CHAPTER 1 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

CBSE Class 9 – Chemistry

Page No: 17

Solution: 1

The condition for something to be called matter is that it should occupy space
and have mass.

Solution: 2
Diffusion and Brownian motion.

Solution: 3
Diffusion.

Solution: 4
The characteristic of matter illustrated by this observation is that the particles of
matter have spaces between them.

Solution: 5
This displays that each crystal of Potassium Permanganate must be made up of
millions of small particles i.e. particles of matter are very very small.

Solution: 6
This shows that the particles of matter are constantly moving in all direction.

Solution: 7
This displays that the particles of matter attract one another. In case of chalk, the
force of attraction between the particles is weak whereas the force of attraction
between the particles of iron is very very strong.

Page No: 18

Solution: 8
Atoms or Molecules.

Solution: 10
(a) Solid.
(b) Liquid and Gas.
Solution: 11
(a) Gases.
(b) Solids.
(c) Solids.

Solution: 12
Liquid.

Solution: 13
Gas.

Solution: 14
Solid.

Solution: 15
Gas.

Solution: 16
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) and Oxygen Gas respectively.

Solution: 17
(a) LPG – Liquefied Petroleum Gas.
(b) CNG – Compressed Natural Gas.

Solution: 18
Gas diffuses faster.

Solution: 19
Copper Sulphate into water.

Solution: 20
False.

Solution: 21
Diffusion.

Solution: 22
Diffusion.
Solution: 23
Diffusion.

Solution: 24
(a) Diffusion; Brownian motion.
(b) Diffusion.
(c) States.
(d) Much more.
(e) Liquid; Gaseous.

Page No: 19

Solution: 25
(a) Diffusion:
(i) Matter is made up of tiny particles
(ii) The particles of matter are constantly moving.

(b) Brownian motion:

(i) The particles of matter are very, very small.
(ii) The particles of matter are constantly moving.

Solution: 26
Robert Brown suspended extremely small pollen grains in water and observed it
through a microscope. It was found that pollen grains were moving very rapidly
throughout the water in a very irregular way. He also observed that warmer the
water, faster the pollen grains move on the surface of water. This phenomenon is
known as the ‘Brownian Motion’.

Solution: 27
It shows that each potassium permanganate crystal is made up of millions of
small particles and particles of water have spaces between them.

Solution: 28
Both bromine gas and air is made up of tiny moving particles. When a gas jar
containing air is inverted over gas jar containing bromine vapour, both bromine
and air molecules move and collide with one another and bounce about in all
directions due to which we see a uniform red brown colour in both the jars.

Solution: 29
When salt is added to water and stirred, the tiny salt particles break off from each
solid salt granule and fill up the spaces available between the particles of water
and mix with them.

Solution: 30
Air is a gas whose particles are very far apart and there are very weak forces of
attraction between them. Extremely weak forces between particles of air can be
overcome easily due to which we can move our hand in air. On the other hand,
the particles of a solid plank of wood are very closely packed and there are very
strong forces of attraction between the particles of wood. Hence, it needs a huge
outside force to overcome the strong inter particle attractions which only a karate
expert can apply.

Solution: 31
If two metal blocks are bound together tightly and kept undistributed for a few
years, then the particles of one metal are found to have diffused into the other
metal.

Solution: 32
The diffusion between solids is a very, very slow process because the particles in
solids do not move from their fixed positions.

Solution: 33
Solids diffuse the slowest as the particles in solids do not move from their fixed
positions.
Gases diffuse the fastest as the particles in gases move very quickly in all
directions.

Solution: 34
The particles of gases produced by the burning of incense sticks move rapidly in
all directions. They collide with the particles of air present in the room, mix with
air and reach every part of the room quickly.

Solution: 35
Three states of matter are:
(i) The solid state – Ice.
(ii) The liquid state – Water.
(iii) The gas state – Air.

