30th International Conference on Lightning Protection - ICLP 2010

(Cagliari, Italy - September 13th -17th, 2010)

EVALUATION ON CONDUCTIVE AND DISPLACEMENT CURRENT ALONG

TOWERS STRUCK BY LIGHTNING RETURN STROKES BASED ON EXACT
ESTIMATION IN SELF-INDUCTANCE, RESISTANCE AND CAPACITANCE
OF DOWN-CONDUCTORS WITH HIGH RELATIVE PERMEABILITY

Hiroshi Kurita

23-4 Zaimoku-cho, Higashimatsuyama, Saitama, 0355-0016 Japan

[email protected]
→
displacement current density j d along the Models of
high rise towers struck by lightning return strokes are
ABSTRACT proposed. A Group Model consists of a cylindrical
The calculation methods on the internal self- conductors group and a metallic cylindrical outer
inductance and equivalent resistance of conductive coaxial pipe. The tendency on the displacement →
cylindrical pipes are explained in consideration of skin current I d and displacement current density j d
effect based on “Maxwell’s equations related to between the cylindrical conductors groups and the
Faraday’s law, Ampere’s law and Gaussian law” and metallic cylindrical outer coaxial pipes is analyzed.
“electrical characteristic within conductors”. The The displacement
→
current I d and displacement current
→
calculation results on the internal self-inductance and density j d are stems from the surface electric field E
equivalent resistance are shown on the conductive on outer side in the cylindrical conductors groups
cylindrical pipes made of steel with high relative evaluated with the Maxwell’s equations →
related to
permeability. The potential difference per meter φ/l Gaussian law. The electric field E is owing to
along the activated conductive cylindrical pipes stems “provisional potential along Models of high rise towers
from the effects on external self-inductance, internal evaluated on each height φ” and “capacitive coupling
self-inductance and equivalent resistance is compared on Group Models between cylindrical conductors
each other. In the case of the thick conductive groups and cylindrical coaxial pipes which simulates
cylindrical pipes installed for the main down- capacitive coupling between the Models of high rise
conductors of high rise towers for example 5×10 -1 m in towers on each height and the flat ground”.
radius, the effects in the internal self-inductance and The experimental tendency on the deformation in the
equivalent resistance taken into account skin effect conductive current waveforms of lightning return
can be neglected compared to the effect in external strokes along high rise towers I c which has been
self-inductance on the potential rise. In the cases of already measured is introduced. The current peak I p
the thin conductive cylindrical pipes with small radius and rising frequency f r on the conductive current I c
5×10 -3 m on the lightning return strokes characterized drastically decrease according to rise of evaluation
by low rising frequency 10/350 μs and small height along the towers. Causes on the experimental
conductive current peak 1 kA, the effects in internal results are broadly explained based on the tendency on
self-inductance and equivalent resistance are 20 % the diverging in the displacement current I d and
→
and 8 % for the effect in external self-inductance on displacement current density j d along the Models of
peak value of rising potential respectively. Single high rise towers analyzed with the Group Models.
Models (conductive cylindrical pipes 600m in length)
are proposed for those evaluations. The typical waveforms on conductive current of
lighting return strokes 10/350 μs and 1/200 μs are
The Models of high rise towers 600m in height struck selected for those evaluations.
by lightning return strokes are proposed to estimate
provisional potential along the Models φ. The 15 1 INTRODUCTION
conductive cylindrical pipes 5×10 -1 m in radius made → →
of steel are used for down-conductors on the Models. The electric field E and magnetic field B caused by the
Grounding resistance is given as 1, 2 and 5 Ω. conductive current on the lightning return strokes along down-
The transfer theorem between conductive current I c conductors of structures Ic should be precisely evaluated for the
and displacement current I d is explained based on the establishment of accurate lightning parameters [1], [2] and
Maxwell’s equation related to Ampere’s law. The protection of persons against those fields [3], [4] as well as the
Group Models which can calculate the tendency on the conductive current on lightning return strokes along lightning →
diverging in the displacement current I d and channels. It is necessary for calculation of the electric field E

1033-1
 → →
and magnetic field→
B to estimate the precise potential θ and field E. Finally, the reason on the experimental tendency in the
vector potential A on evaluation points [5]. On the other hand, deformation of the conductive current waveforms of lightning
the estimation on the potential along the down-conductors θ return strokes along high rise towers Ic which has been already
activated by the conductive current of lightning return strokes Ic measured is broadly explicated using the calculation results on
is instrumental to the protection of persons against electric the tendency in the diverging of the provisional displacement
shocks and the protection of electrical apparatuses against current along the Models of high rise towers Id. The typical
electric breakdowns within and around structures [6]-[8]. waveforms on conductive current of lighting return strokes
Furthermore, the evaluation on the conductive current along 10/350 μs and 1/200 μs are selected for those evaluations.
each down-conductor Ic owing to the lightning return strokes is
important on the way from a lightning point to the several earth 2 FUNDAMENTAL THEORY
termination systems or an earth termination system, as many
2.1 Skin effect
down-conductors are installed on large scale structures [7].
The conductive current along the high rise towers Ic struck by The Maxwell’s equations in vacuum related to Faraday’s law,
lightning return strokes [9]-[12] must be estimated taking into Gaussian law and Ampere’s law are shown in equations (1), (2)
account the diverging on displacement current along the towers→
and (3) respectively.
Id in order to→ precisely calculate the electric field E and

magnetic field B originated from the towers. The diverging on  B
rotE    (1)
displacement current Id along the conductive current→ Ic is t
affected by the time dependence of surface electric
→
field E along
 
the towers. And the surface electric field E is influenced by divE  vo (2)
“configurations and locations on struck towers, lightning return  r 0
strokes and surroundings (the flat ground, structures, mountains, 
and hills etc.)” and “distribution in surface potential on those    r  r E
rotB   r  0 jc  2 (3)
items θ”. Meanwhile, the discussion on the significance in the c t
internal self-inductance and equivalent resistance of down-
conductors taken into account skin effect is inevitable for ,→where
calculation on the potential along the towers θ as well as the E→
: Electric field (V/m)
specification on “external self-inductance of down-conductors” B: Magnetic field (T)
and “grounding resistance of earth termination system”. Since ρ→vo: Volume charge density (C/m3)
steel is usually used for materials on the down-conductors of the j c: Conductive current density (A/m2)
towers [6], [7], the effects in the internal self-inductance and the ε0: Permittivity in vacuum (F/m)
equivalent resistance characterized by high relative permeability εr: Relative permittivity, 1in vacuum
should be evaluated to be compared with the effect in the μ0: Permeability in vacuum (H/m)
external self-inductance on the potential rise along the down- μr: Relative permeability, 1 in vacuum
conductors. t: Time (second)
On this paper, the internal self-inductance and equivalent c: Light speed (m/s)
resistance in the conductive cylindrical pipes with high relative
permeability are evaluated in consideration of skin effect stems Within conductors, there are unique conditions as shown in
from Maxwell’s equations firstly. Secondary, the potential equations (4) and (5).
difference per meter along the activated conductive cylindrical 
pipes θ/l based on the effects in external self-inductance,  E
jc   r  0 (4)
internal self-inductance and equivalent resistance is compared t
each other varying radius of the conductive cylindrical pipes.
Furthermore, the tendency on the diverging in displacement  r  (5)
current along Models of high rise towers Id is provisionally
evaluated taking into account the conditions in the grounding As the results, the original Maxwell’s equations (3) and (2) are
resistance, self-inductance of down-conductors (conductive modified into equations (6) and (7) within the conductors,
cylindrical pipes) and capacitive coupling to the flat grounds on respectively.
the Models. The provisional displacement current Id is →  
evaluated stems from the provisional surface electric field E rotB   r  0 jc (6)
along the Models estimated with Gaussian law and numerical
electric field analysis. The surface potential along the Models θ , where
is provisionally evaluated for calculation of the surface electric μr: Relative permeability of conductors

1033-2
 →
j c (t, a): Vertical conductive current density located the most

divE  0(7) outside within conductive cylindrical pipes (A/m2)

2.2 Transfer between conductive current and

Meanwhile, there is a relation between conductive current
→ →
displacement current
density j c and electric field E within the conductors.
Apply “div” to both side of the Maxwell’s equation (3) in
 
jc  E  (8) vacuum. And adopt a formula of vector analysis (13) to get
equation (14).
, where 
ζ: Conductivity (S/m) divrotB  0 (13)

Equation (9) is able to be derived from the equations (1), (6),  E 

div  jc   0   0(14)
(7) and (8) (refer to 7.1 Appendix 1).  t 

 E
 E   r  0
2
 9 Furthermore, apply volume integral to both side of the equation
t (14) and adopt Gaussian theorem of vector analysis to obtain
equation (15).
The solution of equation (9) is given as shown in equations (10)
and (11) on the condition that longitudinal center axis of 
 E  
conductive cylindrical pipes (refer to 3.1.2 (1)) is fixed along   jc   0 t   dS  0(15)
vertical y-axis of x-y-z→
Cartesian coordinate system. The
vertical electric field E on equation (9) has the same direction as
the direction on the conductive current density within the , where
→
→
conductive cylindrical pipes j c as shown in the equation (8). dS : Areal vector element on integration
The penetration depth δ (t) indicated on equation (11) can be
expressed with angular frequency ω (t) at each time on pulse The conductive current Ic and displacement current Id flowing
waveforms of current. into a closed area can be transferred each other taking into
consideration → the aspects in the formation of time varying
  
a x electric field E on surface of high voltage matters as shown in
E t , x   E (t , a)e  (t )  10 the equation (15).

