BUKIDNON STATE

UNIVERSITY
Malaybalay City Bukidnon, 8700(088) 221-222237; (088) 831-2717
www.bsc.edu.ph
______________________________________________________________________
Name of Students : JUVY JEAN A. CABADING
CHRISTINE D. ALAGASI
Course Number : EE 302
Course Title : Linear Programming
Term Offered : Summer SY 2017-2018
Instructor : DR. JOY M. MIRASOL
Date : May 18, 2018

EVACUATION PLAN
ABSTRACT
Emergency situations are unavoidable. But how an organization or school administration
responds to those situations may be the difference between life and death. As such, it’s
imperative that every school or even any establishments prepare an emergency evacuation plan
because there’s no telling when a fire, bomb threat, or some other event may put students,
teaching and non-teaching personnel’s in danger. Since each schools differ in location, size, and
other factors, it’s necessary to create an emergency plan for each facility you maintain. It is
necessary to consult specialists in developing emergency evacuation plan. Having an evacuation
plan helps minimizes the negative effects of disaster, it can help to save lives and minimize
damage to property.

Keywords: Disaster, Disaster Risk Reduction, Disaster Preparedness, Earthquake,

INTRODUCTION
Disaster education is the foundation of all the efforts for disaster risk reduction. The
capacity of a society to accommodate itself to and recover from the effects of a natural disaster
depends on how much each individual was able to learn from the past experiences. Earthquakes
are one of the unique challenges for schools. It strikes suddenly without warning. Nevertheless,
if your local schools are in a region at risk for earthquakes, there are things that you can do to
reduce the chances that those who attend or work in the schools will be injured or the school
property will be damaged. These activities all fall under the concept of preparedness. School
preparedness requires the participation of administrators, teachers, students, and parents, as well
as those who design, build, regulate, and maintain school buildings. Emergency Evacuation Plan
has been designed to assist facility personnel in the creation of a system for protection of life and
property in the event of a fire, explosion or bomb threat, or any other emergency requiring
building evacuation. This plan is designed as a template for customization and may be used by
work units who are required by regulations to have such a plan. It is recommended that all
university buildings that are normally occupied have an Emergency Evacuation Plan.
The Dominican Republic is subject to a number of different hazards including hydro
meteorological events such as tropical storms, depressions and hurricane, floods, landslides and
drought, as well as seismic events including earthquakes and tsunamis. Dominican Republic has
the highest number of deaths and highest mortality risk to disaster in the Carribean after Haiti
(International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2011).
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Philvolcs), 2018. A massive
earthquake hit the Philippines measuring a whopping 6.1-magnitude on the Island of
Catanduanes. According to Philvolcs, this is not the only one earthquake occur in our country but
there were many that caused death.
Gillespie and Streeter, 1987. Stressed out that Planning, warnings, evacuations, and
search and rescue are processes designed to minimize the deleterious effects of disasters on
populations. Despite its obvious relevance to preparedness activities, planning for disasters has
not received a great deal of research attention in the social sciences (Vogt and Sorensen’s, 1992).
Aguirre, 1983 point out that evacuations are defined as the round-trip movement of
throngs of people. In evacuations the movement of people away from danger is accomplished
without a great deal of difficulty; evacuations are usually orderly from the perspective of the
evacuees, and are generally effective in removing people from danger (Quarantelli, 1980).
Klonglan et al, 1973. The practical significance of preparedness stems from its potential
to save lives and to increase control over disaster response activities. Preparedness efforts, for
example, are believed to have resulted in a dramatic drop in the number of persons killed by
tornadoes each year (Sims and Baumann, 1972).
Evacuation Plan is very important because it helps minimizes the negative effects of
disaster, it can help to save lives and minimize damage to property. It is supported by Klonglan
et al. and Sims and Baumann.

Objective:
This study was conducted to determine the optimal solution in minimizing the evacuation
time per group given the maximum capacity of each areas.
Model Building:
Situation:
In preparation to Disaster Risk Reduction Management Month celebration, the DRRM
team of DRANHS was planning an evacuation areas inside the school premise that are accessible
to students. During the planning, they have identified 3 different areas for 3 group of student that
are safe for evacuation during calamities/disaster.
After verifying the safety and capacity of each area, Group 1 can reach the 1st, 2nd, and
3rd evacuation areas in 4 min, 3 min, and 3 min. respectively. Group 2 can reach the areas in 2
min, 2min, and 5min respectively while group 3 can reach the areas in 2 min, 4 min, and 1 min
respectively. Given the capacity of Area 1 is 100, Area 2 is 150 and Area 3 is 150 and the
number of person in each Group is 150, 130 and 120 respectively.
 A simplified version of simplex technique will be used in this problem which is the
transportation problem method. For this type of problem, all areas available must be supplied; all
groups can occupy the given evacuation areas. Using the transportation model solver in
AtoZmath.com, three methods in transportation method will be used to find the feasible solutions
namely: North-west Corner method, Voggel’s Approximation method and Least cost method.
These methods should be used to determine the minimum time in occupying each evacuation
area given that there are three groups. After finding the feasible solution using the three methods,
and identifying the most minimum time, we will use another method to verify its optimal
solution. The stepping stone method is a transportation method that will verify the optimal
solution of the three methods’ feasible solution to determine the minimum time spent by each
group to occupy each evacuation area.
Below is the transportation model in tabular form by means of a transportation table as
shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Initial data of minimization
of evacuation time (minutes)
Area Area Area Total No. of
  1 2 3 students
  4 3 3
Group 1
      150
  2   2   5
Group 2
      130
  2   4   1
Group 3
      120
 Area
Capacity 100 150 150 400