Solution: 36
(a) Characteristics of a solid:
(i) Solids have a fixed shape and fixed volume.
(ii) Solids do not flow.

(b) Characteristics of a liquid:

(i) Liquids have a fixed volume but no fixed shape, they take the shape of the
vessel in which they are placed.
(ii) They generally flow easily.

(c) Characteristics of a gas:

(i) Gases can be compressed easily.
(ii) Gases fill their container completely.

Solution 37
A gas does not have a fixed shape or fixed volume because the particles of
gases do not have fixed positions or fixed spaces between them.

Solution: 38
(i) Solids – They have a fixed shape and a fixed volume.
(ii) Liquids – They have a fixed volume but no fixed shape.
(iii) Gases – They neither have a fixed shape nor a fixed volume.

Solution: 39
Oxygen<Water<Sugar.

Solution: 40
(a) Water is a liquid at room temperature because:
(i) Water has a fixed volume (which does not change on changing its container).
(ii) Water has no fixed shape (it takes the shape of the container in which it is
kept).

(b) An iron almirah is a solid because:

(i) It has a fixed shape (which cannot be changed by pressing it with hands).
(ii) It has a fixed volume (which depends on the dimensions according to which it
is made).

Solution: 41
(a) Diffusion.
(b) The smell of food being cooked reaches the other room by the diffusion of
gases released into the air during the cooking of food.
Solution: 42
(a) Diffusion in gases shows that their particles move very quickly in all directions
and the rate of diffusion of a gas depends on its density. Light gases diffuse
faster than heavy gases.

(b) Gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen present in the atmosphere diffuse into
water (of ponds, lakes etc) and dissolves in it.

Solution: 43
The smell of hot sizzling food reaches us quickly as compared to cold food
because the rate of diffusion of hot gases (released by hot sizzling food) into air
is faster than that of cold gases released by cold food.

Solution: 44
The smell of food being cooked reaches us even from a considerable distance is
because of the process of diffusion.

Solution: 45
The smell of perfume spreads due to the diffusion of perfume vapours into the
air.

Solution: 46
The spreading of blue colour of copper sulphate into water, on its own, is due to
the diffusion of copper sulphate particles into water.

Solution: 47
The force of attraction between the particles of honey is much more than the
force of attraction between the particles of water.

Solution: 48
(a) Air is used to inflate tyres because when we blow air into a tyre the air
particles push the tyre walls from inside and exerts pressure on them.

(b) Steel is used to make railway lines because steel is a rigid object having a
definite shape and definite volume.

Solution: 49
Diffusion occurs more quickly in gases than in a liquid because the particles in
gases move very quickly in all directions whereas the particles in liquids move
slowly as compared to the gas particles.
Page No: 20

Solution: 50
(a) The spreading out and mixing of a substance due to the motion of its particles
is called diffusion. For example: Smell of food being cooked in the kitchen
reaches us even from a considerable distance.

(b) Gases diffuse very fast because the particles in gases move very quickly in all
directions.

(c) Carbon dioxide and Oxygen gas dissolve in water by diffusion. This process is
important as these gases are essential for the survival of aquatic plants and
animals. The aquatic plants use the dissolved carbon dioxide for preparing food
by photosynthesis and aquatic animals use the dissolved oxygen in water for
breathing.

Solution: 51

Solids Liquids Gases

(i) solids have a fixed (i) Liquids have a fixed (i) Gases has neither a
shape and a fixed volume but no fixed fixed volume nor a fixed
volume. shape. shape.

(ii) Solids cannot be (ii) Liquids cannot be (ii) Gases can be

compresses much. compresses much. compressed easily.

(iii) Solids have (iii) Liquids have (iii) Gases have very low
densities. moderate to high densities.
densities.
(iv) solid do not fill their (iv) Gases fill their
container completely. (iv) Liquids do not fill container completely.
their container
(v) Solids do not flow. completely. (v) Gases flow easily.

(v) Liquids generally flow

easily.