3 CALCULATION METHODS
 t    11
2
 r  0 t 
3.1 Modeling
,→where Single Models 600m in length are proposed for evaluation of
E (t, x): Horizontal distribution of vertical electric field within “external self-inductance, internal self-inductance and
conductive cylindrical pipes (V/m) equivalent resistance on conductive cylindrical pipes” and
→
E (t, a): Vertical electric field located the most outside within “potential difference per meter along conductive cylindrical
conductive cylindrical pipes (V/m) pipes θ/l owing to effects of those factors”. And the Models of
x: One of horizontal axes on x-y-z Cartesian coordinate system high rise towers with height 600m struck by lightning return
a: Outer radius of conductive cylindrical pipes (m) strokes are proposed to estimate provisional potential along the
Models θ. Furthermore, Group Models are proposed for the →
The horizontal distribution on the vertical conductive current evaluation on the tendency in→the provisional electric field E,
→
density within the conductive cylindrical pipes j c (t, x) is given displacement current density j d and displacement current Id
with equations (11) and (12) referring to the equations (8) and caused along the Models of high rise towers (refer to Note 1).
(10). A Group Model consists of a cylindrical conductors group and a
metallic cylindrical outer coaxial pipe. The conductive
a x
   cylindrical pipes which have the ring width enough thick
jc t , x   jc (t , a)e  (t ) 12 compared with penetration depth of skin effect δ are used for
the Single Models and the Models of high rise towers.
,→where
j c (t, x): Horizontal distribution of vertical conductive current Note 1: The deformation in the conductive current waveforms of
density within conductive cylindrical pipes (A/m2) lightning return strokes along Models of high rise towers Ic owing to

1033-3
diverging of displacement current along the Models Id isn’t taken into the Models without impedance. The grounding resistance is
consideration exactly in the calculation of the provisional potential θ,
→
given as 1, 2 and 5 Ω in consideration of general situation of
→
surface electric field E , displacement current density j d and high rise towers. The surface on the flat ground around the
displacement current Id on this paper. (refer to 3.9, 5.2 and 6.1). Models of high rise towers is assumed as perfect conductor with
potential 0 V. There isn’t any conductive connection between
3.1.1 Materials of Models the Models and the surface of the flat ground.
In the case of the external lightning protection system not (3) Group Models: Cylindrical conductors groups
isolated from the structures to be protected (refer to Note 2), surrounded by metallic cylindrical coaxial pipes
down-conductors are made from natural component (refer to Vertically standing up 15 cylindrical conductors are evenly
Note 3) of the structures [6], [7]. The natural component is located with equal interval in a circle around (cylindrical
generally made of the steel characterized by high relative conductors groups). The radius of the circle which contacts to
permeability [7]. Typical electrical characteristics of the steel the 15 cylindrical conductors from outside is 20m. Each
are shown in Table 1. The material indicated on the Table 1 is cylindrical conductor is 20m in length and 5×10-1 m in radius.
applied for the Single Models and Models of high rise towers. Edges of cylindrical conductors groups are electrically shorted
each other at centers of tops and bottoms on the groups. The
Note 2: External lightning protection system not isolated from the provisional potential θ evaluated by Models of high rise towers
structure to be protected [6] is given to the cylindrical conductors groups. The longitudinal
LPS (Lightning protection system) with an air-termination system and central axes on cylindrical conductors groups are fixed along
down-conductor system positioned in such a way that the path of the vertical y-axis on x-y-z Cartesian coordinate system. And
lightning current can be in contact with the structure to be protected. centers of cylindrical conductors groups are fixed at origin of
Note 3: Natural component of lightning protection system [6] the Cartesian coordinate system.
Conductive component installed not specifically for lightning protection The metallic cylindrical coaxial pipes with 0 Ω in grounding
which can be used in addition to the LPS or in some cases could provide resistance are evenly located around the cylindrical conductors
the function of one or more parts of the LPS groups. Vertical length of the cylindrical coaxial pipes is
enough long for both directions compared to vertical width of
Table 1 Electrical characteristics on steel used for Single the cylindrical conductors groups. Inner radius of the cylindrical
Models and Models of high rise towers coaxial pipes is selected in order to simulate the capacitive
Relative permeability μr 500 coupling between the Models of high rise towers on each height
Saturation magnetic field (T) 3 and the flat ground (refer to 3.10).
Conductivity ζ (S/m) 7.0×106

3.2 Waveforms on conductive current of lightning

return strokes
3.1.2 Configurations of Models
The conductive current waveforms on the typical lightning
(1) Single Models: Poles of conductive cylindrical pipes
short return strokes Ic (t) 10/350 μs [6] and 1/200 μs [13]
Single Models are conductive cylindrical pipes 600m in length.
expressed with equation (16) are applied to Single Models. And
Radiuses of the Single Models are 5×10-3, 5×10-2 and 5×10-1 m.
the conductive current waveforms Ic (t) are applied to tops on
Bottoms of the Single Models are grounded with 0 Ω and
Models of high rise towers assuming that the lightning flashes
conducive current Ici can flow into tops of the Models without
are characterized as upward flashes. In the case of the Models
impedance. Longitudinal central axes of the Single Models are
of high rise towers, entire conductive current of lightning return
fixed along vertical y-axis on x-y-z Cartesian coordinate system.
strokes Ic (t) is evenly allocated to each conductive cylindrical
(2) Models of high rise towers
pipe on the Models as conductive current Ici (t). The conductive
Vertically standing up 15 conductive cylindrical pipes (down-
current waveforms 10/350 μs and 1/200 μs are shown in Fig.1
conductors) are evenly located with equal interval in a circle
(a) and (b).
around on the flat ground to introduce Models of high rise
towers. The radius of the circle which contacts to the 15 10
 t 
conductive cylindrical pipes from outside is 20m. Each  
conductive cylindrical pipe is 600m in length and 5×10-1 m in I c (t ) 
Ip 1   t
exp  

  (16)
radius. Edges of those conductive cylindrical pipes are   t   2
10

1   
electrically shorted each other at centers on tops and bottoms of 1 
the Models. The self-inductance and resistance on the
conductors which connect the edges of the 15 conductive , where
cylindrical pipes are neglected. Centers on bottoms of the Ic (t): Time dependence on conductive current of lightning short
Models are grounded and current can run into centers on tops of return strokes (A)

1033-4
Ip: Peak on conductive current waveforms of lightning short to the magnetic energy stored outside and inside of the current
return strokes (A) flow respectively. The external self-inductance per meter Lex/l
t: Time (s) can be expressed as shown in equation (18) as well known.
η: 0.93, η1:19×10-6 (s), η2:485×10-6 (s) for 10/350 μs
η: 0.986, η1:1.82×10-6 (s), η2:285×10-6 (s) for 1/200 μs  o  2l 
Lex / l   ln  1(18)
2  a 

, where
Lex/l: External self-inductance per meter on Single Models (H)
l: Length of Single Models (m)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The precise internal self-inductance per meter Lin/l can be

T ime （μｓ） T ime （μｓ） estimated with the numerical calculation taking
→
into account the
(a) 10/350 μs [6] (b) 1/200 μs [13] distribution on conductive current density j c (t, x) and magnetic
Fig. 1 Conductive current waveforms on typical lightning short field Bin (t, x) within Single Models due to skin effect (refer to
return strokes 3.5).

