differences?

* Don’t forget MST

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

2.4 Cisco Discovery Protocol & Link Layer Discovery Protocol

- Who am I connected to!!


- If it wasn’t a Cisco Device, then can I still know who my neighbor is!

- CDP and LLDP do Discovery negotiations between devices


- Detailed information about the neighbor
- My port that is connected to it
- Its port that is connected to me
- The IP Address of the neighbor device
- The MAC Address of the neighbor device
- Port description of the neighbor

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Cisco Certified Network Associate (200-301 CCNA)

2.5 Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP)

- What if the bandwidth of an interface is not enough?


- We need bigger bandwidth, but resilient not fixed!

- LACP can Aggregate/Bundle multiple interfaces into a single new interface


- Done by negotiating between the two devices using the LACP protocol and Device Role
- Watch out for both devices, at least one of them must be ACTIVE
- Load Balancing Mechanism: by default = src-dst-mac

- Both Layer2 (Switches) and L3 (Routers) LACP can be done,


But in L3: no need for Negotiating and Device Roles 😊

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