(b) (i) Wood is a rigid object which has a tendency to maintain its shape when
subjected to outside force.
(ii) It has a definite shape and definite volume.

Solution: 52
(a) Because of high energy and negligible forces of attraction, the particles of a
gas move with high speed in all directions. Thus, the pressure exerted by a gas
is due to the constant collisions of the fast moving gas particles against the walls
of the container.

(b) The particles of a gas have high kinetic energy and negligible forces of
attraction amongst them. Due to this, the particles of a gas are constantly moving
with high speeds in all the directions and the gas completely fills the vessel in
which it is kept.

(c) Gases can be compressed easily because its particles are far apart and there
are large spaces between them (which can be reduced by compression).

Solution: 53
(a) Anything which occupies space and has mass is called matter.
Examples: Air, water, sugar, iron.

(b) The characteristics of matter are:

(i) The particles of matter are very, very small.
(ii) The particles of matter have spaces between them.
(iii) The particles of matter are constantly moving.
(iv) The particles of matter attract each other.

Solution: 54
(a) The zig-zag movement of small particles suspended in a liquid (or gas) is
called Brownian motion. Brownian motion increases on increasing the
temperature.
(b) These dust particles move in a haphazard way because they are constantly
hit by the fast moving particles of air.

Page No: 21

Solution: 66
(a) The red brown gas will diffuse from jar A into colorless gas in jar B due to
which its red brown colour will also spread into jar B.

(b) Diffusion (in gases).

(c) Bromine vapour.
(d) Air.
(e) Potassium permanganate and water.

Solution: 67
Bromine diffuses slowly into air because the motion of bromine molecules is
obstructed due to the collisions with the moving molecules of air. Bromine
diffuses very rapidly into vacuum because there is ‘nothing’ in the vacuum to
oppose the motion of bromine molecules.

Solution: 68
Chlorine will diffuse faster than bromine vapour. This is because light gases
diffuse faster than heavy gases.

Solution: 69
The molecules in a liquid (the brake oil) can move freely without being
compressed much and hence transmit the pressure applied on brake pedal to the
brake drum (on moving wheel) efficiently.
Solution: 70
The steam is gaseous form of water. The molecules of water in steam move very
rapidly in all directions and fill the whole kitchen space with steam. Gases
(including steam) fill their container completely.

Solution: 71
In both diffusion as well as osmosis, there is movement of particles from a region
of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion can take
place without there being a membrane or through a permeable membrane. But,
Osmosis can take place through a semi-permeable membrane.

(a) Osmosis
(b) Diffusion
(c) Osmosis
(d) Osmosis
(e) Osmosis
(f) Diffusion
(g) Diffusion

Page No: 22

Solution: 72
No, the student’s conclusion is wrong. The air from the upper jar also diffuses
down into the lower gas jar containing bromine vapour. But since the air is
colourless it cannot be noticed by the student.

Solution: 73
The fast moving molecules of air trapped in the inflated balloon exert continuous
pressure on the thin, stretched rubber sheet of balloon and keep on diffusing out
gradually through it.

Solution: 74
(a) Pollen Grains.
(b) Water.
(c) Brownian motion.
(d) The fast moving water molecules are constantly hitting particles X causing
them to move in a zig-zag path.
(e) Robert Brown.
(f) The liquid Y is made up of extremely small particles which are constantly
moving.
Solution: 75
(a) Dust particles.
(b) Air.
(c) Brownian motion.
(d) The fast moving air molecules are constantly hitting the tiny dust particles
causing them to move rapidly in a very haphazard manner.
(e) The gaseous matter ‘air’ is made up of very tiny particles which are constantly
moving.

Page No: 36

Solution: 1
373 K.

Solution: 2
270 – 273 = -3oC.

Solution: 3
573 – 273 = 300oC.

Solution: 4
373 + 273 = 646 K.

Solution: 5
273 + 78 = 351 K

Solution: 6
-273oC

Solution: 7
Latent heat.