3.5 Internal self-inductance per meter on Single

3.3 Distribution on conductive current density Models in consideration of skin effect
within Single Models in consideration of skin The magnetic energy stored within activated Single Models is
effect expressed by equation (19) taking into account skin effect
Referring to the equation (12), the vertical conductive current (refer to Note 4).
density located→ the most outside within Single Models is
Lin t I ci t    I cix t , x d
selected as the j c (t, a) which gives satisfaction of equation (17). 1 2 1
The conductive current Ici (t) indicated right side of the equation 2 2
   I cix t , x Bin t , x dxdy  (19)
(17) is given by the equation (16) (refer to Note 4). 1
2 y x
Note 4: On the Single Models, Ici (t) is entire conductive current of
lighting return strokes Ic (t). On the conductive cylindrical pipes in , where
Models of high rise towers, Ici (t) is 1/15 on the entire conductive Lin (t): Internal self-inductance on Single Models in
current of lighting return strokes Ic (t). consideration of skin effect (H)
Ici (t): Conductive current of lighting return strokes along Single
a x Models (A)
  
 j c t , a e  t   dS x  I ci t 17  Icix (t, x): Conductive current along Single Models within
S

horizontal circle with radius x centered on y-axis (A)

, where
→
Bin (t, x): Horizontal distribution on magnetic field within
dSx: Ringed vector element in areal integration dimensioned by Single Models (T)
x-axis on horizontal cross section of vertically standing up dΦ: Element on magnetic flux integration within Single Models
Single Models dx: Element on line integration along x-axis within Single
Models
The horizontal distribution on the vertical→conductive current dy: Line element on integration along y-axis within Single
density within conductive cylindrical
→
pipes j c (t, x) is expressed Models
with the equation (12) using the j c (t, a) and the equations (11).
Based on the equation (19), the internal self-inductance per
3.4 Outline on self-inductance of Single Models meter Lin/l (t) on the Single Models can be calculated as shown
The magnetic energy is stored around the flow of conductive in equation (20).
current. Area around the current flow has self-inductance. When
unit current is conducting along the flow, the self- inductance is
Lin / l t  
 I t , x B t , x dx (20)
x
cix in

the number of the magmatic flux which intersects the flow. The I ci t 
2

self-inductance on Single Models consists of external self-

inductance Lex and internal self-inductance Lin. The external The conductive current Icix (t, x) and magnetic field Bin (t, x)
self-inductance Lex and internal self-inductance Lin correspond indicated in equation (20) are able to be given by the equations

1033-5
(21), (22) (refer to 7.2 Appendix 2) and the saturation magnetic , where
field. If the magnetic field Bin (t, x) calculated with the equation θ (t): Potential on cylindrical conductors groups in Group
(22) is larger than the saturation magnetic field 3 T, the value of Models (V)
the saturation magnetic field must be applied instead of the ρsu(t): Equivalent surface charge density at neighborhood of x-
calculation
→
results. The distribution of conductive current axis on outer side surface in cylindrical conductors groups of
density j c (t, x) used on the equations (21) →
and (22) can be Group Models (C/m2)
expressed with the equations (12) and the j c (t, a) on paragraph dS: Element of areal integration on outer side in cylindrical
3.3 taking into consideration skin effect. conductors groups of Group Models

 
I cix t , x     jc t , x   dS x (21) Since the equipotential surface close to outer side of the
S
cylindrical conductors groups is approximately formed
cylindrically around on neighborhood of x-axis, the horizontal
r 0  
Bin t , x     j t , x  dS (22) surface electric field on the outer side of the cylindrical
2x
c x
S
conductors groups E (t, x) is expressed with equation (26) based
on the Maxwell’s equation (2) using the equivalent surface
3.6 Equivalent resistance per meter on Single charge density ρsu(t) (refer to 7.3 Appendix 3).
Models in consideration of skin effect
The energy loss along Single Models owing to conductive E t , x  
  t dS (26)
su

current Ici (t) can be expressed with the equivalent resistance Rsu 2xl 0
(t) taking into account decrease of conductive area due to skin
effect as shown in equation (23) (refer to Note 4). , where
E (t, x): Horizontal electric field along x-axis between
jc t , x 
2
cylindrical conductors groups and grounded metallic cylindrical
I ci t  Rsu t    
2
dS x dy (23)
y S  coaxial pipes on Group Models (V/m)

, where Because the electric field E (t, x) is horizontally radiated from

Rsu (t): Equivalent resistance on Single Models in consideration the outer side of the cylindrical conductors groups until the
of skin effect (Ω) inner side of the grounded metallic cylindrical coaxial pipes, the
ζ: Conductivity of Single Models (S/m) potential on the outer side of cylindrical conductors groups θ (t)
can be expressed with equation (27).
The equivalent resistance per meter Rsu/l (t) is able to be
expressed with the equation (24) arranged from the equation →  t     E t , x dx 
ag   t dS ln a
su p
 27 
(23). The horizontal distribution of conductive current density j ap 2 0 l ag
c (t, x) on the equations
→
(24) can be expressed with the
equations (12) and the j c (t, a) on paragraph 3.3. , where
ag: Outer radius on cylindrical conductors groups in Group
 jc t , x  dS x
2
Models (m)
Rsu / l t   S
(24)
I ci t 2 ap: Inner radius on metallic cylindrical coaxial pipes in Group
Models (m)

3.7 Capacitance per meter on Group Models The capacitance per meter C/l between the cylindrical
between cylindrical conductors groups and conductors groups and the grounded metallic cylindrical coaxial
metallic cylindrical coaxial pipes pipes is expressed by equation (28) from the equations (25) and
→ (27) on the evaluation using horizontal electric field along x-
The horizontal electric field E along x-axis between cylindrical
axis E (t, x).
conductors groups and grounded metallic cylindrical coaxial
pipes is selected for the evaluations on capacitance in Group 2 0
Models. The capacitance is defined with equation (25). C/ l   (28)
ap
ln
  t dS (25)
ag
su
C
 t 

1033-6
3.8 Potential difference per meter along Single θLin (t): Provisional potential along Models of high rise towers
Models based on effect in internal self-inductance of conductive
cylindrical pipes (V)
The potential difference per meter along Single Models θLex/l
θRsu (t): Provisional potential along Models of high rise towers
(t), θLin/l (t) and θRsu/l (t) can be expressed as shown in equations
based on effect in equivalent resistance of conductive
(29), (30) and (31) using the external self-inductance per meter
cylindrical pipes (V)
Lex/l, internal self-inductance per meter Lin/l (t) and equivalent
resistance per meter Rsu/l (t) indicated on the equations (18),
The potential along Models of high rise towers θRg (t) biased by
(20) and (24) respectively (refer to Note 4).
the grounding resistance of the Models Rg and the conductive
I ci t 
current running into the grounding resistance Ic (t) can be
 Lex / l t   Lex / l (29) expressed as shown in equation (35). The biased potential θRg
t
(t) indicated on the equation (35) isn’t provisional.
I ci t 
 Lin / l t   Lin / l t  (30)  Rg t   Rg I c t 35
t

 Rsu / l t   Rsu / l t I ci t 31 , where

θRg (t): Potential along Models of high rise towers based on
, where effect in grounding resistance (V)
θLex/l (t): Potential difference per meter along Single Models
based on effect in external self-inductance (V) 3.10 Provisional electric field, displacement current
θLin/l (t): Potential difference per meter along Single Models density and displacement current along Models
based on effect in internal self-inductance (V) of high rise towers evaluated by Group Models
→
θRsu/l (t): Potential difference per meter along Single Models The displacement current density j d (t) and displacement
based on effect in equivalent resistance (V) current Id (t) between cylindrical conductors groups and
metallic cylindrical coaxial pipes on Group Models are able to
3.9 Provisional potential along Models of high rise be expressed with equations (36) and (37) using the horizontal
→
towers surface electric field E (t) in neighborhood of x-axis on outer
The provisional potential along Models of high rise towers side of cylindrical conductors groups.
θLex (t), θLin (t) and θRsu (t) stems from the effects on the 
 E t 
j d t    0
external self-inductance, internal self-inductance and equivalent (36)
resistance in conductive cylindrical pipes (down-conductors) is t
calculated at evaluation height 500 m and 60 m with equations
E t 
(32)-(34) and the equations (29)-(31) on the assumption that the I d t     0 dS (37)
t
typical conductive current of lightning return strokes Ici (t) is
applied along the conductive cylindrical pipes of the Models →
The horizontal electric field E (t) and E (t) on the equations (36)
without deformation of the conductive current. The typical
and (37) can be expressed with equation (38) using potential on
waveforms on the conductive current of lighting return strokes
the cylindrical conductors groups θ (t). The equation (38) is
10/350 μs and 1/200 μs are selected in trial for evaluation height
derived from the equations (26) and (27).
500 m and 60 m respectively. The effects on the propagation in
conductive current Ic (t) and potential θ (t) along the Models are
 t 
E t   E t , a g    38
a p y
neglected on the calculation of this paper (refer to 5.2 and 6.1).
a g ln
ag
 Lex t     Lex / l t dy (32)