Given the table above, the two methods used to examine whether the initial solution is
feasible or not. The solution is said to be feasible if the solution has allocations in (m+n-1) cells
with independent positions. The cells having allocations are known as occupied cells and
remaining cells they are known as empty cells.
The given problem can be expressed as an LPP as follows:
(a) Simplex Method
Let xij represent the number of students to be transported from source i(i = 1, 2, 3) to
destination ‘j’ (j = 1, 2, 3). Then the objective function of the problem (minimization of total
evacuation time in minutes) can be formulated as:
Minimize z = (4x11 + 3x12 + 3x13) + (2x21 + 2x22 + 5x23) + (2x31 + 4x32 + 1x33)
Subject to the following constraints:
(i) Total No. of Students Constraints: 3
x11 + x12 + x13 150
 x21 + x22 + x23 130
x31 + x32 + x33 120
(ii) Capacity Constraints: 3
x11 + x21 + x31 100
x12 + x22 + x32 150
x13 + x23 + x33 150
and (iii) xij ≥ 0; (i=1,2,3 j=1,2,3)
where xij represents the number of students from the ith group (i = 1,2,3) to jth evacuation area (j
= 1,2,3). The value of each xij will be positive whole number or zero.
In simplex method, the solution is going to be lengthy because of the involvement of a
large number of decision and artificial variables. However, another method which is the
transportation method is an efficient one that will give faster results and less computation effort.
(b) Transportation Method
The transportation method consists of the following three steps.
1. Obtaining an initial solution, that is to make an initial assessment in such way that a
basic feasible solution is obtained.
2. Ascertaining whether it is optimal or not, by determining opportunity costs associated
with the empty cells, and if the solution is not optimal.
3. Revising the solution until an optimal solution is obtained.

Results and Discussion

The discussion of results was organized in the order of the three methods used: the north-
west corner method; the Voggel’s Approximation method and Least cost method. These three
methods are used to find the feasible solution of the transportation model of minimization of
evacuation time.
Method 1: North-west Corner Method
The North-West corner method is a method for computing a basic feasible solution of a
transportation problem where the basic variables are selected from the North-West corner.
Table 2. Initial feasible solution

Table 2 shows that 100 students from group 1 should go to evacuation 1 and 50 should go to
evacuation 2. 100 students from group 2 should go to evacuation 2 and 30 students to evacuation
3. And 120 students should go to evacuation 3. Given the number of students per evacuation area
it shows that they will reach the area in minimum time of 1020 minutes.
Method 2: Voggel’s Approximation method
The Voggel approximation method is an iterative procedure for computing a basic
feasible solution of the transportation problem.
Table 3. Initial feasible solution.

Table 3 shows that 120 students from group 1 should go to evacuation 2 and 30 should go to
evacuation 3. 100 students from group 2 should go to evacuation 1 and 30 students to evacuation
2. And 120 students should go to evacuation 3. Given the number of students per evacuation area
it shows that they will reach the area in minimum time of 830 minutes.
Method 3: Least Cost method
The Least Cost method or matrix minimum method is a method for computing a basic
feasible solution of a transportation problem where the basic variables are chosen according to
the unit cost of transportation.
Table 4. Initial feasible solution

Table 4 shows that 100 students from group 1 should go to evacuation 1, 20 students
should go to evacuation 2 and 30 should go to evacuation 3. 130 students from group 2 should go
to evacuation 2. And 120 students should go to evacuation 3. Given the number of students per
evacuation area it shows that they will reach the area in minimum time of 930 minutes.
Based on the three methods used, it shows that they have different minimum evacuation
time. Hence, we need to test whether each solution is optimal or not.
Once an initial solution is obtained, the next step is to test its optimality. An optimal
solution is one where there is no other set of transportation routes (allocations) that will further
reduce the total transportation cost.
So far three general methods for solving transportation methods are available which is
already discussed. These methods give only initial feasible solution. Apart from above three
methods, other two methods called Stepping Stone method and MODI method give the optimal
solution. But to get the optimal solution, first of all we have to find the initial the initial solution
from either of three methods discussed. In this problem, we opt to use the Stepping Stine method
in determining the optimal solution of finding the minimum evacuation time.

Table 5. Optimality test using stepping stone method

The minimum total transportation cost = 3 x 120 + 3 x 30 + 2 x 100 + 2 x 30 + 1 x 120 = 830
Table 5 shows that by using stepping stone method in testing the optimal solution it
appears that it results to a minimum transportation cost of 830 minutes.
Given the results of the three methods it shows that the North-west corner has a minimum
evacuation time of 1020 minutes, Voggel’s Approximation Method has a minimum evacuation
time of 830 minutes and Least-cost method has a minimum evacuation time of 930 minutes.
Since Voggel’s Approximation method has the same minimum time as Stepping stone method.
Therefore it implies that, the 400 students which are divided into 3 groups will reach the
evacuation area in a minimum evacuation time of 830 minutes.
Conclusion

REFERENCES
Gillespie David F. and Streeter, Calvin L. 1986. Mapping Networks Organized Volunteers for
Natural Hazards Preparedness.

Sims, John H. and Duane D. Baumann, 1972. “The Tornado Threat. Coping Styles of the North
and South”. Science: 1386-1392.

Aguirre, B.E. 1983. “Evaluation as Population Mobility. “ Interval National Journal of Mass
Emergencies and Disasters, Vol. 1 (3) : 415-438.

Klonglan , Gerald E. , Charles L. Mulford, and Carolina S. Faisal, 1973. “ Problem Solution and
Effectiveness : A system Analysis of Local Coordinators”. Ames : Department of
Sociology and Anthropology, Inova State University

Sorensen , John H., Dennis S. Mileti and Emily Copeshover. 1982. “Inter and Intraorganizational
Cohesin in Emergencies. “ Mass emergencies and Disasters. 3 : 27-57.