Solution: 8
(a) Degree Celsius – oC
(b) Kelvin – K.

Solution: 9
Temp. on Kelvin scale = Temp. on Celsius scale + 273
Solution: 10
273.

Solution: 11
It means that 3.34 x 105 J of heat has to be supplied to change 1 Kg of ice (at its
melting point, 0oC) into water at the same temperature of 0oC.

Solution: 12
It means that 22.5 x 105 J of heat is required to change 1 Kg of water (at its
boiling point, 100oC) into steam at the same temperature of 100oC.

Solution: 13
(a) Boiling point.
(b) Melting point.

Solution: 14
Water.

Solution: 15
(a) Sublimation.
(b) Sublimation.

Solution: 16
Sublimation.

Solution: 17
Sublimation.

Solution: 18
Dry ice.

Solution: 19
Since solid carbon dioxide directly changes into carbon dioxide gas (or
sublimes), and does not melt to produce a liquid (like ordinary ice), it is called dry
ice.

Solution: 20
Lowering temperature (or cooling)
Solution: 21
False.

Solution: 22
Carbon dioxide (solid).

Solution: 23
(a) Pressure; temperature.
(b) Released.
(c) 273.
(d) Plasma; Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC).
(e) Plasma

Solution: 24
The heat energy that has to applied to change the state of a substance is called
‘latent heat’. They are of two types:
(i) Latent heat of fusion and (ii) Latent heat of vaporization.

Solution: 25
When a solid is heated, the heat energy makes its particles vibrate more
vigorously. At the melting point, the particles of solid have sufficient energy to
overcome the strong forces of attraction holding them in fixed positions and
break to form small groups of particles. This heat energy is kinetic energy.

Solution: 26
When a change of state of a substance has to take place the heat given would
not raise the temperature.

Page No: 37

Solution: 27
The heat energy supplied to ice during the change of state (at its melting point) is
all used up in overcoming (or breaking) the force of attraction between its
particles without increasing its kinetic energy. Since the heat (or latent heat)
supplied during the change of state does not increase the kinetic energy of the
ice cubes, therefore no rise in temperature takes place. The temperature remains
constant.

Solution: 28
The heat energy supplied to water during the change of state (at its boiling point)
is all used up in overcoming (or breaking) the force of attraction between its
particles without increasing its kinetic energy. Since the heat (or latent heat)
supplied during the change of state does not increase the kinetic energy of the
water, therefore no rise in temperature takes place. The temperature remains
constant.

Solution: 29
This is due to the fact that for melting, each kilogram of ice takes its latent heat of
3.34 x 105 joules from the substance and hence cools the substance more
effectively. On the other hand, water at 0o cannot take any such latent heat from
the substance.

Solution: 30
We would place ice in the water to cool it more quickly because the ice takes its
latent heat from the water and hence cools it more effectively. On the other hand,
if we keep the water on ice then the latent heat would be taken from the
surrounding air hence releasing its coolness to the surrounding and not the
water.

Solution: 31
Steam causes more severe burns than boiling water because the steam contains
more heat, in the form of latent heat, than boiling water. Hence, when steam falls
on our skin and condenses to produce water, it gives out 22.5 x 105 Joules per
kilogram more heat than boiling water.

Solution: 32
The latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.34 x 105 J/Kg. It means that 3.34x 105 joules
of heat is required to change 1 Kg of ice at its melting point of 0oC into water at
the same temperature (of 0oC). This means that 1 Kg of ice at 0oC has 3.34 x
105 joules of less heat than 1 kg of water at the same temperature of 0oC.

Solution: 33
1 Kg of steam at 100oC has more heat than water at the same temperature
because when water changes into steam, it absorbs latent heat, but when steam
condenses to form water, an equal amount of latent heat is given out.

Solution: 34
It is because of the fact that steam at 100oC contains more heat, in the form of
latent heat, than boiling water at 100oC. Hence, steam would give out 22.5 x 105
joules per kilogram more heat than boiling water.