From there, when the provisional potential along Models of

Lin t    Lin / l t dy (33)
high rise towers θ (t) is given to the potential θ (t) on the
equation (38), the tendency on the provisional displacement
Rsu t    Rsu / l t dy  (34) current density
→
j (t), displacement current Id (t) and electric
→
d
field E (t) caused along the Models of high rise towers can be
, where calculated with the equations (36), (37) and (38). The
→
θLex (t): Provisional potential along Models of high rise towers provisional potential θ (t), electric field E (t), displacement
→
based on effect in external self-inductance of conductive current density j d (t) and displacement current Id (t) can be
cylindrical pipes (V) separately evaluated as “effects of external self-inductance θLex

1033-7
 → →
(t), E Lex (t), j dLex (t)→ and I dLex (t)”, “effects of internal self-
→ 40

cyrindrical coaxial pipes

Inner radius on metallic
inductance θLin (t), ELin (t), j dLin→ (t) and→ IdLin (t)”, “effects of
equivalent resistance θRsu (t) , ERsu (t), j dRsu →
(t) and
→
IdRsu (t)”
35
and “effects of grounding resistance θRg (t), ERg (t), j dRg (t) and

ap (m)
IdRg (t)” from the equations (32)-(35). The inner radius of
metallic cylindrical coaxial pipes ap (y) on the equation (38) 30
which intimates level of the capacitive coupling between the
Models of high rise towers on each height and the flat ground is 25
estimated with the numerical electric field analysis taking into 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
consideration configuration on the Model of high rise towers Height along Models of high rise towers (m)
(refer to 7.4 Appendix 4). That is to say, the inner radius of the
cylindrical coaxial pipes ap (y) is derived as the indicators on Fig. 2 Inner radius on metallic cylindrical coaxial pipes in
the capacitive coupling on Group Models between cylindrical Group Models characterized by evaluation height along Models
conductors groups and metallic cylindrical coaxial pipe which of high rise towers
simulate the intimated capacitive coupling. The inner radius of
cylindrical coaxial pipes ap (y) is shown in Fig. 2 corresponding
4 CALCULATION RESULTS
to the evaluation height along the Models of high rise towers.
Numerical calculation program is able to be simplified by the 4.1 Skin effect within Single Models
equation (38) with the radius ap (y).
The horizontal distribution on→the vertical conductive current
3.11 Calculation conditions and tools density within Single Models j c (t, x) is calculated with the
equations (11), (12), (16) and (17) in consideration of skin
Calculation conditions and tools are summarized in Table 2.
effect. The calculated results are shown in Fig.3 to express a
typical case.

Table 2 Calculation conditions and tools

Items Calculation conditions
Waveforms 10/350 μs and 1/200 μs
Conductive current of lightning return strokes Ic and Ici
1, 2, 5 and 10 on Single Models
refer to Note 4 Peak of conductive current Ip (kA)
150 on Models of high rise towers
Material Table 1
Length (m) 600
Single Models Radius (m) 5×10 , 5×10-2 and 5×10-1
-3

Number of conductive cylindrical pipes 1

Grounding resistance (Ω) 0
Material Table 1
Height (m) 600
Outer radius (m) 20
Models of high rise towers
Number of conductive cylindrical pipes 15
Radius of each conductive cylindrical pipes (m) 5×10-1
Grounding resistance (Ω) 1, 2 and 5
Material Table 1
Vertical width (m) 20
Outer radius (m) 20
Cylindrical conductors groups on Group Models
Number of cylindrical conductors 15
refer to Note A
Radius of each cylindrical conductor (m) 5×10-1
Floating with potential θ(t)
Potential (V)
refer to equations (32)-(35) and Note B
Material Metal
Enough long compared to cylindrical conductors groups
Length (m)
for both directions
Cylindrical coaxial pipes on Group Models
29.2 m in height 60m and 36.9 m in height 500m
refer to Note A Inner radius ap (y) (m)
refer to Fig.2
Arrangement Outer coaxial with cylindrical conductors groups
Grounding resistance (Ω) 0
Element of time for differential calculation (s) 1×10-9
Ring width of areal integration element on horizontal cross section of “Single Models and conductive
Minimum 1×10-10
cylindrical pipes on Models of high rise towers” for calculation of skin effect (m)
-Note A: A Group Model consists of a cylindrical conductors group and a metallic cylindrical outer coaxial pipe.
-Note B: The provisional potential θ (t) evaluated by Models of high rise towers is given to cylindrical conductors groups on Group Models (refer to 3.9 and 3.10).
-Calculation tools
-Excel-Macro: Visual Basic for Application (VBA) on Excel, Microsoft Office on NEC PC-LL570JG

1033-8
 Distance from side surface: 0μm Table 3 “External self-inductance and dc-resistance on Single
Distance from side surface: 1μm Models” and “capacitance on Group Models”
Distance from side surface: 10μm Items Radius (m) -
Distance from side surface: 100μm External self-inductance per 5.0×10-3 on radius 2.28
Conductive current density jc

3.0E+04 meter on Single Models (μH) 5.0×10-2 on radius 1.82

refer to equation (18) Note A 5.0×10-1 on radius 1.36
Resistance per meter in 5.0×10-3 on radius 5.06
-2
2.0E+04 Single Models on direct current 5.0×10 on radius 2.84×10-2
(mΩ) -1
2.32×10-3
(A/m2)

5.0×10 on radius
Capacitance per meter on Group 36.9 m on inner radius of
Models between cylindrical 90.8
1.0E+04 cylindrical coaxial pipes
conductors groups and metallic
cylindrical coaxial pipes (pF) 29.2 m on inner radius of
146.4
refer to equation (28) Note B cylindrical coaxial pipes
0.0E+00 -Note A: Length of Single Models is 600m on calculation.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 -Note B:
T ime (μs) -Outer radius of cylindrical conductors groups is 20 m.
-The “inner radiuses on metallic cylindrical outer coaxial pipes ap (y) 36.9 m
-Activated by conductive current of lightning return stroke 10/350 μs, 10 kA and 29.2 m” correspond to capacitive coupling between “Models of high rise
-Radius of Single Model 5×10-1 m towers on height y 500 m and 60m” and “the flat ground around the Models”
respectively (refer to 3.10).
Fig. 3 Distribution on conductive current density within Single
Models based on skin effect
Because on the current waveforms with lower frequency and
the Single Models with smaller radius, conductive current Icix (t,
4.2 “Self-inductance and resistance on Single x) more inwardly exists →
within the Single Models to cause
Models” and “capacitance on Group Models” stronger magnetic field Bin (t, x) in wider area within the Single
Models on the equation (20). Those influences are based on the
4.2.1 “External self-inductance per meter and dc- skin effect depending on the radius of the Single Models and
resistance per meter on Single Models” and the angular frequency of the conductive current waveforms ω (t)
“capacitance per meter on Group Models” (refer to equations (11), (12), (21) and (22) and saturation
magnetic field). Furthermore, the internal self-inductance is
The “external self-inductance and dc-resistance on Single
larger in smaller current peak Ip on the same lightning return
Models” and “capacitance on Group Models between
strokes waveform and the same Single Models in radius 5.0×10-
cylindrical conductors groups and metallic cylindrical coaxial 2
and 5.0×10-3 m as shown in the Figs. 4 and 5. Because more
pipes” are shown in Table 3 with indication of per meter. The →
magnetic field Bin (t, x) isn’t beyond saturation magnetic field 3
external self-inductance per meter on Single Models and the
T at the equation (20) in smaller conductive current on the
capacitance per meter on Group Models are calculated with the
condition. The internal self-inductance is constant
equations (18) and (28) respectively.
independently of current peak Ip on the same lightning return
4.2.2 Internal self-inductance per meter on Single Models strokes waveform and the same→ Single Models in radius 5.0×10-
1
in consideration of skin effect m. Because magnetic field B in (t, x) isn’t beyond saturation
magnetic field 3 T at the equation (20) in the current peak Ip
Internal self-inductance per meter on Single Models is ranging from 1 kA to 10 kA on the condition.
calculated in consideration of skin effect with the equations (12)
and (20)-(22) varying the radius on the Single Models and the
Radius: 5×10-3 m
magnitude on conductive current of lightning return strokes. Radius: 5×10-2 m
Calculation results are shown in Figs. 4, 5 and 6 to be compared Radius: 5×10-1 m
each other on the typical current waveforms of lighting return 5
Internal self-inductance
per meter Lin/l (μH)

strokes 10/350 μs and 1/200 μs. 4

The internal self-inductance on Single Models is larger or
3
nearly the same in smaller radius on the same lightning return
strokes waveform with the same current peak Ip as shown in the 2
Figs.4, 5 and 6. And the internal self-inductance is larger in
1
current waveforms with lower frequency on the same current
peak Ip and the same Single Models as shown in the Figs. 5 and 0
6. Especially, the internal self-inductance is large on the tail in 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
conductive current waveforms of typical lightning return T ime (μs)
strokes.
-Activated by conductive current of lightning return stroke 10/350 μs, 1kA
Fig. 4 Internal self-inductance per meter on Single Models in
consideration of skin effect

1033-9
 Single Models is larger in current waveforms with higher
Radius: 5×10-3 m frequency on the same Single Models as shown in the →
Figs. 7
Radius: 5×10-2 m and 8. Because more conductive current density j c (t, x)
Radius: 5×10-1 m
exteriorly exists within the Single Models to make narrow
0.5
conductive area in the equation (24) based on the skin effect
Internal self-inductance
per meter Lin/l (μH)

0.4 depending on angular frequency of the current waveforms ω (t)

(refer to equations (11) and (12)) on the condition. The
0.3
equivalent resistance on the Single Models is the constant
0.2 independently of current peak Ip on the same lightning return
0.1 strokes waveform and the same Single Models.

