Gimotea, Renz Christian G.

ME4P-L

1. Based on your understanding on the Carnot Cycle that was discussed in

Thermodynamics 1, differentiate Rankine Cycle from Carnot Cycle. Does an actual
Rankine Cycle exist? If Yes, cite examples and applications of Rankine Cylce?
In Carnot Cycle is an ideal gas cycle for heat engine while the Rankine Cycle is
ideal for the vapor power cycle.
A Rankine cycle is more profitable for power plants with a limited electrical
output power, despite a lower efficiency.
2. How does Rankine Cycle efficiency from Carnot Cycle?
Rankine Cycle is limited by the high heat of vaporization of the working fluid.
Also unless the pressure and temperature reach super critical levels in the steam boiler,
the temperature range the cycle can operate over is quite small: Steam turbine
temperatures 565°C and Steam Condenser temperature 30°C. Carnot efficiency for the
steam turbine alone of about 63.8% compared with an actual overall thermal efficiency
of up to 42% for a modern coal fired power station that’s why Rankine cycle is often
used as a bottoming cycle.
3. Formula for the work of the Rankine Cycle based on the four processes involved? Just
use method you had learned in Thermodynamics 1?
a. Process 1-2: Isentropic Compression in a Pump
Wpump, in = h2 – h1
b. Process 2-3: Constant pressure heat addition in a boiler
Qin = h3-h2
c. Process 3-4: Isentropic expansion in a turbine
Wturbine, out = h3-h4
d. Process 4-1: Constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser
Qout = h4 – h1

(qin - qout) – (wturbine, out – wpump, in) = 0

Thermal Efficiency of the Rankine

Nth = wturbine, out / qin = 1 – qout/qin
Gimotea, Renz Christian G. ME4P-L

1. Discuss the following:

a. Simple Rankine Cycle
An ideal cyclical sequence of change of pressure and temperature of a
fluid, such as water used in an engine, such as a steam engine. It is used as a
thermodynamics standard for rating the performance of steam power plants.
b. Rankine with Reheat Cycle
In Reheat Rankine cycle the following improvement are made to increase
the efficiency of Rankine cycle:
 Lowering the condenser pressure
 Increasing the temperature of steam while entering the turbine
 Large variation in pressure between boiler and condenser
c. Rankine with Regenerative Cycle
A steam turbine cycle in which the condensate or feed water is heated to
a temperature that is much higher than that corresponding to saturation at the
exhaust pressure by means of steam that has been bled from the turbine at
points intermediate between the throttle and exhaust.

2. Differentiate one cycle from the other

 The main difference of Rankine Cycle in Reheat Rankine cycle is
expansion is carried out in atleast two stages in Reheat Cycle. Dryness
fraction is greater in later one. The efficiency is increased. There are heat
addition at least two stages.
 Reheat Rankine cycle means after the steam expanded from turbine
again the steam is reheated and sent to another turbine for expansion.
Regenerative Rankine cycle means, a small quantity of mass of steam is
extracted from turbine and is sent to feed water heater which is placed in
between pump and condenser in order to heat the water before entering
the boiler.
 In Rankine Cycle the components used are the turbine, condenser, pump
and the boiler. The water is heated up in the boiler and converted to
superheated steam and sent to the turbine. The exhaust from the turbine
is converted to liquid in the condenser and is pumped back to the boiler
for heating up again. In Regenerative cycle means, a small quantity of
mass of steam is extracted from turbine and is sent to feed water heater
which placed in between pump and condenser in order to heat the water
before entering the boiler.
 3. Cite the application of each and its benefits
Simple Rankine Cycle
 The fundamental operating cycle of all power plants where an
operating fluid is continuously evaporated and condensed
Reheat Rankine Cycle
 It improves the Thermal efficiency
 It increases the network output of the turbine
 It reduce the steam rate per kWh
Regenerative Rankine Cycle
 It increases the thermal efficiency of the plant.
 The temperature stresses in the boiler re reduced due to
decreased range of working temperatures
4. Write the equation used in the different cycle

Simple Rankine Cycle

Wthermal−W Wturb
ntherm = ≈
Qin Qin
Rankine with Reheat Cycle

qin = qprimary + qreheat = (h3-h2) + (h5-h4)

Qout = (h6-h1) = (h6-hf1)
Rankine with Regenerative Cylcle
Qin = h5-h4, qout = (1-y) (h7-h1)
Wturbine, out = (h5-h6) + (1-y) (h6-h7)
Wpump, in = (1-y) Wpump1 + Wpump2
= (1-y) (h2-h1) + (h4-h3)
 5.
a) Consider a steam power plant operating on the simple ideal Rankine Cycle.
Steam enters the turbine at 3 MPa and 350°C and is condensed in the condenser
at a pressure of 75 kPa. Determine the thermal efficiency of this cycle.