Solution: 35
Steam causes more severe burns than boiling water because the steam contains
more heat, in the form of latent heat, than boiling water. Hence, when steam falls
on our skin and condenses to produce water it gives out 22.5 x 105 joules per
kilogram more heat than boiling water.

Solution: 36
The temperature of a substance remains constant during the change of state
because the heat gets used up in changing the state by overcoming the forces of
attraction between the particles.

Solution: 37
(a) Either solid (as ice) or liquid as 0oC is the melting point of ice as well as the
freezing point of water.

(b) Liquid.

(c) Either a liquid or a gas (steam) as 100oC is the boiling point of water as well
as the condensation temperature of steam.

(d) Gas.

Solution: 38
The temperature of a substance remains constant during the change of state
though heat is supplied continuously because the heat gets used up in changing
the state by overcoming the forces of attraction between the particles.

Solution: 39
The temperature, at which a solid substance melts and changes into a liquid at
atmospheric pressure, is called melting point of the substance. The melting point
of ice is 0oC.

Solution: 40
The temperature, at which a liquid boils and changes rapidly into a gas at
atmospheric pressure, is called boiling point of the liquid. The boiling point of
water is 100oC.
Solution: 41
(a) Melting – The process in which a solid substance changes into a liquid on
heating is called melting.

(b) Boiling – The process in which a liquid substance changes into a gas rapidly
on heating is called boiling.

Solution: 42
(a) Condensation – The process of changing a gas (or vapour) to a liquid by
cooling is called condensation.

(b) Freezing – The process of changing a liquid into a solid by cooling, is called
freezing.

Solution: 43
This happens because naphthalene balls undergo sublimation. The naphthalene
balls keep on forming naphthalene vapours slowly which disappear into the air.

Solution: 44
Gases can be liquefied by applying pressure and lowering temperature. The
temperature needs to be lowered because when the gas is compressed too
much, then heat is produced due to compression. Cooling lowers the
temperature of the compressed gas and helps in liquefying it.

Solution: 45
Ammonia gas is liquefied by applying high pressure and lowering the
temperature of the gas. Lowering the temperature is done by continuously
pouring water over the coils carrying the compressed gas.

Solution: 46
There is a lot of space between the particles of a gas. If enough pressure is
applied to the gas, it gets highly compressed. The particles of gas get so close
together that they start attracting each other sufficiently to form a liquid. And we
say that the gas has liquefied.

Solution: 47
On a hot day, when our body temperature tends to rise too much, our sweat
glands give out moisture (sweat) on our skin. When this sweat evaporates, it
takes the latent heat of vaporization from our body hence making our body cool.
Solution: 48
All water on earth does not get evaporated on hot summer days because of the
high value of latent heat of vaporization of water.

Solution: 49
Liquids like alcohol, petrol and perfume are volatile (which can change into
vapours easily). When we apply alcohol to the back of our hand, we find that it
dries up quickly and while it is drying, the hands feel cold. This happens due to
the fact that to change from liquid to the vapour state, alcohol requires latent heat
of vaporization. The alcohol takes this latent heat of vaporization from the hand
due to which the hand loses heat and we feel cold.

Solution: 50
The cooling in a desert room cooler is caused by the evaporation of water. The
higher temperature on a hot day increases the rate of evaporation of water, and
the dryness of air also increases the rate of evaporation of water. And due to this
increased rate of evaporation of water, a desert room cooler works better on a
hot and dry day.

Solution: 51
The earthen pot (or matka) has a large number of extremely small pores on its
walls. Some of the water kept in the earthen pot continuously keeps seeping
through these pores to the outside of the pot. This water evaporates continuously
by taking the latent heat of vaporization from the earthen pot and the remaining
water. In this way, the earthen pot and remaining water loses heat and gets
cooled.