0
Radius: 5×10-3 m
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Radius: 5×10-2 m
T ime (μs) Radius: 5×10-1 m

Equivalent resistance
0.04

per meter Rsu/l (Ω)

-Activated by conductive current of lightning return stroke 10/350 μs, 10 kA
Fig. 5 Internal self-inductance per meter on Single Models in 0.03
consideration of skin effect
0.02

Radius: 5×10-3 m 0.01

Radius: 5×10-2 m
Radius: 5×10-1 m 0
0.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Internal self-inductance

T ime (μs)
per meter Lin/l (μH)

0.4
-Activated by conductive current of lightning return stroke 10/350 μs, 10 kA
0.3
Fig. 7 Equivalent resistance per meter on Single Models in
0.2 consideration of skin effect
0.1
0 Radius: 5×10-3 m
Radius: 5×10-2 m
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Radius: 5×10-1 m
T ime (μs) 0.15
Equivalent resistance
per meter Rsu/l (Ω)

-Activated by conductive current of lightning return stroke 1/200 μs, 10 kA

0.1
Fig. 6 Internal self-inductance per meter on Single Models in
consideration of skin effect
0.05

4.2.3 Equivalent resistance per meter on Single Models 0

in consideration of skin effect 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
T ime (μs)
The equivalent resistance per meter on Single Models is
calculated in consideration of skin effect with the equations (11), -Activated by conductive current of lightning return stroke 1/200 μs, 10 kA
(12) and (24) varying radius of the Models. The calculation Fig. 8 Equivalent resistance per meter on Single Models in
results are shown in Figs. 7 and 8 to be compared each other on consideration of skin effect
the typical current waveforms of lighting return strokes 10/350
μs and 1/200 μs.
On the same lightning return stroke waveform with the same 4.3 Potential difference per meter along Single
current peak Ip, the equivalent resistance of Single Models is Models
larger in smaller radius as shown in→ the Figs. 7 and 8. Because The potential difference per meter along activated Single
more conductive current density j c (t, x) exists within the Models θ/l (t) based on the effects in the external self-
narrower conductive area beneath outer surface along the Single inductance θLex/l (t), internal self-inductance θLin/l (t) and
Models in the equation (24) based on the skin effect depending equivalent resistance θRsu/l (t) is calculated with the equations
on radius of the Single Models (refer to equation (12)) on the (18), (20), (24) and (29)-(31). The calculation results are shown
condition, too. Furthermore, the equivalent resistance on the in Table 4, Figs. 9 and 10 to be compared each other on the

1033-10
typical conductive current waveforms of lighting return strokes inductance θLex/l (t) on the potential rise along the thick Single
10/350 μs and 1/200 μs varying the radius of the Single Models Models installed for the main down-conductors of high rise
and magnitude of the conductive current. The potential towers for example 5×10-1 m in radius. Because the percentage
difference per meter along the Single Models owing to the between “potential rise owing to effects in internal self-
effects in the internal self-inductance θLin/l (t) and equivalent inductance and equivalent resistance” and “potential rise owing
resistance θRsu/l (t) is indicated in the percentage to the potential to effect in external self-inductance” is small as less than 1 %
difference per meter along the Single Models owing to the on comparison in peak value as shown in the Table 4.
effect in the external self-inductance θLex/l (t) on the Table 4.
On the lower rising frequency in the conductive current θ/l (kV/m)
waveforms of lightning return strokes and the smaller radius in θLex/l　(kV/m)
Single Models, the effect in the internal self-inductance θLin/l (t) θLin/l (kV/m)
θRsu/l (kV/m)
taking into consideration skin effect is larger in potential rise

Potential difference per meter

0.4
along the Single Models as shown in the Table 4. And on the
smaller peak in the conductive current waveforms of lightning 0.3
return strokes, the effect of the internal self-inductance θLin/l (t)

θ/l (kV)
0.2
is larger in the potential rise along Single Models with radius
5×10-3 and 5×10-2 m as shown in the Table 4. The effect of 0.1
internal self-inductance θLin/l (t) is independently of peak of the 0
conductive current waveforms on the potential rise along Single
-0.1
Models with radius 5×10-1 m as shown in the Table 4.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Meanwhile, on the lower rising frequency in conductive current
waveforms of lightning return strokes and the smaller radius in T ime (μs)
Single Models, the effect in the equivalent resistance θRsu/l (t) -Activated by conductive current of lightning return stroke 10/350 μs, 1kA
-Radius of Single Model 5×10-3 m
taking into account skin effect is larger in potential rise along
Fig. 9 Potential difference per meter along Single Models
the Single Models as shown in the Table 4. The effect in the
based on effects in external self-inductance, internal self-
equivalent resistance on potential rise along the Single Models
inductance and equivalent resistance
θRsu/l (t) is independently of the peak on conductive current
waveforms of lightning return strokes.
θ/l (kV/m)
θLex/l　(kV/m)
Table 4 Potential difference along Single Models due to effects θLin/l (kV/m)
of internal self-inductance and equivalent resistance on θRsu/l (kV/m)
Potential difference per meter

indication in percentage to potential difference along Single 4

Models due to effect of external self-inductance 3
Radius of Single
5×10-3 m 5×10-2 m 5×10-1 m
θ/l (kV)

Models 2
Items θLin/l θRsu/l θLin/l θRsu/l θLin/l θRsu/l
Waveforms 20.1 8.1 1
Ip:1kA 3.3 0.97 0.7 0.1
of Fig. 9 Fig. 9
lightning Ip :2kA 15.6 8.1 3.3 0.97 0.7 0.1
return 0
Ip :5kA 10.6 8.1 3.1 0.97 0.7 0.1
strokes
10/350μs Ip :10kA 7.8 8.1 2.6 0.97 0.7 0.1 -1
Waveforms 6.4 2.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ip :1kA 1.0 0.31 0.14 0.04
of Fig. 10 Fig. 10
lightning Ip :2kA 4.9 2.5 1.0 0.31 0.14 0.04 T ime (μs)
return Ip :5kA 3.4 2.5 0.96 0.31 0.14 0.04
strokes -Activated by conductive current of lightning return stroke 1/200 μs, 1kA
1/200μs Ip :10kA 2.5 2.5 0.80 0.31 0.14 0.04 -Radius of Single Model 5×10-3 m
-Unit (%) Fig. 10 Potential difference per meter along Single Models
-Indicated on percentage in comparison of peak value between “potential
difference per meter due to effects of internal self-inductance θLin/l and equivalent
based on effects in external self-inductance, internal self-
resistance θRsu/l” and “potential difference per meter due to effect of external self- inductance and equivalent resistance
inductance θLex/l”
-Length on Single Models is 600m on calculation in external self-inductance per
meter Lex/l for calculation in potential difference per meter due to effect of external In the cases of the lightning return strokes characterized by the
self-inductance θLex/l. low rising frequency 10/350 μs and small conductive current
peak 1 kA on Single Models with small radius 5×10-3 m, the
Practically speaking on lightning protection, the effects in effect of internal self-inductance θLin/l (t) is 20.1 % for the effect
internal self-inductance θLin/l (t) and equivalent resistance θRsu/l of external self-inductance θLex/l (t) on the comparison in peak
(t) can be neglected compared to the effect in external self- value of rising potential along the Single Models as shown in