3 MPa
350°C

3 MPa

75 kPa

75 kPa

State 1:

P1 = 75 kPa h1 = hf @ 75 kPa = 384.44 kJ/kg

Sat. liquid V1= Vf @ 75 kPa = 0.001037 m3/kg
T1 = Tsaturation @ 75 kPa = 91.76 °C
State 2:
P2 = 3MPa
S2 = S 1
Wpump, in = V1 (p2 – p1) = 0.001037 m3/kg [(3000 - 75)kPa]
= 3.03 kJ/kg
h2 = h1 + wpump,in = (384.44 + 3.03) kJ/kg = 387.47 kJ/kg
State 3:
P3 = 3 MPa h3 = 3116.1 kJ/kg
T3 = 350°C S3 = 6.745 kJ/kg.K
State 4:
P4 = 75 kPa (sat. Mixture)
Sf = 1.2132 kJ/kg.K, Sg = 7.4558 kJ/kg.K
Hf = 388.44 kJ/kg, hg = 2662.4 kJ/kg
S4 = S3
X4 = (S4 – Sf)/ (Sg - Sf) = (6.745 – 1.2132)/ (7.4558 – 1.2132) = 0.8861
H4 = hf + X4 (hg - hf) = 384.44 + 0.8861 (2662.4 – 84.44) = 2403.0 kJ/kg
Thus,
Qin = h3 – h2 = 3116.1 – 387.47 kJ/kg = 2728.6 kJ/kg
 Qout = h4 – h1 = 2403.0 – 384.44 kJ/kg = 2018.6 kJ/kg
nth = 1 – (qout /qin) = 1 – (2018.6/ 2728.6) = 0.260 or 26%

Tmax = T3 = 350°C = 350 + 273 = 623K and Tmin

T1 = 91.76°C = 91.67°C + 273 = 364.76 k and Tmin

nth, Carnot = 1 – (Tmin /Tmax) = 1 – (364.76/ 623) = 0.415 or 41.5%

26 % is less than 41.5%

b) A steam power plant operates on regenerative Rankine Cycle with one open feed water
heater. Steam enters the turbine at 15 Mpa and 600°C and is condensed in the
condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa. Some steam leaves the turbine at a pressure of 1.2
Mpa and enters the open feed water heater. Determine the fraction of steam extracted
from the turbine and the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

Solution:
State 1: P1 = 10kPa h1 = hf @ 10 kPa = 191.81 kJ/kg
Sat. liquid V1 = Vf @ 10 kPa = 0.00101 m3/kg
State 2: P2 = 1.2 MPa
S2 = S 1
1 kJ
Wpump1, in = V1 (P2 – P1) = (0.00101 m3/kg)[(1200 - 10) kPa]( ) = 1.20 kJ/kg
1 kPa. m3
h2 = h1 + Wpump 1.in = (191.81 + 1.20) kJ/kg = 193.01 kJ/kg
State 3: P3 = 1.2 MPa V3 = Vf @ 1.2 MPa = 0.001138 m3/kg
Sat. liquid h3 = hf @ 1.2 MPa = 798.33 kJ/kg
State 4: P4 = 15MPa
S4 = S3
Wpump II, in = V3 (P4 – P3)
1 kJ
= (0.001138 m3/kg)[(1500 - 1200) kPa]( ) = 15.20 kJ/kg
1 kPa. m 3
h4 = h3 + wpump II, in = (798.83 + 15.70 kJ/kg) = 814.03 kJ/kg
State 5: P5 = 15 MPa h5 = 3583.1 kJ/kg
T5 = 600°C S5 = 6.6796 kJ/kg.K
State 6: P6 = 1.2 MPa h6 = 2860.2 kJ/kg
S6 = S 5 T6 = 218.4 °C
State 7: P7 = 10 kPa
S 7−S 6.6796−0.6492
f
S7 = S5 X7 = = = 0.8041
S fg 7.4996
h7 = hf + X7hfg = 191.81 + 0.8041(2392.1) = 2115 kJ/kg

h 3−h 2 798.33−193.01
y= = =0.2270
h 6−h 2 2860.2−193.01
thus,
qin = h5 – h4 = (3583.1 – 814.03) kJ/kg = 2769.1 kJ/kg
qout = (1 - y) (h7 – h1) = (1 – 0.2270) (2115.3 – 191.81) kJ/kg = 1486.9 kJ/kg
and
kJ
1486.9
q
nth = 1 - out kg
= =0.463∨46.3 %
q ¿ 2769.1 kJ /kg