Solution: 52
We should wear cotton clothes in hot summer days because we perspire more
through the pores of the skin during such days. Since, sweat is mainly water and
cotton clothes are good absorber of water, they absorb the sweat quickly and
expose it to the atmosphere for evaporation. The evaporation of sweat from the
cotton clothes takes the latent heat of vaporization from our skin hence the skin
loses heat and makes us feel cool and comfortable.

Solution: 53
If the hot tea or milk is taken in a cup, then due to the narrow shape of the cup,
the surface area of hot tea in the cup is comparatively small. Due to this, the
evaporation of hot tea is slow; cooling caused by evaporation is less and hence
the hot tea remains appreciably hot for a much longer time. On the other hand,
the saucer has a large surface area due to which the tea taken in the saucer
evaporates much faster, thus cooling it quickly and making it convenient to sip or
drink.

Solution: 54
Acetone (or perfume) is volatile in nature. When we apply it to our palm, we feel
cold. This happens due to the fact that to change from liquid to the vapour state,
acetone requires latent heat of vaporization. Acetone takes this latent heat of
vaporization from the hand due to which the palm loses heat and feels cold.

Solution: 55
The presence of water vapour in air can be demonstrated by the following
experiment: We take a steel tumbler and put some well crushed ice in it. Allow
the steel tumbler to stand undisturbed for about 5 minutes with the ice in it. We
would observe that a large number of tiny drops of water appear on the outer
surface of the steel tumbler. This happens because the air around the steel
tumbler contains water vapour in it. When these water vapour come in contact
with the cold, outside surface of steel tumbler, they condense to form tiny drops
of liquid.

Solution: 56
(a) The latent heat of fusion of a solid is the quantity of heat in joules required to
convert 1 Kg of the solid (at its melting point) to liquid, without any change in
temperature. The latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.34 x 105 J/Kg.
(b)

Solution: 57
(a) The latent heat of vaporization of a liquid is the quantity of heat in joules
required to convert 1 Kg of the liquid (at its boiling point) to vapour or gas without
any change in temperature. The latent heat of vaporization of water is 22.5 x 105
J/Kg.

(b)
Solution: 58
(a) The changing of a solid directly into vapours on heating and of vapours into
solid on cooling is known as sublimation. The common substances which
undergo sublimation are Camphor and Naphthalene.

(b)
Solution: 59
(a) The physical states of matter can be changed by changing pressure and
changing the temperature.

(b)

Solution: 60
(a) The process of a liquid changing into vapour (or gas) even below its boiling
point is called evaporation. The factors affecting rate of evaporation are:
(i) Temperature.
(ii) Surface area.
(iii) Humidity.
(iv) Wind speed.

(b) Evaporation causes cooling because when a liquid evaporates, it draws or

takes the latent heat of vaporisation from ‘anything’ which it touches and hence
the substances or surroundings lose heat and get cooled.

Page No: 39

Solution: 81
(a) (i) W – Iodine (ii) X – Sodium Chloride (iii) Y – Naphthalene (iv) Z –
Ammonium chloride.

(b) W – Iodine; Y – Naphthalene; Z – Ammonium chloride.

(c) Y – Naphthalene.
(d) Tincture Iodine.

(e) W – Iodine.

Solution: 82
(a) (i) Water (ii) Ice (iii) Steam.
(b) Freezing.
(c) 0oC.
(d) Boiling (or vaporisation).
(e) 100oC

Solution: 83
(a) (i) Liquid (ii) Gas (iii) Solid (iv) Plasma (v) Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC).
(b) Ammonium chloride; Sublimation.
(c) Carbon dioxide.
(d) Water.
(e) D (plasma).

Solution: 84
(a) 273 K.
(b) Freezing.
(c) Latent heat of freezing.
(d) Melting.
(e) Latent heat of fusion.

Page No: 40

Solution: 85
(a) 373 K.
(b) Boiling (or vaporisation).
(c) Latent heat of vaporisation.
(d) Condensation.
(e) Latent heat of condensation