1033-11
the Fig. 9 and the Table 4. On the same condition, the effect of (35) and the results on the numerical electric field analysis
the equivalent resistance θRsu/l (t) taking into consideration skin along the Models of high rise towers, or the inner radius on
effect is 8.1 % for the effect of external self-inductance θLex/l (t) metallic cylindrical coaxial pipes ap (y) (refer to Fig. 2 →and
on comparison in peak value of the rising potential as shown in Table 3) as shown in Fig. 12. The provisional electric field E (t)
the Fig. 9 and the Table 4. The total potential rise θ/l (t) owing is expressed varying the grounding resistance on the earth
to the θLex/l (t), θRsu/l (t) and θLin/l (t) is indicated on the Fig. 9, termination system in the Models of high rise towers as 1, 2 and
too. And in the cases of the lightning return strokes 5 Ω on the Fig. 12.
characterized by the high rising frequency 1/200 μs and small
conductive current peak 1 kA on Single Models with small Grounding resistancer Rg: 1 Ω
radius 5×10-3 m, the potential rise based on the effects in the Grounding resistancer Rg: 2 Ω

Provisional surface electric field

Grounding resistancer Rg: 5 Ω
external self-inductance θLex/l (t), internal self-inductance θLin/l 120
(t) and equivalent resistance θRsu/l (t) are shown in Fig. 10 as 100
well as total potential rise θ/l (t). 80

E (kV/m)
60
4.4 Tendency on provisional potential along
40
Models of high rise towers 20
The tendency on the provisional potential along Models of 0
high rise towers θ (t) at height 500 m is calculated on the -20
condition in grounding resistance of the Models 2 Ω with the 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
equations (32)-(35) as shown in Fig. 11. The provisional T ime (μs)
potential θ (t) is separately indicated as the effects in the -Struck by conductive current of lightning return stroke 10/350 μs, 150 kA
external self-inductance of conductive cylindrical pipes θLex (t) -Radius of down-conductors (conductive cylindrical pipes) 5×10-1 m
and the grounding resistance of the Models θRg (t) on the Fig. Fig. 12 Provisional surface electric field along Models of high
11. The effects on the internal self-inductance θLin (t) and rise towers on height 500 m
equivalent resistance θRsu (t) in the conductive cylindrical pipes
are enough small to be neglected on the total potential θ (t)
4.6 Tendency on diverging in provisional
(refer to 4.3).
displacement current density along Models of
high rise towers evaluated by Group Models
θ θLex θRg
Provisional potential θ 　(kV)

The tendency on the diverging in the provisional→displacement

1200
current density along Models of high rise towers j d (t) at height
1000
500 m and 60 m is evaluated with Group Models on the
800
condition in grounding resistance of the Models 2 Ω using the
600
equations (36), (38) and equations (29)-(35) as shown in Figs.
400
13 and 14 respectively. On the Figs. 13 and 14, the provisional
200 → →

0
displacement current density j dLex (t) and j dRg (t) as the effects
-200
in the external self-inductance of conductive cylindrical pipes
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Lex and the grounding resistance of the Models Rg are separately
→
expressed. The effects on→ the internal self-inductance j Lin (t)
T ime (μs)
and equivalent resistance j Rsu (t) in the conductive cylindrical
-Struck by conductive current of lightning return stroke 10/350 μs, 150 kA
-Radius of down-conductors (conductive cylindrical pipes) 5×10-1 m
pipes are enough small to be→ neglected on appearance of total
-Grounding resistance of earth termination system 2 Ω displacement current density j d (t) (refer to 4.3).
Fig. 11 Provisional potential along Models of high rise towers
on height 500 m 4.7 Tendency on diverging in provisional
displacement current per meter along Models
of high rise towers evaluated by Group Models
4.5 Tendency on provisional electric field along
The tendency on the diverging in the provisional displacement
Models of high rise towers evaluated by Group
current per meter along Models of high rise towers Id (t) at
Models
height 500 m and 60 m is evaluated with Group Models using
The tendency on the provisional
→
surface electric field along the equations (37), (38) and equations (29)-(35) as shown in
Models of high rise towers E (t) at height 500 m is calculated Figs. 15 and 16 respectively. The provisional displacement
with Group Models using the equation (38), the equations (29)- current per meter Id (t) is expressed varying the grounding

1033-12
resistance on the earth termination system in the Models of high
rise towers as 1, 2 and 5 Ω on the Figs. 15 and 16. Grounding resistance Rg: 1 Ω
Grounding resistance Rg: 2 Ω
Grounding resistance Rg: 5 Ω
600

Provisional displacement
jd jd Lex jd Rg

current per meter (A)

400
0.2
current density jd (A/m2)
Provisional displacement

0.15 200
0.1 0
0.05
-200
0
-0.05 -400
-0.1 0 1 2 3 4
T ime (μs)
-0.15
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 -Struck by conductive current of lightning return stroke 1/200 μs, 150 kA
-Radius of down-conductors (conductive cylindrical pipes) 5×10-1 m
T ime (μs)
Fig. 16 Diverging on provisional displacement current per
-Struck by conductive current of lightning return stroke 10/350 μs, 150 kA meter along Models of high rise towers at height 60 m
-Radius of down-conductors (conductive cylindrical pipes) 5×10-1 m
-Grounding resistance of earth termination system 2 Ω
Fig. 13 Diverging on provisional displacement current density
along Models of high rise towers at height 500 m 5 CONDUCTIVE CURRENT ALONG HIGH
RISE TOWERS STRUCK BY LIGHTNING
RETURN STROKES TAKING INTO
jd jd Lex jd Rg ACCOUNT DIVERGING OF
DISPLACEMENT CURRENT
current density jd (A/m2)

4
Provisional displacement

3
2 5.1 Experimental tendency
1 The tendency on the conductive current waveforms of
0 lightning return strokes along high rise towers Ic which has been
-1
already measured is shown in Figs. 17 and 18 [9], [10]. The
-2
peak on the conductive current Ip drastically decreases
-3
according to rise of evaluation height along the towers as shown
0 1 2 3 4
in the Fig 17. The duration of wave fronts on the conductive
T ime (μs)
current waveforms df increases according to rise of evaluation
-Struck by conductive current of lightning return stroke 1/200 μs, 150 kA height along the towers as shown in the Fig 18.
-Radius of down-conductors (conductive cylindrical pipes) 5×10-1 m
-Grounding resistance of earth termination system 2 Ω
Fig. 14 Diverging on provisional displacement current density B.N.Gorin etc., 1984, Ostankino tower in
along Models of high rise towers at height 60m Moscow 540m [9]
F. Fuchs, 1998, Peissenberg tower 160m
[10]
lightning return strokes Ip (kA)
Peak on conductive current of

Grounding resistance Rg: 1 Ω 25

Grounding resistance Rg: 2 Ω
Grounding resistance Rg: 5 Ω 20
30
Provisional displacement
current per meter (A)

20 15

10 10
0 5
-10 0
-20 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
0 10 20 30 40 Evaluation height along towers (m)
T ime (μs)
Fig. 17 Experimental tendency on peak in conductive current of
-Struck by conductive current of lightning return stroke 10/350 μs, 150 kA
-Radius of down-conductors (conductive cylindrical pipes) 5×10-1 m lightning return strokes along high rise towers
Fig. 15 Diverging on provisional displacement current per
meter along Models of high rise towers at height 500 m

1033-13
 B.N.Gorin etc., 1984, Ostankino tower in After all, the specification on the propagation time in the
Moscow 540m [9] conductive current Ic (t) and the potential θ (t) must be take into
F. Fuchs, 1998, Peissenberg tower 160m account for the evaluation on the conductive current Ic (t) and
Wave front on conductive current of

[10] the displacement current Id (t) on the evaluation height along the
lightning return strokes fr (μs)

