A Simple Guide To Chinese Sentences: Structure
A Simple Guide To Chinese Sentences: Structure
Simple Sentence Pattern
A simple sentence must include at least two parts, the subject and predicate. A common
sentence structure is in three parts: subject + predicate (verb) + object.
Unlike English, most of the time in a simple Chinese sentence, the predicate is a verb,
although sometimes it can be an adjective. For this guide we will refer to the predicate
as a verb, unless stated otherwise.
This is known as the
trunk
of a simple sentence.
Trunk Examples
(我) 的妈妈 [已经] 去 <过> (你) 的学校了。
My mother has been to your school.
The
trunk
of this sentence is:
妈妈 + 去 + 学校
subject + verb + object
Simple sentence components
Although subject + verb + object is the main part of a sentence, simple Chinese
sentences can be made up of the following 6 components:
主语
Subject (zhǔ yǔ): a person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt
with.
谓语
Predicate (wèi yǔ): part of a sentence containing a verb that relates to the subject.
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宾语
Object (bīn yǔ): a noun governed by a verb.
定语
Attributive (dìng yǔ): modifies an adjective or noun.
状语
Adverb (zhuàng yǔ): modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb expressing a relation
of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc
补语
Complement (bǔ yǔ): complete the meaning of the predicate (verb).
Simple Sentence Examples
Subject + Verb + Object
The subject, predicate (verb) and object are the major components of every sentence.
(wǒ ài tā) I love him
我爱他
Subject + Adverb + Verb + Object
(wǒ zhǐ ài tā) I only love him
我只爱他
Subject + Adverb + Verb + Attributive + Object
(wǒ zhǐ ài wǒ jì yì zhòng dì tā) I only love my memories of him.
我只爱我记忆中的他
Subject + Adverb + Verb + Complement + Object
(wǒ yǐ qián ài guò tā) I loved him before.
我以前爱过他
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Sentence Order
Let’s look at a simple Chinese sentence in more detail and break down each component
and how to use them.
The following sentence shows all 6 components in the correct sentence order:
(定语) 主语 [状语] 谓语 <补语> (定语) 宾语。
(Attrib) Subject [Adv] Verb (Attrib) Object.
Chamcen told me that When she was at school, the teachers taught the students to
separate each component using mathematical equations to help them remember each
part of the sentence.
Here are the symbols they used:
Subject (主语) with ‘ = ‘
Predicate/Verb (谓语) with ‘ – ‘
Object (宾语) with ‘ ~ ‘
Attributive (定语) with ‘ ( ) ‘
Adverb (状语) with ‘ [ ] ‘
Complement (补语) with ‘ < > ‘
Here is an example of a sentence using the symbols to separate each component:
Note that
auxiliary words助词
(zhù cí) such as “的, 地, 得, 着, 了 and 过” are not
marked as sentence components.
(xīn xiān de shuǐ guǒ bù duàn de cóng guó wài
新鲜的水果不断地从国外送进农贸市场。
sòng jìn nóng mào shì chǎng.) The fresh fruit has been sent to the farm products market
continuously.
Here’s a breakdown of each component in this sentence:
Subject ‘ = ‘ is sb/sth stated. In the eg, it is 水果 (fruit).
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Predicate ‘ – ‘ is action. In this eg, the verb is 送 (sent).
Object ‘ ~ ‘ is sb/sth that the action affects. In the eg, the object is 市场 (market).
We will now look at attributives, adverbs and complements in more detail:
Attributives in Chinese Sentences
An
attributive
‘ ( ) ‘ is an additional component of the subject (主语) and object (宾语) to
modify. In this eg, the attributives are 新鲜 (Fresh) and 农贸 (farm trader’s).
The position of such
attributives
should be before the subject, in this case 水果 (fruit),
and the object, which is 市场 (market).
Between the attributive and the subject and object, is the ‘的’ particle. 的 is the mark of
an attributive, although the ‘的’ particle is not used for some attributives.
Examples of attributives with the 的 particle
( (měi hǎo) de shí guāng zǒng shì guò de hěn kuài.)
(美好)的时光总是过得很快。
Good times always go by quickly. (Time flies when you’re having fun)
( (zhuō zi shàng) de huā kāi le) The flowers on the table
(桌子上)的花开了。
blossomed.
An example of attributives (without 的)
(tā xǐ huan shàng le (nèi gè) (hóng tóu fa) nǚ hái.)
他喜欢上了(那个)(红头发)女孩。
He is falling in love with that red haired girl.
Adverbs in Chinese Sentences
Adverbs
‘ [ ] ‘ are additional components of a predicate (clause with a verb), used to
modify the verb.
The position of the
adverb
should be before the
verb
. Generally, the adverb is between
the subject and the verb, but sometimes it can be placed before the subject.
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地
Between the adverb and verb, there is sometimes a (de) particle. 地 modifies the
adverb to become ‘ verb + ly ‘.
Adverb Examples
(tā kuài sù de dǎ kāi le hé zi.) He opened the box quickly.
他[快速]地打开了盒子。
(tā zǒng shì xiě xìn gěi wǒ.) He always wrote letters to me.
他[总是]写信给我。
Complements in Chinese Sentences
A
complement
‘ < > ‘ is another component of a verb and is mostly used for
explanations.
The
complement
should be after a verb or an object.
Complement Examples
(xué sheng men rào zhe cāo chǎng pǎo le wǔ quān.) The
学生们绕着操场跑了<五圈>。
students ran 5 laps around the playground.
(wǒ yǐ jīng chī wán wǎn fàn le)I have already finished my
我已经吃<完>晚饭了。
supper.
鸟儿自由地飞翔<在蓝天中>。
(niǎor zì yóu fēi xiáng zài lán tiān zhōng.) The bird flew
freely in the blue sky.
Test Your Understand of Chinese Sentence
Structures
Exercise 1
Use = – ~ () [] <> to mark the sentence components:
所有同学都做完了数学作业。
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Exercise 2
Find the trunk of the sentence:
这位美丽的女士是我们医院著名的牙科医生。
This beautiful lady is a famous dentist in our hospital.
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