7 Models as well as the specification on the elementary potential

6 θ (t) in the positions at where the potential is appeared.
5
4 5.2.2 Diverging on displacement current along Models of
3
high rise towers based on effect in grounding
resistance
2
1 The displacement current stems from the effect on grounding
0 resistance in Models of high rise towers IdRg (t) (refer to Figs.
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 13, 14, 15 and 16) is transferred into the conductive current Ic
Evaluation height along towers (m) (t) based on the equation (15) taking into account the
propagation on the conductive current Ic (t) and the potential
Fig. 18 Experimental tendency on duration of wave front in owing to the grounding resistance θRg (t) along the Models. The
conductive current of lightning return strokes along high rise time delay owing to the distance between the position at where
towers the potential is appeared (at the grounding resistance) and the
positions at where potential is evaluated is one on the decision
The rising frequency on the conductive current waveforms fr of the potential in an evaluation height along the Models θRg (t).
decreases according to rise of evaluation height along the Then the much displacement current stems from effect of the
towers as analogized by the Fig 18. grounding resistance IdRg (t) is directly added to the conductive
current Ic (t) on the evaluation height taking into account the
5.2 Explanation based on theoretical analysis
one time delay. The added displacement current Id (t) exactly
The conductive current of lightning short return strokes Ic (t) is makes the peak Ip and rising frequency fr on the conductive
applied to tops on Models of high rise towers in order to explain current Ic (t) be larger on lower part of the towers.
the experimental results (refer to Figs. 17 and 18) assuming that
the lightning flashes are characterized as upward flashes. The 5.2.3 Diverging on displacement current along Models of
conductive current of lightning return strokes Ic (t) propagates
high rise towers based on effect in self-
inductance and equivalent resistance of down-
along the Models accompanied by the transfer between the
conductors
conductive current Ic (t) and the displacement current Id (t). The
transfer is expressed by the equation (15) with the electric field The displacement current stems from the effect on impedance
→
E (t) (refer to the equation (38)) owing to the potential θ (t) (self-inductance and equivalent resistance) in down-conductors
(conductive cylindrical pipes) of Models of high rise towers
indicated at the equations (32)-(35). The deformation on the
IdLex (t), IdLin (t) and IdRsu (t) (refer to Figs. 13, 14, 15 and 16) is
conductive current waveforms along the Models Ic (t) indicated transferred into the conductive current Ic (t) based on the
in the Figs. 17 and 18 can be explained based on the transfer equation (15) taking into account the propagation on the
taking into account the propagation process on the conductive conductive current Ic (t) and the potential owing to the
current Ic (t) and the potential θ (t) along the Models with impedance θLex (t), θLin (t) and θRsu (t) along the Models. The
velocity of the light c mentioned next paragraphs. potential θLex (t), θLin (t) and θRsu (t) along the Models is the
integration on the effects in the elementary impedance each
5.2.1 Propagation on current and potential along Models height lower than evaluation height along the down-conductors
of high rise towers of the Models. The integrated potential along the Models θLex (t),
θLin (t) and θRsu (t) is affected by the time delay varying by the
It is necessary for the evaluation on conductive current Ic (t) multi positions along the Models at where potential is originally
and displacement current Id (t) along Models of high rise towers appeared (at each elementary impedance along down-
to eventually estimate potential along the Models θ (t) as shown conductor). Here the time delay depends on the relation
between the positions at where potential is appeared and the
in paragraphs 2.2, 3.9 and 3.10. The potential on an evaluation
positions at where potential is evaluated. Then the displacement
height along the Models θ (t) must be calculated taking into current on an evaluation height IdLex (t), IdLin (t) and IdRsu (t)
account the “propagation of conductive current Ic (t) from the stems from the integrated potential must be numerically
tops to the positions at where potential is appeared (at transferred into the conductive current Ic (t) taking into account
grounding resistance and at each elementary impedance along the multi time delay in order to clarify the deformation on the
down-conductors of the Models)” and “propagation of potential conductive current along the Models Ic (t) (refer to 6.1).
The IdLin (t) and IdRsu (t) based on θLin (t) and θRsu (t) can be
θ (t) from the positions at where potential is appeared to the
neglected on the thick conductive cylindrical pipes used for
positions at where potential is evaluated” along the Models.

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main down-conductors of high rise towers as shown in conductive current waveforms of lightning return strokes along
paragraph 4.3. those structures.
6 FUTURE TASKS 7 APPENDIXES
6.1 Numerical calculation on conductive current 7.1 Appendix 1 Deriving process of equation (9)
along Models of high rise towers struck by
Apply time differential to the Maxwell’s equation (6).
lightning return strokes
Furthermore,
→
adopt the relation
→
between conductive current
The deformation on the conductive current waveforms in the density j c and electric field E indicated on the equation (8) to
lightning return strokes along Models of high rise towers Ic (t) is get equation (A.1).
going to be calculated numerically using the transfer theorem  
B E
between conductive current Ic (t) and displacement current Id (t). rot   r  0 ( A.1)
The calculation will be tried in consideration of “propagation t t
time on current Ic (t) and potential θ (t) along Models of high →
Eliminate magnetic field B from the equation (A.1) with the
rise towers”, “effects in grounding resistance and elementary
Maxwell’s equation (1).
impedance along down-conductors on calculation of potential
along the Models θ (t) (refer to 5.2)” and “capacitive coupling 
 E
between the Models on each height and the flat ground around  rotrotE   r  0 ( A.2)
t
the Models”. The effects on “potential along lightning return
storks (refer to 7.4.1)” and “potential on the flat ground around Apply the vector analysis formula→ (A.3) indicated below and the
the Models owing to conductive current running into the characteristics on electric field E within conductors expressed
grounding resistance Ic (t) (refer to 7.4.2)” ought to be with the equitation (7) to the equitation (A.2) to be derived the
considered on the calculation as well. equation (9).
  
6.2 Numerical calculation on conductive current rotrotE  graddivE  2 E ( A.3)
along Models of large size buildings struck by
lightning return strokes
7.2 Appendix 2 Deriving process of equation (22)
The deformation on the conductive current waveforms of
lightning return strokes Ic (t) must be evaluated along the large Apply aerial integration to both sides of the Maxwell’s
size buildings not so high which have large width or depth as equation (6) as shown in equation (A.4). →
The time dynamism
well as high rise towers. The reasons of the trial are explained and spatial extent
→
on the magnetic field Bin (t, x) and conductive
as follows. current density j c (t, x) within conductive cylindrical pipes are
-Surface area on side of the large size buildings is enough large taken into consideration on the equation (A.4).
to cause strong capacitive coupling to the ground (refer to 2.2   

and 3.10).  rotB t, x  dS
S
in x  r 0  jc t , x   dS x  A.4
S
-The potential stems from grounding resistance of earth
termination system θRg (t) along the large size buildings is
exactly effectual to the diverging of displacement current along And adopt Stokes’ formula on vector analysis to left side of the
the buildings IdRg (t) as well as the potential stems from the equation (A.4) to get equation (A.5).
grounding resistance along high rise towers θRg (t) (refer to 3.9,    
3.10 and 5.2). And the grounding resistance on earth  B t, x  dl
in x  r 0  jc t , x   dS x  A.5
S
termination system in the large size buildings isn’t small as that
on high rise towers (refer to 3.1.2 (2)). The many grounding Then the horizontal magnetic field within conductive
resistance on the large size buildings is larger than 100 Ω. cylindrical pipes Bin (t, x) can be expressed with equation (22)
-Analytical trials are inevitable because the experiments
based on the equation (A.5) and the formula to calculate
corresponding to every down-conductor on the large size
circumferences 2πx.
buildings are complicated.
7.3 Appendix 3 Deriving process of equation (26)
6.3 Establishment on lightning parameters
characterized along high rise towers and large Apply volume integration to both sides of the Maxwell’s
size buildings equation (2) as shown in equation→(A.6). The “time dynamism
and spatial extent on electric field E (t, x)” and “time dynamism
The direction for the establishment on the lightning parameters on equivalent volume charge density ρvo (t)” are taken into
characterized along high rise towers and large size buildings is consideration on the equation (A.6).
going to be proposed taking into account the deformation on the

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  7.4.4 Neglect on capacitive coupling among parts along
 divEt, xdv     t dv ( A.6)
1
vo
0 Models of high rise towers
The capacitive coupling among one part and the other parts
And adopt Gaussian formula on vector analysis to left side of along Models of high rise towers is neglected. Because the
the equation (A.6) to get equation (A.7). potential deference along the Models among one part and the
  other parts close to each other is extremely low. And
 E t, x   dS     t dv ( A.7)
1
vo capacitance coupling along the Models among one part and the
0 other parts far from each other is little enough.

The equation (A.7) can be transformed into equation (A.8) 8 CONCLUSIONS

because the equivalent charge owing to potential θ (t) is
concentrated on outer surface in cylindrical conductors groups The “internal self-inductance and equivalent resistance on
of Group Models. conductive cylindrical pipes with high relative permeability”
and “potential difference per meter along activated conductive
  cylindrical pipes θ/l stems from effects in internal self-
 E t , x   dS     t dS  A.8
1
su
0 inductance and equivalent resistance” are evaluated in
consideration of skin effect. Furthermore, the tendency on the
The horizontal surface electric →field at x-axis on outer side of deformation in the conductive current of lightning return strokes
cylindrical conductors groups E (t, x) can be expressed with along high rise towers Ic is broadly explained based on the
equation (26) using the formula to calculate area on side surface analytical discussion taking into account the diverging on
of cylindrical figure 2πxl.
displacement current along the towers Id. The typical
7.4 Appendix 4 Condition on numerical analysis in conductive current waveforms of lightning short return strokes
electric field along Model of high rise towers 10/350 μs and 1/200 μs are used for evaluation. Main results of
this paper are concluded as followers.
7.4.1 Neglect on effect of potential along lightning (1) Theorem of skin effect is explained based on “Maxwell’s
return storks equations related to Faraday’s law, Ampere’s law and Gaussian
The potential along lightning return strokes is especially law” and “electrical characteristic within conductors”. Transfer
→
effectual to the formation on the surface electric field E (t) theorem between conductive current Ic and displacement current
along upper part of struck high rise towers. On the Models of Id is explicated stems from the Maxwell’s equation related to
high rise towers indicated this paper, the effect on existence of Ampere’s law. The transfer depends on→ the aspects in the
lighting return→ stroke is neglected in the calculation of the formation of time varying electric field E on surface of high
electric field E (t), or the specification on the inner radius in voltage matters.
cylindrical coaxial pipes of Group Models ap (y) (refer to 3.10). (2) Single Models (poles of conductive cylindrical pipes) are
7.4.2 Surface on the flat ground around Models of high proposed for the evaluation on “the external self-inductance and
rise towers assumed as perfect conductor with the internal self-inductance and equivalent resistance taking into
potential 0V account skin effect on conductive cylindrical pipes” and
“potential difference per meter along conductive cylindrical
The surface→ electric field along lower part on Models of high
pipes θ/l based on effects in external self-inductance, internal
rise towers E (t) is especially affected by the potential on the
self-inductance and equivalent resistance”. And the Models of
flat ground around the Models owing to conductive current
running into grounding resistance Ic (t). On the Models of high high rise towers with height 600m struck by lightning return
rise towers indicated this paper, the surface on the flat ground strokes are proposed to estimate provisional potential along the
around the Models is assumed as perfect conductor with Models θ. Furthermore, Group Models are proposed for the →
potential 0 V. And there isn’t any conductive connection evaluation on the tendency in→the provisional electric field E,
between the Models and the surface of the flat ground. displacement current density j d and displacement current Id
caused along the Models of high rise towers.
7.4.3 Assumption of without surroundings except the (3) The calculation methods on internal self-inductance of
flat ground
Single Models are explained in consideration of skin effect. The
The surroundings on Models of high rise towers (the flat calculation results of the internal self-inductance are shown on
ground, structures, mountains and hills etc.) which can be the Single Models made of steel with high relative permeability
effectual
→
to formation of surface electric field along the Models as follows (refer to Figs. 4, 5 and 6). The internal self-
E (t) don’t exist except the flat ground. inductance of Single Models is larger or nearly the same in
smaller radius on the same lightning return strokes waveform
with the same current peak Ip. And the internal self-inductance
is larger in current waveforms with lower frequency on the

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same current peak Ip and the same Single Models. Especially, conductors of high rise towers for example 5×10-1 m in radius
the internal self-inductance is large on the tail in conductive (refer to Table 4). In the cases of the lightning return strokes
current waveforms of typical lightning return strokes. characterized by the low rising frequency 10/350 μs and small
Furthermore, the internal self-inductance is larger in smaller conductive current peak 1 kA on Single Models with small
current peak Ip on the same lightning return strokes waveform radius 5×10-3 m, the effects of the internal self-inductance θLin/l
and the same Single Models in radius 5.0×10-2 and 5.0×10-3 m. and equivalent resistance θRsu/l taking into consideration skin
The internal self-inductance is constant independently of effect are 20.1 % and 8.1 % for the effect of external self-
current peak Ip on the same lightning return strokes waveform inductance θLex/l on comparison in peak value of rising potential
and the same Single Models in radius 5.0×10-1 m. Reason on respectively (refer to Fig. 9 and Table→4).
characteristics of the calculated results is explained with the (6) The potential θ and electric field E along the Models of high
theorem on skin effect and the mathematical expression on the rise towers struck by lightning return strokes are provisionally
internal self-inductance. evaluated (refer to Figs. 11 and →
12). And the diverging on the
(4) The calculation methods on equivalent resistance of Single displacement current density j d along the Models of high rise
Models are explained in consideration of skin effect. The towers is provisionally
→
evaluated as the effects
→
of external self-
calculation results of the equivalent resistance are shown on the inductance j dLex and grounding resistance j dRg separately (refer
Single Models made of steel with high relative permeability as to Figs. 13 and 14). Furthermore, the diverging on the
follows (refer to Figs. 7 and 8). On the same lightning return provisional displacement current per meter along the Models Id
stroke waveform with the same current peak Ip, the equivalent is evaluated varying the grounding resistance on earth
resistance in Single Models is larger on smaller radius. termination system of the Models as 1, 2 and 5 Ω (refer to Figs.
Furthermore, the equivalent resistance of Single Models is 15 and 16).
→
The calculation results on the displacement current
larger in conductive current waveforms with higher frequency density j d and the displacement current per meter Id are
on the same Single Models. The equivalent resistance of Single provisionally shown on evaluation height →
60 m and 500 m. The
Models is the constant independently of current peak Ip on the effects on →the internal self-inductance j dLin, IdLin and equivalent
same lightning return strokes waveform and the same Single resistance j dRsu, IdRsu can be neglected
→
on the appearance in the
Models. Reason on characteristics of the calculated results is total displacement current density j d and total displacement
explained with the theorem on skin effect and the mathematical current per meter Id.
expression on the equivalent resistance. (7) The experimental tendency on the conductive current of
(5) The potential difference per meter along activated Single lightning return strokes along high rise towers Ic which has been
Models θ/l stems from the effects in the external self-inductance already measured is introduced (refer to Figs. 17 and 18). The
θLex/l, internal self-inductance θLin/l and equivalent resistance current peak Ip and rising frequency fr on the conductive current
θRsu/l is compared each other (refer to Table 4, Figs. 9 and 10). of lightning return strokes Ic drastically decrease according to
On the lower rising frequency in the conductive current rise of evaluation height along the towers. Causes of the
waveforms of lightning return strokes and the smaller radius in experimental results are broadly explained based on the
Single Models, the effect of the internal self-inductance θLin/l tendency on the provisional calculation results in the diverging
taking into consideration skin effect is larger in potential rise of
→
the displacement current Id and displacement current density
along the Single Models. And on the smaller peak in the j d along the Models of high rise towers.
conductive current waveforms of lightning return strokes, the
effect of the internal self-inductance θLin/l is larger in the 9 REFERENCES
potential rise along Single Models with radius 5×10-3 and 5×10- [1]F. Rachidi, The quandary of direct measurement and indirect
2
m. The effect of internal self-inductance θLin/l is independently estimation of lightning current parameters, Proc. of the 27th
of peak of the conductive current waveforms on the potential International conference on lightning protection, Avignon
rise along Single Models with radius 5×10-1 m. Meanwhile, on France, Inv.1, Sep. 2004.
the lower rising frequency in conductive current waveforms of [2]Y. Baba, M. Ishii, Numerical electromagnetic field analysis
lightning return strokes and the smaller radius in Single Models, of lightning current in tall structures, IEEE Trans. on Power
the effect in the equivalent resistance θRsu/l taking into account Delivery, Vol. 16, No.2, pp. 324-328, 2001.
skin effect is larger in potential rise along the Single Models. [3]H. Kurita, Protection of persons from electric field caused by
The effect in the equivalent resistance on potential rise along lightning, Proc. of the 29th International conference on lightning
the Single Models θRsu/l is independently of the peak on protection, Uppsala Sweden, pp. 8-16-1- pp.8-16- 12, Jun. 2008.
conductive current waveforms of lightning return strokes. [4]H. Kurita, Protection of persons from magnetic field caused
Practically speaking, the effects in internal self-inductance θLin/l by lightning, Proc. of the 29th International conference on
and equivalent resistance θRsu/l can be neglected compared to lightning protection, Uppsala Sweden, pp. 8-17-1- pp.8-17- 10,
the effect in external self-inductance θLex/l on the potential rise Jun. 2008.
along the thick Single Models installed for the main down-

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[5]H. Kurita, Electric field and magnetic field caused by
lightning return strokes, Proc. of the 29th International
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1 – pp.1a-12-18, Jun. 2008.
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principles, Jan.2006.
[7]IEC62305-3, Protection against lightning Part3: Physical
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Proc. of 5th Asia lightning protection forum, Jeju Korea, April.
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J.S. Chang and W. A. Chisholm, Return-stroke current
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Hiroshi Kurita was born in 1960 in Japan and graduated from

University of Waseda (Electrical Engineering) in 1984. He
received the Doctorate degree on electrical engineering from
University of Waseda in 1998.

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